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Analysis and Application of Transformer Models in The ATP Program For The Study of Ferroresonance
Analysis and Application of Transformer Models in The ATP Program For The Study of Ferroresonance
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BRITO VIENA et al.: ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION 739
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740 2010 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition: Latin America
is affected mainly by stray capacitances and capacitances > I @ >Y @>V @ (3)
among windings [5].
The representation of transformers may be very complicate The matrix >Y @ elements may be determined directly from
due to several core configuration types and due to the fact that short-circuit tests.
some parameters are both non-linear and frequency dependent. In the ATP program, several models for the representation
The physical characteristics of the transformer that should be of transformers have been implemented. A brief description of
correctly represented, depending on the frequency range of the main models is now presented
interest, are the core and winding configurations, self and
mutual inductances, leakage fluxes, magnetic core saturation, B. BCTRAN
stray current losses, core hysteresis and capacitive effects [6]. Supporting routine developed by Brandwajn et al. [8,9]. It
The model used to represent the transformer may be divided in may be used for determining the matrices [A]-[R] or [R]-[L]
two parts: the first part (linear) refers to the representation of for single or three-phase, shell or core type transformers and
the windings and the second part refers to the representation of any number of windings. The parameters are determined from
the core (non-linear). However, both are frequency dependent. excitation and short-circuit tests at power frequency. Matrix
Each one performs an important role, depending on the study [A] is the inverse of the inductance matrix [L], matrix [R]
for which the transformer model is being formulated. For corresponds to the winding resistances matrix, and is the
example, the representation of the core saturation is very nominal angular frequency. The impedance and admittance
important for studies that involve ferroresonance, although it matrices represent the linear behavior of the transformer quite
is negligible for short-circuit or load-flow studies that are reasonably for a frequency range until approximately 1kHz.
usually performed in steady-state [7], or even in the case of The non-linear behavior may not be included directly in the
electromagnetic transients generated by lightning discharges. BCTRAN model. This behavior (saturation and/or hysteresis)
A. Matrix representation may be taken into account with the inclusion of an external
magnetizing branch connected to the appropriate transformer
The representation of single-phase transformers for any
terminals. This external connection of the magnetizing branch
number of windings for transient and steady-state studies is
is not, in general, topologically correct [10], and, for this
performed in a direct way. However, for three-phase
reason, may lead to incorrect results when simulating
transformers, there are difficulties either with the utilization of
ferroresonance, for example.
network analyzers or with the representation in digital
simulations. This representation is performed from the C. Saturable Transformer Component (STC
formulation of impedance and admittance matrices. The Model)
elements of these matrices are specified from short-circuit and This model is based on the representation of the
positive and zero sequence excitation tests [8]. transformer through single-phase circuits. Saturation and
For three-phase transformers, each winding under analysis hysteresis effects may be modeled with the inclusion of a non-
consists of three coils for the three phases or three core linear inductance in the wye point [6,7].
columns. This means that each element in the > Z @ matrix The STC model may be used for three-phase units by
becomes a 3x3 matrix [8]. adding a zero-sequence reluctance parameter. The data that
In a similar manner to other power system components, the should be entered in the model consist in the resistance and
self and mutual impedances are related to the positive and zero inductance values of each branch, the transformation ratio, and
sequence impedances Z1 and Z0 as information about the magnetizing branch. However, this
model presents some limitations. The magnetizing inductance
1 with Rmag in parallel, similar to the BCTRAN model, may not
ZS ( Z 0 2 Z1 ) (1)
3 be connected to the topologically correct point. The onset of
numerical instability has been described when using this
1
ZM ( Z 0 Z1 ) (2) model for three-winding transformers.
3
D. Hybrid Transformer Model
where ZS is the self impedance of the phase or column and
This model has been recently developed and it is also
ZM is the mutual impedance among the three phases or
known as XFMR [11,12]. The model combines the matrix
columns.
representation from BCTRAN for the winding modeling and
The modeling of transformers through the impedance
the duality principle for the representation of the topologically
matrix has the disadvantage of not describing the short-circuit
correct core magnetization in legs and yokes. The model
impedances, which give the transfer characteristics of a
supports three-phase, two and three winding transformers,
transformer [7]. For low excitation currents, the matrix self
autotransformers, and wye and delta couplings. Although it is
and mutual elements are very similar and the impedance
an extremely powerful model, it is still seldom used by the
matrix may become ill-conditioned. In order to avoid this
scientific community in part due to its complexity and in part
problem, an alternative representation may be used in the form
due to the quantity of data that needs to be informed. At this
of the admittance matrix >Y @ as follows: moment, as far as the authors are concerned, the model
supports three and five columns stacked cores. The necessary
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BRITO VIENA et al.: ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION 741
information for representing the transformer with this model 154MVA. The transformers are connected to the network
may come from three different sources: design project through fuses and underground cables. The overvoltages
(geometry, and the type of material of the windings and core), caused by ferroresonance will be verified through the fuse
manufacturer tests (similar to BCTRAN, except for the core opening of only one phase, which may be attributed to a
modeling), and typical data based on nominal power and single-phase to ground short-circuit or some kind of switching.
voltage. The main difficulty in this model is the adjustment of For the transformer modeling the SATURABLE, BCTRAN,
the parameters of the Frolich equation which models the and XFMR models will be used. The simplified single-phase
behavior of the B x H curve of the material that constitutes the diagram of the circuit for the study of the ferroresonance
magnetic core. phenomenon is shown in Fig. 3.
Only two parameters of the core material are necessary for
the coefficients of the Frolich equation: μm which is the core
maximum relative permeability and Bsat which is the flux
density for maximum saturation [14].
The variable core permeability is the slope of the B x H
curve in a specific point and can be written as Fig. 3. Single-phase diagram of the underground circuit.
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742 2010 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition: Latin America
linear behavior, the values used for the determination of the 25,0
saturated region start from 0.7pu and are shown in table I. 12,5
0,0
TABLE I: SATURATION CURVE POINTS FOR THE 75KVA TRANSFORMER
-12,5
1.10 2.979 420 Fig. 4. Phase A voltage in the 75kVA transformer primary (BCTRAN model).
1.209 6.061 650
2) Single-phase switching (phase A) – XFMR model –
3) 500kVA distribution transformer 75kVA transformer
Besides the 75kVA transformer, simulations will also be Figure 5 presents the phase A voltages (opened phase) with
performed with a 500kVA distribution transformer, which is the transformer modeled with the XFMR model, with phases
also supplied through the underground network. It is a delta- B and C kept closed. Once again two different cable lengths
wye connected, three-column, core-type transformer (13.8kV / have been considered: 100m (red curve) and 300m (green
220-127V). The physical data for this transformer are not curve). With the XFMR model, ferroresonant overvoltages
available. The information obtained from no-load and short- have been detected for both cable lengths, although for a cable
circuit tests are: length of 100m the overvoltage does not persist after
a) No-load test (low-voltage) approximately 200ms. Another difference observed with this
1. Voltage: 220V model is that for a cable length of 300m the voltage reached a
2. Current: 0.9% higher peak (approximately 5.2pu).
3. Losses: 840W 60
b) Short-circuit test (high-voltage) [kV]
40
3. Losses: 9140W
4. Percentage impedance: 4.5% 20
c) Saturation curve points
0
Considering that from 0 to 0.6pu the saturation curve has a
linear behavior, the values used for the determination of the -20
saturated region start from 0.7pu
-40
TABLE II: SATURATION CURVE POINTS FOR THE 500KVA TRANSFORMER -60
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 [s] 0,4
Voltage (pu) Current (%) Losses (W) (file thyb_1.pl4; x-var t) v:P-100A v:P-300A
0.70 0.127 353 Fig. 5. Phase A voltage in the 75kVA transformer primary (XFMR model).
0.80 0.258 496
0.90 0.484 671 3) Single-phase switching (phase A) – SATURABLE
1.00 0.9 840 model- 75 kVA transformer
1.10 1.711 1229 Figure 6 shows the results obtained when the transformer is
1.20 3.255 1671
modeled with the SATURABLE model for the same cable
B. Simulation results lengths previously adopted. In this case sustained overvoltages
Simulations were performed with the two different have been detected for both line lengths: 100m (red curve) and
transformers in order to verify the occurrence of ferroresonant 300m (green curve). The maximum peak value was obtained
overvoltages and its magnitudes due to single and double- for the longer line length (approximately 4.4pu).
50,0
phase switching. However, due to the lack of physical [kV]
information from the 500kVA transformer, only the 75kVA 37,5
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BRITO VIENA et al.: ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION 743
4) Single phase switching (phase A) – BCTRAN transformer, ferroresonance has been observed for both line
model -500kVA transformer lengths when modeling the transformer with the
Figure 7 shows the phase A voltage when opening this SATURABLE and with the XFMR model. When using the
phase at 20ms and keeping phases B and C closed for the BCTRAN model, ferroresonance has only been observed for
500kVA transformer using the BCTRAN model. The same the 300m cable length. It should be mentioned that in the
cable lengths have been considered: 100m (red curve) and BCTRAN model, the magnetizing branch has been added
300m (green curve). The occurrence of ferroresonance is externally to the model, what may not be topologically correct.
verified only for the longest cable length and the maximum The XFMR model represents the core using the principle of
peak value is approximately 1.6pu. duality and therefore it is a topologically correct model. For
30
[kV]
the 500kVA transformer, ferroresonance has been verified
20 with the BCTRAN and the SATURABLE models only for the
100m cable length. The 500kVA transformer has not been
10
simulated with the XFMR model due to the lack of
0 geometrical information necessary for this model. It should be
noted, however, that the XFMR model may also be used when
-10
only test reports are available. In future work, the authors
-20 intend to compare simulations with the XFMR model using
-30
test reports only with those obtained when geometrical
0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 [s] 0,30 information is used.
(file BCT500.pl4; x-var t) v:P-100A v:P-300A
The results obtained with the 75kVA transformer show that
Fig.7. Phase A voltage in the 500kVA transformer primary (BCTRAN the identification of ferroresonance may depend on the model
model).
being used as well as the correct determination of the
5) Single-phase switching (phase A) – SATURABLE maximum peak voltage.
model – 500 KVA It is believed that an important contribution of this paper is
Figure 8 shows the phase A voltage when opening this the application of the XFMR transformer model for the study
phase at 20ms and keeping phases B and C closed for the of ferroresonance. The XFMR model has been recently
500kVA transformer using the SATURABLE model. Once implemented in the ATP and, although very powerful, it is still
again, the same cable lengths have been considered: 100m relatively unknown to the scientific community. In order to be
(red curve) and 300m (green curve). With the SATURABLE correctly applied in studies, the XFMR model needs several
model, for the 500kVA transformer, ferroresonance is only data from the transformer, including information regarding
detected with the longest cable length, exactly as observed core geometry and material used for the core and windings. It
with the BCTRAN model. The maximum peak value is is expected that in short time several researchers will start
approximately 1.6pu as well. using the XFMR model more frequently by realizing that the
30 results obtained with this model may be very reliable.
[kV]
20
For future work the authors plan on performing some real
measurements in low voltage transformers subject to
10
ferroresonance with the purpose of comparing the real
0 measurements with simulated ones.
It should be noted that ferroresonance is an important topic
-10
to be considered in designing electric distribution systems
-20 since it has been responsible for the damage of power system
components under unbalanced conditions, especially surge
-30
0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 [s] 0,30 arresters as described in [13]. Therefore, it should be
(file s at500.pl4; x-var t) v:P-100A v:P-300A thoroughly investigated for identification and proposition of
recommendations.
Fig. 8. Phase A voltage in the 500kVA transformer primary (SATURABLE
model).
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
V. CONCLUSIONS The authors would like to thank the Brazilian federal
In this paper several simulations with the purpose of agencies CAPES (project PROCAD-NF/2007) and CNPq
evaluating the phenomenon of ferroresonance in distribution (projects Universal/2007 and Casadinho/2008) for the
transformers have been performed. An underground electric financial support for this research, and RHEDE
distribution system typically used by electric utilities has been Transformadores and WEG for providing transformer data that
modeled. The transformers have been modeled using three were used in the simulations.
different models available in the ATP program: the
SATURABLE, BCTRAN and XFMR models. Two different VII. REFERENCES
cable lengths have been adopted: 100m and 300m. Single- [1] J. Bthened, "Sur le transformer à Résonance,” L’Éclairae Electrique,
phase switching only has been considered. For the 75kVA vol. 53, pp. 289-296, Nov. 1907 (in French).
Authorized licensed use limited to: ABB - Poland. Downloaded on May 27,2020 at 09:04:55 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
744 2010 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition: Latin America
Authorized licensed use limited to: ABB - Poland. Downloaded on May 27,2020 at 09:04:55 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.