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Quality Meter of Electric Power Systems Based On IEEE Standard 1459-2000
Quality Meter of Electric Power Systems Based On IEEE Standard 1459-2000
Abstract--This paper proposes a new method with a new developed too [6]. However, these methods require a wide
platform for the measurement of the electric power quantities observation window and high computing resources. The
defined in the IEEE Standard 1459-2000 for single-phase, three-
phase three-wire and three-phase four-wire power systems. The alternative is the time domain based methods that use the
method consists on the implementation of a SIMULINK Clarke-Park transformations [8][9][10].
algorithm based on the real time domain, which obtains the Regarding to the electronic platform, there are some
fundamental positive sequence magnitudes to solve the problem. possibilities to execute the algorithm. The dSpace kit provides
The platform selected was an embedded PC (Target) that runs the rapid prototyping but it is expensive [8], the DSP based
code in the MATLAB xPCTarget environment, with a PCI data
acquisition card, which takes the samples of the current and platforms are cheaper but they require more programming
voltage sensors. It can be controlled and monitored by any other knowledge [7], the inclusion of a FPGA is another possibility
PC (Host) via TCP/IP with a COM application installed, [6], and finally, it is the xPCTarget, which is a solution among
specifically created with VISUAL BASIC. The hardware and the others, because it is not too expensive and the programming
software unity creates a power quality analyzer called QUAME sequence is easier.
(QUAlity MEter). Experimental tests and results in a low voltage
distribution grid are included to test the platform performance. This paper focuses on the study of the electric power
measurement under disturbed conditions and the design of an
Index Terms--Harmonic distortion, power measurements, instrument based on a rapid prototyping system. Firstly, the
power quality, rapid prototyping, real time systems.
study of the power terms defined in the IEEE 1459-2000 and
I. INTRODUCTION the new time domain way to calculate them created by the
authors will be shown. Then, the development of the new rapid
B. Three phase systems the selected DAQ, the PCI 6071E from National Instruments,
The method is similar to the previous case. After measuring are shown in Table II.
u(a,b,c) and i(a,b,c), the ASRF (see Fig. 3) gives the positive- With this hardware, the seven necessary magnitudes for the
sequence fundamental three-phase voltage with three-phase quality meter (3 voltages and 4 currents) can be
x(a,b,c) = u(a,b,c), so it is necessary to get the negative- measured assuring a sample rate of 178 kS s multiplexed per
sequence fundamental and the homopolar fundamental to channel with an average precision which is over 20 kHz (limit
calculate the total fundamental voltage by adding them. The of the CPU), so it is acceptable.
first one is calculated by introducing Finally, to isolate and adapt the measured signals to the
y(a,b,c) = u(a,b,c) and n = -1 in the SRF block (see Fig. 5), and analog inputs of the DAQ, all the sensors have a reduction
the second one with y(a,b,c) = u0 and n = 1 in the SRF_1 (see factor. The voltage sensors are Hall effect based, and the
Fig. 6). currents ones are Rogowski effect based.
The positive sequence current is calculated with the
B. Software Overview
parameters y(a,b,c) = i(a,b,c) and n = 1 in a SRF. Again the
Once the block scheme is designed in SIMULINK to get a
negative sequence and the homopolar fundamental are obtained
mdl file, it is compiled with the xpctarget parameter in the
to get the fundamental current in the same way as the voltage.
compiler mode of the Real Time Workshop to obtain the code
By taking all these values, the RMS ones are calculated as
which will run in the Target PC. The generated file gets a dlm
the single-phase to obtain the effective value by (6).
extension with the same name of the model. In our case there
As in single-phase systems the active power P is calculated
are two models QUAME_1 for single-phase and QUAME_3 for
as the mean value of the instantaneous power p. In three-phase
three-phase systems. A third party compiler like Visual C is
systems the instantaneous power is obtained by means of the
needed. Both codes calculate the IEEE 1459-2000 ratios and
scalar product between the voltage space vector u = u(a,b,c)
can store them in files of no more than 4GB, which is a limit of
and the current space vector i = i(a,b,c). A second order
the FAT32 format.
Butterworth low pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 10 Hz is
The Target works with his own operative system (OS) based
also used to obtain the mean value.
on xPCTarget. In MATLAB there is an application called
Finally, to calculate the harmonic values, one has to subtract
xpcexplorer which affords to create that OS in a diskette by
the effective signals obtained from the measured values and the
writing the Ethernet properties of our system: Host IP, Target
effective fundamental ones.
IP, subnet mask, port and driver of the Target Ethernet card.
The power ratios defined by the IEEE 1459-2000 can be got
With the xpcexplorer, the dlm code is selected to program
using the expressions detailed in Section II.B, so a quality
the Target, and then monitor the signals and control the
measurement technique for three-phase systems has been
parameters used in the mdl. However, this means that
developed. It is called QUAME_3 and it is shown in Fig. 8.
MATLAB must be installed in the Host. To avoid it, a friendly
IV. EXPERIMENTAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE QUALITY METER application was developed by using the COM possibilities of
To implement the measurement techniques discussed in the the xPCTarget [13]. The final aspect of this application called
previous section, a fast prototyping platform was needed. The QUAME can be visualized in Fig. 9 after its design in VISUAL
development platform selected was xPCTarget, which is a BASIC.
software package included in the MATLAB toolbox. It allows
programming the algorithm by blocks using SIMULINK, and
then testing it with the platform in a fast way.
TABLE. I. TECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PANEL PPC-154T.
A. Hardware Overview THE TARGET CORE.
xPCTarget works with two x86 based platforms [13]. One of Display TFT 15”
them, the Host, runs MATLAB to design the algorithm in Processor Intel Pentium Celeron 4 2.8GHz
SIMULINK, compile it, and program, control and monitor the
Memory 1 GB DDR SDRAM
second one. This one is the Target and it is the code-run
Hard Disk 40 GB
platform. They are connected via Ethernet, so the control of the
Expansion 2 PCI Slots, Ethernet 10/100
measurement platform could be done remotely.
The prior objective to select the Target is the embedded PC
feature to take a low space meter but with PCI slots, and then a
powerful processor to execute the code. The system selected TABLE. II. TECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF THE DAQ PCI 6071E.
was the panel PC PPC-154T from Advantech with the THE TARGET SENSOR.
properties showed in Table I. Analog Inputs 64 single, 32 differential
The sensors of the platform must be implemented by a Data Sample Rate 1.25 MS/s Multiplexed
Acquisition (DAQ) circuit with xPCTarget compatibility. This Precision 12 Bits
is the reason why a PCI slot is needed. The characteristics of
2009 COMPATIBILITY AND POWER ELECTRONICS
90 CPE2009 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE-WORKSHOP
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V. MEASUREMENT RESULTS
Firstly, the whole system was tested and calibrated in
laboratory by using the HP 6834B programmable AC power
source, and some resistances, inductances and active loads. The
whole system is presented in Fig. 11.
Experimental results obtained by the meter in a single-phase
system, with fundamental voltage of 230 V and 23% of 5th Fig. 11. QUAME platform in lab tests.
harmonic, when supplying a resistive load of 100 Ω, is
displayed in Fig. 12. This figure is a photograph of the data
obtained on the screen of the meter (target). One can observe
that the PF and DPF are unity, since the load is resistive, with
a non null value of the load harmonic factor due to the
harmonics in the voltage and current.
Fig. 13 presents the screen of the QUAME in case of a
sinusoidal and balanced three-phase system with fundamental
line-to-line voltage of 380 V, and a distorted and balanced load
due to a three-phase controlled rectifier supplying a resistive-
inductive load with parameters RL = 100 Ω y LL = 0.53 H.
From this figure one can notice FP < DPF < 1 and the load
harmonic factor is very high due to the great value of THDI in
the load current.
Finally, Fig. 14 shows the screen of the meter in case of
balanced resistive three-phase load (RL = 100 Ω) under Fig. 12. Experimental test under a distorted single-phase system with resistive
unbalanced voltages due to negative-sequence fundamental load.
component (positive-sequence fundamental line-to-line voltage
380 V). As the homopolar component of the voltage is null,
there is no current flowing through the neutral conductor. Since
the load is resistive, the PF and DPF are unity. The load
unbalanced factor is not null, due to the negative-sequence
fundamental components in voltage and current.
After assuring the proper operation of the meter, it was
placed in a real facility, the transformation center of the School
of Industrial Engineering in the University of Extremadura
(See Fig. 15).
The maximum sample rate reached was 18 kHz, and the
precision of the QUAME platform was compared with a market
solution power quality analyzer, ANALYST 3Q, resulting
similar values for the magnitudes measured by both devices.
Beside, QUAME offers the possibility of calculating the terms
and ratios proposed in the IEEE Standard 1459-2000 in Fig. 13. Experimental test under a sinusoidal and balanced three-phase system
addition to recording all the data. with distorted and balanced load.
2009 COMPATIBILITY AND POWER ELECTRONICS
92 CPE2009 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE-WORKSHOP
VII. REFERENCES
[1] IEEE Working group on nonsinusoidal situations: effects on meter
performance and definitions, “Practical definitions for powers in systems
with nonsinusoidal waveforms and unbalanced loads: A discussion,”
IEEE Trans. Power Del., Vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 79–87, Jan. 1996.
[2] H. Akagi, "Trends in Active Power Line Conditioners", IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 263-268. Mayo
1994.
[3] IEEE standard definitions for the measurement of electric power
quantities under sinusoidal, non-sinusoidal, balanced and unbalanced
conditions, IEEE Std 1459-2000. Sep. 2002.
[4] A. E. Emanuel, “Summary of IEEE standard 1459: definitions for the
measurement of electric power quantities under sinusoidal,
nonsinusoidal, balanced or unbalanced conditions,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
Fig. 14. Experimental test under a sinusoidal and unbalanced three-phase
Appl., Vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 869–876, May/Jun. 2004.
system with resistive load.
[5] J. L.Willems, J. A. Ghijselen, and A. E. Emanuel, “The apparent power
concept and the IEEE standard 1459-2000,” IEEE Trans. Power Del.,
Vol. 20, no. 2, pt. 1, pp. 876–884, Apr. 2005.
[6] A. Ortiz, C. Gherasim, M. Mañana, C. J. Renedo, L. I. Eguíluz and R. J.
M. Belmans, "Total harmonic distortion decomposition depending on
distortion origin," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, Vol. 20 NO. 4, pp. 2651-
2656, Oct. 2005.
[7] C. Gherasim, J. Van den Keybus, J. Driesen, and R. Belmans, "DSP
implementation of power measurements according to the IEEE trial-use
standard 1459," IEEE Trans. On Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol.
53, pp. 1086-1092, Aug. 2004.
[8] A. Cataliotti, V. Cosentino and S. Nuccio, "A time domain approach for
IEEE Std 1459-2000 powers measurement in distorted and unbalanced
power systems," in Proc. of the 21st IEEE Instrumentation and
Measurement Technology Conf. (IMTC 04), pp. 1388-1399.
[9] A. Pigazo and V. M. Moreno, "Accurate and Computationally Efficient
Implementation of the IEEE 1459-2000 Standard in Three-Phase Three-
Wire Power Systems.pdf," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, Vol. 22 NO. 2,
pp. 752-757, Apr. 2007.
Fig. 15. QUAME Platform tested in real environments. [10] A. E. Emanuel and D. L. Milanez, "Clarke´s Alpha, Beta and Zero
Components: A possible Approach for the Conceptual Design of
Instrumentation Compatible with IEEE Std. 1459-2000," IEEE Trans. On
Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 55, pp. 2088-2095, Dec. 2006.
[11] M. I. Milanés, E. Romero, A. Rico, V. M. Miñambres and F. Barrero,
"Novel method for synchronization to disturbed three-phase and single-
phase systems," in IEEE International Symposium on Industrial
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Electronics (ISIE 2007), pp. 860-865.
An instrument to measure the power quality in single-phase [12] S.Bhattacharya and D.Divan, “Synchronous Frame Based Controller
and three-phase systems according to the IEEE Standard 1459- Implementation for a Hybrid Series Active Filter System”, Conference
2000 has been developed. The device employs a real time Records of Thirtieth IAS Annual Meeting, Vol 3, Oct. 1995, pp. 2531-
domain measurement technique based on the fast prototyping 2540.
environment xPC Target. Additional advantages of the [13] MATLAB help for xPC Target.
designed meter are the capabilities of being controlled
remotely and the inclusion of a COM application to control the
platform in a friendly way. The performance of the quality
meter has been tested experimentally to calculate the new
Standard ratios and compared with another power quality
analyzer on the market, with regards to usual power
measurements.