Student Bonnie

1. TITLE
Motion and waves

2. HYPOTHESIS

If the string’s length is decreased, the frequency of the pendulum will increase.

3. VARIABLES

Independent: Length of the string

Dependent: Frequency of the pendulum
Control: weight, amplitude, period.

4. INTRODUCTION
In this lab will explore the relationship between frequency, period and a pendulum. The experiment
will be performed with a weight tied on a string. Next, the string will be attached on a piece of
furniture above the floor. In each trial, one of the independent variables (mass of the weight, length of
the string or amplitude) will be changed. The data will be collected and calculated after the trials. The
goal of this experiment is to analyse and investigate the motion between each element.

Background information
One of the most basic vocabulary in physics is Kinetic energy and potential energy, which is defined
as energy in motion and energy that is stored respectively. Alongside these two basics, there are
also a few vocabulary that need to be used in the experiment of pendulum. First, Osculation means
swinging back and forth between two points. To measure osculation, we use periods. It is the time
the pendulum takes for the pendulum to complete one oscillation. Amplitude is the maximum
distance from the rest position and frequency is the number of oscillations completed per unit time.
(Frequency could be measured as the Rate, Speed of repetition. Frequency of one oscillation per
second is equal to 1 Hertz Hz). When the pendulum is set in an equilibrium position it means it is in a
position where no force is applied on the oscillating object.

Here are the equation that will be essential for the following experiment.
Equation
1 1
𝑓= 𝑇
and 𝑇 = 𝑓

1 𝐿
Theoretical Period: 𝑇 = 𝑓
= 2π 𝑔
Gravity: 9. 807 𝑚/𝑠²

Timeline
In 1583, Galileo Galilei discovered the existence of the pendulum concept, leading Christiaan
Huygens to create the first pendulum clock in 1656. Later on in 1686, Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
established the terms of kinetic and potential energy. lastly, Heinrich Hertz discovered frequency and
radio waves in 1886.

5. MATERIALS
REAGENTS LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
- weights - tape
- strings - scissors
- ruler

6. PROCEDURE

1. prepare all the materials

2. Tied a measured string onto one of the weights
3. Secure the string onto something above the ground like a vertical pole or ceiling
4. hold the weight at a measured angle and release it
5. Set a timer at the same time in step 4
6. Record down the total time for the weight to do 25 oscillations
7. change one of the independent variable
8. repeat from step 1.

7. SAFETY

- beware of the weight and sharp laboratory equipment

8. RESULTS ( QUALITATIVE / QUANTITATIVE)

Total time for 25 Period, T Frequency, f Theoretical

oscillations (seconds) (seconds) Period
(seconds) (seconds)

Trial A 41 seconds 41 ÷ 25 = 1. 6 𝑠𝑒𝑐 25 ÷ 41 = 0. 6 𝑠𝑒𝑐 1.5 sec

M=100g
L=0.56m
A=0.56cm

Trial B 43 seconds 43 ÷ 25 = 1. 7 𝑠𝑒𝑐 25 ÷ 43 = 0. 5 𝑠𝑒𝑐 1.5 sec

M=200g
L=0.56m
A=0.56cm
 Trial C 39 seconds 39 ÷ 25 = 1. 5 𝑠𝑒𝑐 25 ÷ 39 = 0. 6 𝑠𝑒𝑐 1.5 sec
M=200g
L=0.56m
A=0.41cm

Trial D 28 seconds 28 ÷ 25 = 1. 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 25 ÷ 28 = 0. 9 𝑠𝑒𝑐 1 sec

M=200g
L=0.25m
A=0.25cm

10. ANALYSIS
In this experiment, we have done 4 trials. The first one is the original one, where everything stays the same. In
the second one, we changed the weight of the pendulum, which resulted in a slight decrease in frequency. The
third test had a slight change in the amplitude, and the result is the same as the first trial. The last test where
we decreased the length of the string, we got an increase in the frequency.

11. CONCLUSION
After all the trials, we are able to conclude that my hypothesis is accurate where increasing the length of the
string will also increase the frequency of the pendulum.

12. EVALUATION AND IMPROVEMENT

There is a lot that could be improved, for example the accuracy of the measurement. The length of the string
and amplitude might not be fully correct. there could also be a slight difference each time the oscillation is
counted. All the above could be improved by spending more time when preparing and having a better
organized experiment.

REFERENCES
Freude, R. (n.d.). The history of the word "energy". Retrieved March 29, 2021, from
https://home.uni-leipzig.de/energy/energy-fundamentals/01.htm#:~:text=By%201686%2C%20
Gottfried%20Wilhelm%20von,kinetic%20and%20potential%20mechanical%20energy.

Heinrich Hertz: The man who discovered frequency. (2018, September 05). Retrieved March 29,
2021, from
https://blog.teufelaudio.com/heinrich-hertz-sound-frequency/#:~:text=Heinrich%20Hertz%20%7
C%20The%20man%20who%20discovered%20frequency

Pendulum. (n.d.). Retrieved March 29, 2021, from

 https://www.britannica.com/technology/pendulum

NOTE.
Your lab report should include:

1. Results (Data, graphs)

2. Analysis (Answers to the proposed questions)
3. Conclusions (answer the hypothesis, supported by the results).

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

✓ QUIZ BASED ON THE LAB GUIDE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE CLASS.

✓ PRINTED LAB GUIDE.
✓ YOUR REPORT MUST BE WRITTEN IN THE SAME LAB GUIDE TEMPLATE,
SHOWING YOUR WORK DURING THE LAS SESSIONS.
✓ Lab report following the given criteria.