Professional Documents
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Learning Unit 1 (Chap. 11)
Learning Unit 1 (Chap. 11)
of Advanced
Machine
Design
VR Hamilton
RV Setterfield
Butterworths
Durban
-\
Contents
Design ot shalts tor power transmlsslon 2.16.10 Corected power per belt
7.1 Shaftssubmittedtotorsiononly .1 2.16.11 Number of be lts required
1.1.1 Preferred sizes of bright steel 2.16.12 Bore sizes
bar . .1
L.2
t.3
7.4
Mean and maximum twisting moments
Pure bending only in shafts
Design comideratioos
.l.4 3 Clutches
3.1 Friction clutches
1.5 Torsion combined with axial tension or 3.1.1 Flat collar: Theory appted to
mmpression .4 clutches . .fJ
1.6 Combined bending and twisting- 3.2 Plateclutches .53
traasmission shafu .4 3.2.1 Singleplate .53
1.7 Shock and fatigue factors .5 3.2.2 Multipleplate .54
1.8 Fillet stress in stepped sha{ts .10 3.3 Crnicalclutches . 5',1
Springs
9.1 Helical springs ,-: '2 b€: ,m,ra€at.ons tor ball and parallel
9.1.1 Helical gr::g i:':=,--.= -- r}l€r bafill€a
9-2 loaddeilecrioa;;ar,l .: ': - ie---i -'F 168
9.3 Sprirg ma';ria-ts .:: j - - i=:-:: -;---:=- 168
9.4 Alremff€ des+r rre'-.:\€ ::: T?:-; -:rt4s 769
9.5 Sugghae"i ;ei:: :,-r*.-i-: ': : :<a-=.-: at Dea'r!: npe 770
9.6 Exec.ic: slt=.--- -:.: - Ai uale space 170
9 .7 Compresiro ;:==-- -.i:F :i .z::-, .= -
-'.:.: bads t70
w[e -'.:.-i \{isalign.trlenr t70
9.8 Multi-leaf or';---,=: tr=_= -:.:.1 Speed 1',70
9 8'l aan:a--='- ': --'-"' i:.:.5 Precision 170
spritr_s . \2.2.6 Silentruffdng 171,
12.2.7 Stiftuess t7r
10 Toothed gearing L2.2.8 Axialdisplac€ment 171
10.1 Spurgea$ ili) 12.2.9 Mountiog and dismounting L7l
10.1.1 Definitions . 130 12.3 Selection of bearing size, load-carrying
10.1.2 The lawof ge-a;_n-r . 131 capacity and bearing life 177
10.1.3 Gear shaft cenm ci=;,= . 1-r1 12.3.1 Basic load ratings t7.t
10,1.4 Gear forces - spur r :er _r . 133 12.3.2 Life olabearing t77
10.1.5 Strength of gear rstt - :s< c: 12.4 lnfluence of operating temperature on
the L€wis equadon . 113 bearing material 773
10.1.6 Toothinterference . 133 12.5 Adjusted ratinglife . 173
10.1.7 Further forms of the l-e.ris 12.5-1 Life adjustment 1 173 factor a
equation . 1i-i 12.5.2 Life adjustment ? 174 factor a
10.1.8 ToothinaccuraciesatrdfailuE i36 n.5.3 Life adjustment factot a 3 774
10.1.9 Keying of gear to shaft a a . 1-16 12.5-4 Combination of life adjusturent
10.1.10 Dynamic tooth loads - facton a, and a r 174
Buckingham equation .1M 12.6 Lubricationandmaintenance 174
10.1.11 Weartoothloads- 12.6.1 Lubricatingoils 174
Buckingham equation 136 12.6.2 Selectionofoil 175
10.I.12 Designprocedule 73i 12.7 Bearingloads 176
10.2 Helicalgean 138 72.7 .1 Dynamic bearing load . t76
10.i.1 virfual, formativ€ or equivalent 72-7.2 Constant bearing load . 176
numberofleeth 139 12.7.3 Selection of bearing size .176
10.:.1 Desig of parallel helical gears t0 12-8 Limitingspeeds . 178
7L9 Fricton 178 14,2.5 Surbcemughes*
Ds.7 Calculationof M0 778 Fodu€d bYtyl}i:tdh--
L2.9.2 CalculationofMl L79 production prooesses (&
BS 1134) g,
12.10 Axially loaded cylindrical roller beadngs 179
12.77 Aqular contact ball bearings . 183 14.3 Geometrical tolerances (for straighGt
12.11.1 Double row angular contac't flatness, parallelism, squareness,
ball bearings 183 angularity, concentricity, symmetry and
12.11.2 The four-point contact ball position) lvt
beadng 184 14.3.1 General lvt
14.3.2 Applicationandinterpretation 198
14.4 Maclrining and surface textue symbols 198
Lubrication may be considered to be an! plocedwe that between tJle layers. Using Ne\yton's Law of Viscous
has lhe effect of reducing or elimina_nl-: nction . wear Flow, which states that the shear stress in a fluid is pro-
and the heating of machine parts Ehich hzr.e rclatire mo- portional to the rate of change of velocity with respect to
tion. Alubricant, then, is any material E:icb. when the stationary layer, we may wlitg:
present betwe€n sliding surfaces, senes io achie! e the
above objectives. Oils and greases ar: lhe lncsl corrdrron
lubricaots, but greasy non-abrasive soliris s:cb as gmphite Moving plat€
or soalxtone may be used and. in cenain ct.-.LBsrances.
even gases make good lubricants. Thus iubrication is a
\ velocityV
lital elemetrt of the science, technoloev a:rd practice oI
engineering. Every mechanical aeSgn-is afeiea Uy it'.
There are four types of lubricating film lbuDJ iD practice. '6 I \
There are: -r"l -T
(a) Hydrodynamic flnx These cau-.e rhe toad-carrying
surfaces to develop a relatively thick\'edge' of lubri-
cant in which a pressue sxlficietrt ro seFrae fiese slalionaty plate velociiyzerc l
surfaces and prevent metal to meral crntafi is Fig 11.1
-seDe-
rated.
(b) Hydrartatk films The lubricant is supplied uader a i
surfaces.
3y I
I
introduc€d between surfaces which move tosards Adv li
one another as in rolling coDtact - ball and roller !I
where k is the proffiality constf,r$- .-. ^ . I
bearings, gear teeth, cam and tappet action. etc. A
,
'queeze film' is formed in this case. For thin films, where y has very small values, the diffii
(d) Sofin fihs , When bearings are operated at hiSh rential function is nearly mnsta-ut. Thus Vly may be taken
temperaturei, a solid film Iubricant such as graphite as b€ing constant and
or molybdinum disulphide becomes necessary, be- F V
cause the ordinary mineral oils are not satisfactory. A v
'Boundary' lubricated bearings rnay be included in
this category, as in most cases these have the solid lu.
bricant embedded h the bearing body.
hence k : /r\ r trl
:
11.1 Vlscosity which has the dimensions Pascal-seconds (Pals). This may
This is the the most important property of a lubricant. also be converted to kg.r/s. The constant k is call€d th€
,l
Vismsity can be simply defined as a lubricant's resistance absofute viscosry when derived in this manner. As yet, no I
L
to flow and is a measure of the ftiction between mole- name has been giverr to the term vismsity, but one thou- ,l
orles moving against one another. Consider two plates sandth (1 mPa/s) equates to the old term 'centipoise', i
separated by a thin film of oil: one of the plates is moving which is denoted by the letter Z. Thus L mPa/s = 1 centi-
and tre other is stationary. A force F is applied to the poise. Another unit of viscosity is the kirrematic viscosiE,
moving plate, which gives a velocity V. The distance be- which is the absolute viscosiry divided by the density,
tween the plates is y. lle oil molecules adhere strongly to both measured at the same temperaturc and in coosistent
both plates such that the layer of molectles attached to units. The most common lmits for reporting kinematic
the moving plate has the plate velocity V and the layer at- viscosities are the Stokes (St) or centistokes (cst) and, in
tached to the stationary plate has zero velocity. The oil SI, square millimetres per second (mm7s = 1 cSt). Dy-
film between tbe two plates may be considered to be namia viscosities can bsconverted to kinematic viscosities
made up of a series of layers, each drawn over by the by dividing by the density in grammes p€r culic !en$-
layer above by a v€locity proportional 10 its distance from metre at the- same tempentue. Note that density in
the sationary plate. Let the area of the moving plale be gm/cm3 has the same numerical value as 'specific gmvity'
:
A. The force F will produce a shear stress of r F/A (Pa) (G).
757
Thus kinematic viscosity Z. : A7 centistokes (mm?A) TI?ICA!VISCOSM'/IEUPER.ATLXIE CHARACTER|SNCS
(v@it ln.,or 96)
Limits
ISO VG (cst at4(rc)
2 1,98-2!2
2,88-3,52
5 4,14-5,M
7 6,12-7,44 r5 I
10 9,00-11,0 Itg l
15 13,5- 16,5
22
8;8-35,2 The
46 41,4-50,6 film
68 61,2-74,8
100 m,0-110 (a)
150 135-165
m 198- 242
(b)
3X 2,,8-352
46 414- 506
680 612-1!3
I 000 900- 1 100
(c)
I 500 1 350- I 650
1|J',3040506070
TfrPdailb' cc
158
The minimum thickness of lhe otr film is desiglated b.
and it can be inferred intuitirretv ih^r /a) th€ iaster tUi
joumal the larger the valoe of h"; 1rl $e greater tbe ris-
cosity the greater _[t value of b"; ard /c/ dre searer the
presure the spfr the value of b.. Tle di?icemeot of
the journE@ng the lire of entres is cal]ed lbe ,eccen-
ticittffi is denoted by e. If C is tle diameE3l dear-
ance, then e = ClZ - b", from which rbe 'e.cenricin
mtio' e' is found to be
a = ?-etc: (1_ ?_h"tc)
The quantity 2lqlC is called the 'minimum-film-rhickness
variable'.
deararce C
Ilg11.5 S
The portion ab coresponds to thick-film' lubrication
(hydrodynamic) and the portion cd to bormdary lubrica-
tion. The segment bc is a transition condition and is the
'thin filn' state between the two end conditions. The dia-
gram indicates that the portion bcd is an unstable part of
the gra.ph and must be avoided.
It is advisable to have the value of E{/p well above that
coresponding to ttr€ minimum value of p, which is aP
proximatety 0,002. On the other hand, it is adYisable-to
iave the value of Z.t/p as lolv as posible in the thick fiIm
region in order to hive small power loss. The equation tj
for the coefficient of friction is ,t
Fig U.4
-=# (?) ('").* (McKee e1uation)
1,59
Epetinent has showa that the factor K has a value of The tempemture of the oil during operation may be q
0,002 tor a[ of the values of LID from 0,75 to 2'8' Usiqg proximated from
this value for K, the coefficient offriction becomes AT* (Tb-T)=1/r(I"-TJ
-=#-(^J (2f *o* where T. is the approximate temperatwe of the oil ("C).
The bearing lenglh L and diameter D must be in m.
Itr this equation, Z must be nPa/s (cP) aad p must be Pa. An ahernate method using a heat dissipation graPh (fS
Both D and C must be metres or millimetres. A practical 11.6) which shows tfuee different q,pes of joumal bear-
value of 1 Ofl) may betaken for theparameter D/C. ings, is as follows:
Tabh 11.2 Typicaljoural b€8rtng D,radice t Graph I for thin shells not attached to large radiatirg
surfaces
ZN/p (m?a/s) o Grryh 2 for avetage industial bearings ' unventilat€d
o Groph i tor well-ventilated bearings.
Shaft B€aring Bearingwith Beadngwith Beaingwith
str€l d-atedsl arnple occasional lirde
attentioll attefltion attentioD
lla = K(AT+l8IxLxDwatts (,asche equation) (a) Calcllate @ - T.) ftom the oil and ambient tempe-
ratues
where (b) Read the graph value (e.g. at (t" - T.) : 50 find, for
AT= Gb-T.) = the difference between the bearing qpe 2 bearings, 17,5 kWm'?).
surface temPerature and the sur- (c) Apply the formula.to find the rate at which heat is
rounding air ('C) dissipated.
K = 3,66 watts p€r rt' per 'C for bearings of
heavy construction which are well- 11.4 Journal bearlng deslgn
ventilated A large number of variables are involved and reasonable
K=2,41 satB per nf per "C for bearings of assumptions have to be made and then applied to the
light mnstruction in still air. available equations in order to establish the validity of the
160
In general the bearing load, the joumal
assumptions. lhan 50 mrn in diameter) haying hjeh qu.a]it-v sudac€
diameter and the shaft speed are known. The following qishes and running at slow ro medium speeas, L is ae_
procedure may now be a course of actjon . s@ed to be not less than about 2.5 microns. In practice
. Determine the bearing lengo by using an UD ratio of, the allowable h. is generally' increaged more or less di-
say 0,8 to 1,8. recdy with shaft size with a given qxed.
o Check the bearing presure for a probably satisfactory
Table 11.3 Recommended d6ign ilata for bearings
valug; see data on bearing pressues used in different
machines.
. Assume a clearance ratio of, say 0,001 = gD. Tweofbearing A.llowable Recommended Re.tEeeDied
, pressure (kPa) LD range ISO YG ar.{FC
Assume a lubricant and the oil operating temperatue
T". In genera.l, this temperature should lie between Electric motors 380 15-2,4
690- r 31
4ffC ald 70"C, with 80"C as a maximum for high tem- Purps 550-6m 15 2,0 t2
perature installations.
Automobiles i
. From the viscosity chart, find the kinematic viscosity at rnaid 3 450-4 100 0,5- 1,0 tm
the operating temperature. Calculate the viscosity in qank pin 6 890-8 270 0,5- 1,0 1m
centipoise. gudgeon pill 8n0-12 4N 0,8-1,2 1m
. Determifle the bearing modulus ZNip; check with the Ai compressors:
values given in tables. main 8r0-t 1x 7,0-2,0 1m
. crank pin 2 060-4 100 1,0-1,7 1m
Determine the coefEcient of friction. gudgeon pin 3 450-6 890 1,5-2,0 tm
. Determine the heat generated.
. Determine the heat dissipated. Ambient temperatures to be considered.
. If thermal equilibrium is indicated by comparing items
8 and 9, then the assumed bearing temperatue is es- 11.5 Oils and lubrication - lormulae summary
tablished and the operating conditions may be re-
(a) (G) at temierature t'C
Specific gtavity
garded as satisfactory.
. If approximate equilibrium is not indicated, it is neces- G= G," -0,0m 6s7 (t - 20)
sary to change some, if not all, of the initial assump Tale Guo as 0,9 if not known.
tions; if
this ideal is not approached, artificial cooling
must be resorted to. (b) Beaingmodulusis Tp where Z is h mPa/s (centi-
F om practical experience in bearing design, a number of poise); N is in r/min and p is in Pascals based on pro-
approximate working rules have emerged that provide jected bearing area.
general guidelines for the choice of bearbg dimensions
and acceptable operating conditions. Some of these rules
(c) Coeffuirnt of fr'tction (1)
are outlined b€low.
where
,=
ffir*r(qJ'
shaft speed is 3fi r/min and the bearing load is 15 li},l.
Pals is the absolute vismsity
Determine (a) the beariag pressure; (b) the oil tempera-
p is the beadng prqssure (Pa)
lqre ; (c) the dynamic viscosity cP of the oil in the bearing; N'is the journal sp€ed (r/s)
(d) the bearing modulus; (e) the coefflcient of friction;
(, the heat generated per socond; D/C is the clearance ratio.
ald (g) the bear dissi-
pated per second if the bearing is unventilated and Relaining the mPa/s (centipoise Z), tbe Sommerfeld
classed as average industrial. number becomes
Solufion s= (z4ap
(a) Bearing pressure, = t'# = Z,DMpa )0,{,,(+)'
61n
(D,) The oil temperature found from Amongst the data for atry particular oil, manufactriren
prcsent properties such as
Cr'-r.) = +r(r"-T.) . absolute viscosity in mPa/s at a low temperature, e.g.
is T" = 2(a0 - 2s) + 25 = 55Y
-ztrC
(c) The specifrc 5fC is
gra.vity of the oil at . kinematic viscosity in mm% (centistokes) at,tO'C
- Gs,: C," - 0,m0 657 (t - 2r) . kinematic vismsity in mm% at 10ffC
or G" = 0,895 - 0,0tfr 657 (55 - %) = 0,W2
o density in kg/m3 at 20'C
Fig.l1.10
+ lr#fitr"ffi*L,,?f,Ig,l'i:x?is-'," *
ea"eo- f =r
E
z.9
IE
8
i
*,i***',0.' "- 4:{+l g
rigs 11.7
i
$ 0.6
o,7
o,6
T
E
E
E
Fis.U.U
E
.a a
E Examnle 11.5 The main bearing in a diesel eogine has
ii-#Li liLso *rn. tt e loumal speea oil which has a
is 400 r/min' The
Eaq
dcJc
g; 3 t33-3 R ;i,;;;;;t;
il""i"-",Iti.
is timitea io 6ffc' usins
aO mrnls at 4ffC' ietermine the al-
Fig.1r.8 "it""t'w-rt
[xHTffi ixlxfrvhat;+1HJ:ffi:."n]:"?Hq
is the value ot the coemcrenr
oil not valiltbls: O ifl oil is 0.{i87 7 at 2CPC'
L
;i ffi;; lt itt"'oir-"tta dearance is 0'2 mm? How
what is tlre Sommer-
ir"t rt*i i. g"**ted per second?
feld nurnber for this bearing?
Solution
Goo : 0,887 7 - 0,m0 657 (60 - 20) = 0'851 a
5,8x10-'=zNlP.
s 3 E33 :'%:#P = 1 3o7kPa
3 rhererorep =
E#r 163
The beadng load W = pxLxD Hence
= 7307 x l0 x 1,5 x 0,15 x 0,15 11" = 3,66 $3Y x
a 900 x 10-6 33,16W -
= ,14,1k^r Using the heat dissipation graphs, find that for well-veD6
The mefEcient of fridion lated bearings the heat dissipated is 17 kwmz per f.
Hence for this bearing
rr=ff x(sJsxrol* ffi+o,m IIo = 4 900 x 10{ x 17 x 10 = 833W
The Sormerfeld nunber is
P = 0,m3 31
><!j:rs0o \ /___1 Y
Heat generated
Hg = pWrDN/60
' = \/_9&
s
r,mxffxfi )\0J01 spu,
= 0,8,16 T
The kinematic vi6m6ity of the oil at Zrc is A = 10 cst.
Hence dynamic vismi-tyZ :
10 x 0,8,16 = 8,216 cP
Required bearing area is load/presure * 5 00ry1 x 1ff
= 5 0(X)mm'
Bearing length is L = 5 Cf,flll0 = 71,4 nrn, say 70 mm
For hearv
With_ a 'quare' bearing, the Raimondi and Boyd charts €il€i,vayti
maybe used. badh0
u=ff rz,ets*lo*,
ffi+o,ooz
=
0,003 66
The heat generated
H, = O003 00 x s 000 x n x o,tr/ x 9fly60
= 60,4W Fir
The heat dissipated
II" - 3,66x (f+18),xZ0x70x 10{ T1
T = \4T" _ T,) = th?| _ m) = ?s" rE11.13
aol
as
764
(a) Values for the given cuwe will vary sith difiereat ma-
terials and D/C ratios.
(D) The high values of F to ihe left of point A arc dre 6
the interlocking of surface irreguladties. The principal
cause of ftic'tion to the right of A is the viscosity of tbe orl,
since there is essentially no metal to metal cotrtact
(c) Point B is where p is of a minimum value. However,
this is a very unstable operating point, since any suddm
inmease in load or temperatue would drop the value of
a.Vp to a dangerously low level where bearing seizure is
Jikely to occur. A factor of safety of 5 is considered good
practice. Thus the point C wou.ld be the desig! Point for
continuous olrration.
(d) OpeEtiotr to the left of point B is generally called
'boundary' or imperfect lubrication, because the frIn of
oil that exists is very thin and unstable. Perfecl lubrication
is experienced to the dght of point B because of the exis-
tence of a thick and stable oil frlm.
(e) The shape of the graph ftom B to C indicates an in'
crcase in p, with an inffease in velocity. (For dry surfaces
p is independent of the velocity once motion has com-
menced.)
(D Perfect lubrication is enhanced by the following:
(i) low temperatue and hence high vismsity
(ii) low loads with consequent low pressures
(iii) adequate oil supply
(w) high sp€ed.
ln general the bearing temperature should not excred
85t, because the oil vismsity may become too low' For
the higher operating temperatures, high VI numben are
required.
Example 11.7 (the use oI the charts) A full joumal
bearinls uses oil bf kinematic viscosity 40 mm% (cSQ at
afc aid specinc gravity 0,877 at 2tfc' The beadtrg load
;
is 8 kN at ioumal speed of I 8m r/min. The bearing is
60 mm in dirimeter arid 60 mm long- The diametral clear-
ance ratio is 1 000. The oil temperature is 6fC. Using the
11,? Lubrlcation and bsarlng d€sign Raimondi and Boyd charts, determine (a) the coefEcienr
of fiction (u); (r) the minimum film thickness h" in mi-
crons; (c) tie oil flow Q (in ol'/s) due to the pumping ac'
tion of tLe ioumat, this being the amount of oil supplied
to the bearfus; (d) the eud leakage a' (in cm%)' this be-
inc the amou;t of side flow of the oil supplied; and (e) the
rcirperature rise of the oil in passitrg thrcWh the bearing.
Solution
The qpecific gravity of the oil at 6OC is
G,o = 0,&77 - 0,00() 657 (60 - 2I)) = 0,850 7
From the kinematic viscosity chart at 6ffC, find Z
= 18 cSt
Therefore dynamic visosity Z = 18 x 0,850 7 = 15,31cP
The bearing pressuxe
,="-,#'ffi*. =2,ry2'xttrPa
The Sommerfeld number will be
Flg 11.16 (zx_10")
s= p "r, rP),
\t-l
The p - Zi.[/p diagram is repeated with scaled values for p
and ?.{/p. lbe following observations should be not€d as
a set of complexities in design:
**' = (":''#i1';') " 1$00'' $ wr = on6'7
165
!rs{F&mvi!.o.d6.rErrlrtFdr.
lbb Ebe tbe vafue to be used oa each of the five charts
*hetr detemiDing the data required inSe question.
(a) Fl()nthe'(r,efrcient of ftiction vadable' chat, find
P@/9= 4,8
hence p = 4,8/1 000 = 0'004 8
(fte McKee equation gives a value of p = 0,m6 04.)
(b) From the'minimum thickness variable' chart, find
?h.lC = 0.53
= 6,65 x 10{ m%
= 6,65 cm% . . Ilg rr.U
\0. i:'
(d) From the 'end leakage (flow ratio)' chart, find '-.
.' Exercises
11.8
A
crosu,s
comrersion chart that may be used io translate
-s.i"ty
ffiT*f;:Hil#',i,ttffiT;1ff""irs,fii
'normal' AAO,!S/m'.it i temneratureof Zfc.'Th€iry4.tpeg i'
i]fn ii.irri* Endo*r" (seel .r.u"iJ"G 10001/min. Determine the amount of artificial cooling
nt" Oh*ri. ,1"o6t* l, i.,py. lr gil; i" ry"* ff .fZ. required; this is ,to be supplied by an extemal cooler'
Sytrt#tica[y formulated oif. -ort ilt-;"L-iir."O- Taie D/C = 1 000. [?2fVrl
the'normal'SAE ratings. These oils contain "itf,.
'additives' .
- ,-,a'r
chemical agents solubtiin oit - ,"tri"l generally serve to I-)n'g6f
tt.al a shat running at 900 r/min is supported in a bear-
increase tha visosity rating, inhibit corrosion and carbon heavy onstrucion which is 50 mm in diameter atrd
residue formation aid improve tle perfonnance of the oil 75mm long. The bearing surface temperature is to be
at higher operating tedperature* Oils sudr as SAE .limited to 55qC, whilst the ambient temperature is 5qC.
20W50, whiich has; tinehatic viscosity of between 16,3 ,: The oil has a kinematic visosity of 12 mm% at the ope-
and 21,9 mmTs at 10OC can, of couse, be rated equally - ,
raiing temperatue, The diamehal clearance is 0,055 trun
with SAE 50, Dr, only at 10CC. Interpolation is possible \and the bearing is to operate without artifcial moling.
when the kinematic viscosity at 4trC is known. T infor-
Determine the permissible load and the power loss for
mation is obtainable ftom i catalogue. Knowing the den- thebearing. t3 996N;43W]
sity at ZfC, oonversion to mPa/s unia may be made at
4fC and at ltrC. These trro values are plotted on figure
11.4 The following data refer to a ring-oiled beadng:
U.17 ard a strai.Eht line is drarrn betwee1th"9m. fttg 0y-
Kinematic viscosity-of the oil at the ope;ating tempera-
namic viscosity in mPa/s_ can t[n Ue rqO gt-.against any :
ture 12 mm%; ;il density at operating temperature =
temperatwe between {"".r. !r,e1 pl
^.q** the data E" $"
AtS fg/rrf; b"u.dg p."oo."'= t fuO tpajAanietral ctear-
graph is for the oil described as SAE 20W50, for
ance iatio = O,Odt 5; and journal speed = 1J00 r/min.
which are: The I-lD ratio :
1 and jortrnal diameter = 70 mm. De-
. vismsity mm% at 4OC - 155 termine the Sonrmerfeld number for this bearing and, us-
r vismsity mm% at 10CfC - 18,3 ing the charts, find (c) the mefficient of friction; (b) the
. density atzfc kC/rP - 883 minimum oil flrn thickres; Gl tte 9i] n9w ttugug! tpe
. viscodty index (min) - 125. bearing due to the pumping adion of the joumzli @) the
end leakage to comPensate loss due to thisj and
(eJ the 883 kg/nri; ambient teryetatrc = 23C; ad bea:ing
EmDeratue rise in the bearing. temperature = 55T. [F = O,mS 1;2
(b9 N; 9,1 w]
' [S = 0,O78 67;0,003 75;15,8 microns; 11.7 The followiDg data Ieftf, !o m arerage, uuneoti-
' 11,58 cm%;8,8 cm%;9'79 lated, industxial joudal bearirg kr a grrerm Ld
=
rf.S.l fte
weieht on each of the four wheels of an over-
:
35 kN; speed = 870 r/min; diameter ,fl),nm; lqrh =
,'
\.ad is?tN. ttewbe€l diameter is 620 mm. 50 mm; clearance ratio = 0,001; amlie* tmperme :
Each ".an"
wheel is carried by a bearing with a journal diame- 15'C; and oil t€mperatue = 6trC mariEm AssEe m
ter of 80 mm and a lengith of 130 mm. The bearing clear- oii viscosity of ISO VG 68 md delemirc (a) ffir
ance is 0,08 mm. Esimate ttle possible running tem?era- hydrodynamic lubrication may be eryeed; aod (D)
ture of the bearinss which are drip fed. Assume a suitable whether artificial cooling is required and, if so, ri€ hed to
wpe of oil and fi;d the probablJ value of the mefEcient beremovedperseoond- [21,6W]
-
of ti"tioo. If all the othei rolling resistance in the crane
includinE track resistance and Aiction other than that in I I .8 A firll ioumal bearing 150 mm lorg a.nd 10 mm in
ttre whe;t bearings - amounts to 1 500 N, find the power diameter opeiates at 2 000 /min to supPort a radial k'ld
required to drive the clane at 120 metres q-e: mitrute. of 43 kN. ihe operating temPeratEe of tte dl b to be
limited to 8fC. The ambient temperature b 3fC'
z-- [P: 0,0u .8; 57,6'C; 4 kw motor]'s
.tlU-ol a hardened and groutrd ste€l journal which
ff = 30 x 10-3 and determine fc) th€ coeF
N 49,9 nrm in diameter rotates in a bronze beanng 5u mm Assume
o
in diamet€r at a speed of 1 200 r/min. The bearing is cient of fticiion; (b) the bearing pressure; (c) ttre heat ge-
30 mm long. Under constant loading conditions, deter'
re.rated; (d) the heat dissipated; (e) the gade of oil to be
I'mine the ;obable coefficient of friction and maximum
used and f) whether artificial moling is required if the
I radial load'and power loss if hydrodynamjc tubrication is
bearine is classed as 'unventilated, average ildustrial"
be maintaioad. The following assumptions may be
a.. !o
made: Viscosity grade of oil = ISO VG 2; derdty = Io,ott za;z,gz upa;5 304 W; 120 W; ISO VG 3201
167
ili
I