Name: Abdur Rehman Roll No: L1F16BSEE0018

Section: EA(1) Lab : Power System Protection

EXPERIMENT NO.7
INTRODUCTION:
There are many types of fault, but when fault occurs in a power system it causes over-
current, under voltage, un-balance of the phases, reverse power and high voltage
surges. But in this case, we are studying un-symmetrical faults which are:
1- Single line to ground fault
2- Line to line fault
3- Double line to ground fault
The single line to ground fault is the most common fault and 65 to 70 percent of faults
are of this type. A single line to ground fault occurs when one conductor falls to ground
or makes contact with neutral wire. The general representation of single line to ground
fault is:

FIGURE (A)
In this figure, Phase ”a” is grounded by an impedance. Phase “a” is the faulted phase so
that fault analysis calculations to be taken.

OBJECTIVE:
The objective of our this experiment is to study the type of un-symmetrical faults.
PROCEDURE / CALCULATIONS:
In this experiment, we are studying the type of un-symmetrical fault which is single line
to ground fault. To study that fault, we assumed that there is fault on Phase “a” which is
grounded by a fault impedance “Zf”. With the help of sequence components, the study
of fault analysis is easier. Since zero, positive and negative sequence currents are equal
so:

I0=I1=I2=Ia/3
Ia=3I0
Va=Zf*Ia
Va=Zf*3I0
The sequence network circuit of single line to ground fault is:

FIGURE (B)

In this figure, sequence current are equal which means same sequence current is
flowing in that circuit and there is also fault impedance which is three times multiple of
“Zf”. But in case of bolted fault this fault impedance Zf=0.
CONCLUSION:
In conclusion, the un-symmetrical fault occur in the system due to presence of open or
short circuit of transmission line. It can occur by natural disturbances or mental errors,
but by using the method of symmetrical components it is very useful in an analysis to
determine the currents and voltages in all parts of the system after the occurrence of
the fault.

APPLICATIONS:
This type of un-symmetrical faults will occur in practical field or transmission line area.