Energy Signal
A signal with finite energy is an energy signal. Normally non-periodic signals are energy signal and If the
energy is calculated then it will result finite value.

Formula for Energy

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐸 lim |𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡
→

Power Signal
A signal with finite power is termed as power signal.
Power is time average of energy. Since averaging is over an infinitely large interval, a signal with finite
energy has zero power and a signal with finite power has infinite energy. Therefore, a signal cannot be both
energy and power signal. However, a signal can be neither power nor energy signal.
Formula for Power

1
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑃 lim 𝑥 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
→ 2𝐿

1
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑃 lim |𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡
→ 2𝐿

For periodic signal the formula is

1
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑃 𝑥 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇

Important Notes:
1. Periodic signals are power signals and calculated power will be finite value and calculated energy
will have infinite value.
2. Non-periodic signals are energy signal and calculated energy will be of finite value but calculated
power will be infinite value
3. When both power and energy will be infinite then the signal will be called as neither energy nor
power in short NENP signal.
Lt Col K M Mustafizur Rahman, EECE Dept, MIST 
  
Example 1.4.3 Page-8, Soliman
Consider the following signal. Find out whether it is energy signal or power signal?
𝑥 𝑡 𝐴 sin 𝜔 𝑡 𝜙
Soln:
The angular frequency of the given signal is 𝜔 𝜔
2𝜋𝑓 𝜔
1
2𝜋 𝜔
𝑇
2𝜋
∴𝑇
𝜔
Power Calculation

1
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑃 |𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡
𝑇

1
𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 sin 𝜔 𝑡 𝜙 𝑑𝑡
𝑇

1 1
𝐴 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 sin 𝜔 𝑡 𝜙 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 2

1 1 1
𝐴 cos 2𝜔 𝑡 2𝜙 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 2 2

Now putting the value of fundamental time period in the above equation we get

𝐴 𝜔 1 1
cos 2𝜔 𝑡 2𝜙 𝑑𝑡
2𝜋 2 2

𝐴 𝜔 1 𝐴 𝜔 1
𝑑𝑡 cos 2𝜔 𝑡 2𝜙 𝑑𝑡
2𝜋 2 𝜋 2

𝐴 𝜔 𝐴 𝜔 1
𝑡 sin 2𝜔 𝑡 2𝜙
4𝜋 𝜋 4𝜔

Lt Col K M Mustafizur Rahman, EECE Dept, MIST 
  
𝐴 𝜔 2𝜋 𝐴
sin 2𝜔 𝑡 cos 2𝜙 cos 2𝜔 𝑡 sin 2𝜙
4𝜋 𝜔 4𝜋
𝐴 𝐴 2𝜋 2𝜋
sin 2𝜔 cos 2𝜙 cos 2𝜔 sin 2𝜙
2 4𝜋 𝜔 𝜔
sin 2𝜔 0 cos 2𝜙 cos 2𝜔 0 sin 2𝜙
𝐴 𝐴
sin 4𝜋 cos 2𝜙 cos 4𝜋 sin 2𝜙 sin 0 cos 2𝜙 cos 0 sin 2𝜙
2 4𝜋
𝐴 𝐴
sin 4𝜋 cos 2𝜙 cos 4𝜋 sin 2𝜙 sin 0 cos 2𝜙 cos 0 sin 2𝜙
2 4𝜋
sin 4𝜋 0 and cos 4𝜋 1
𝐴 𝐴
0 sin 2𝜙 0 sin 2𝜙
2 4𝜋
𝐴
2
The power is finite. Therefore, it is a power signal.

Home Work
Find whether the following signal is power or energy signal?
𝑥 𝑡 𝐴 cos 𝜔 𝑡 𝜙
Example 1.4.2 Page-8, Soliman
Determine whether following signal is energy signal or power signal?
𝑥 𝑡 𝐴𝑒
Soln: 𝑥 𝑡  

A 
𝑒  

t 

Lt Col K M Mustafizur Rahman, EECE Dept, MIST 
  

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐸 lim |𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡
→

|𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡

|𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡 |𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡

0 |𝐴𝑒 | 𝑑𝑡

𝐴 𝑒 𝑑𝑡

1
𝐴 𝑒
2
1 1
𝐴 𝑒 𝑒
2 2
1 𝐴
𝐴 0
2 2
So, the energy is finite
Power Calculation

1
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑃 lim |𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡
→ 2𝐿

1
lim 𝐴 𝑒 𝑑𝑡
→ 2𝐿

1
lim 𝐴 𝑒 𝑑𝑡
→ 2𝐿

𝐴 1
lim 𝑒
→ 2𝐿 2
𝐴
lim 𝑒 𝑒 0
→ 4𝐿

Lt Col K M Mustafizur Rahman, EECE Dept, MIST 
  
As the power is zero, therefore the given signal is an Energy Signal
Example 1.4.2, Page-8, Soliman
Determine whether the given signal is energy signal or power signal?

𝑥 𝑡  

A 

𝑒  

t 
This signal has two parts:
a. From minus infinity to zero its value is A
b. From zero to plus infinity is decaying exponentially.
The given signal can be expressed as
𝐴, 𝑡 0
𝑥 𝑡
𝐴𝑒 , 0 𝑡

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐸 lim |𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡
→

lim |𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡 |𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡
→

lim |𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡 |𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡
→

lim 𝐴 𝑑𝑡 𝐴 𝑒 𝑑𝑡
→

1
lim 𝐴 𝑡 𝑒
→ 2
1 1
lim 𝐴 0 𝐿 𝑒 𝑒
→ 2 2
Lt Col K M Mustafizur Rahman, EECE Dept, MIST 
  
Now if you put the limit the result is unbounded which means infinity.
Now Let us calculate the power

1
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑃 lim |𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡
→ 2𝐿

1 1
lim |𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡 lim |𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡
→ 2𝐿 → 2𝐿

1 1
lim 𝐴 𝑑𝑡 lim 𝐴 𝑒 𝑑𝑡
→ 2𝐿 → 2𝐿

𝐴 𝐴 1
lim 𝑡 lim 𝑒
→ 2𝐿 → 2𝐿 2
𝐴 𝐴 1 1
lim 𝐿 lim 𝑒 𝑒
→ 2𝐿 → 2𝐿 2 2
𝐴
0
2
𝐴
2
As the power is finite and energy is infinite, the given signal is power signal.

Example 1.4.4 (a) Page 9, Soliman

Determine whether the following signal is energy signal or power signal?

𝑥 𝑡  

𝐴 

𝜏 𝜏 𝑡 
   
2 2
Soln:

Lt Col K M Mustafizur Rahman, EECE Dept, MIST 
  
As can be seen form the figure above it is a finite duration signal. If we analyze the signal we can see, it starts
from minus infinity with zero amplitude. When time instant is the signal value/amplitude is A. This value
continues upto to . After that the signal is again zero

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐸 lim |𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡
→

|𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡

|𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡 |𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡

𝐴 𝑑𝑡 𝐴 𝑑𝑡

𝐴 𝑡 𝐴 𝑡

𝜏 𝜏
𝐴 0 0 𝐴 𝜏
2 2

1
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑃 lim |𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡
→ 2𝐿

1 1
lim |𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡 lim |𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡
→ 2𝐿 → 2𝐿

1 1 1
lim |𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡 lim |𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡 lim |𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡
→ 2𝐿 → 2𝐿 → 2𝐿

1 1 1
lim 0𝑑𝑡 lim 𝐴 𝑑𝑡 lim 0 𝑑𝑡
→ 2𝐿 → 2𝐿 → 2𝐿

Lt Col K M Mustafizur Rahman, EECE Dept, MIST 
  

1 1
lim 𝐴 𝑑𝑡 lim 𝑡
→ 2𝐿 → 2𝐿

1 𝜏 𝜏
lim
→ 2𝐿 2 2
𝜏
lim 0
→ 2𝐿

After calculation it is found that the power is zero and energy is finite. So, the given signal is energy signal.
Exercise 1.9, (f), Page-36 Soliman
Determine whether the following signal is energy signal or power signal?
1, 𝑡 0
𝑥 𝑡
𝑒 , 0 𝑡
Soln:
Let us plot the signal first.
𝑥 𝑡  
1 
𝑒  

t 

By observing, it is possible to identify the nature of the signal. The signal has started from minus infinity and
signal ends in plus infinity. So, the signal is likely to be power signal. If, after calculation, power is finite
then it is confirmed that that the signal is power signal. Let us calculate the power now.

1
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑃 lim |𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡
→ 2𝐿

1 1
lim |𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡 lim |𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡
→ 2𝐿 → 2𝐿

1 1
lim 1 𝑑𝑡 lim 𝑒 𝑑𝑡
→ 2𝐿 → 2𝐿

Lt Col K M Mustafizur Rahman, EECE Dept, MIST 
  
1 1
lim 𝑡 lim 𝑒 𝑑𝑡
→ 2𝐿 → 2𝐿

𝐿 1 1
lim 𝑒
2𝐿 → 2𝐿 6
1 1 1 1
lim 𝑒 𝑒
2 → 2𝐿 6 6
1 1 1 1 1
lim
2 → 2𝐿 6 𝑒 6
1 1
0
2 2

As the power is finite, we can conclude that the given signal is power signal.
Exercise 1.9, (a), Page-36 Soliman
Determine whether the following signal is energy signal or power signal?
𝜋
𝑥 𝑡 𝑡 sin 𝑡
3
Soln:
Let us calculate the energy of the given signal

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐸 lim |𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡
→

𝜋
lim 𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
→ 3

𝜋
lim 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
→ 3

1 𝜋
lim 2 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
→ 2 3

1 2𝜋
lim 𝑡 1 cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
→ 2 3

Lt Col K M Mustafizur Rahman, EECE Dept, MIST 
  
1 𝑡 1 2𝜋
lim lim cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
→ 2 3 → 2 3

∞
Let us calculate the power of the given signal

1
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑃 lim |𝑥 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡
→ 2𝐿

1 𝜋
lim 𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
→ 2𝐿 3

1 𝜋
lim 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
→ 2𝐿 3

1 1 𝜋
lim 2 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
→ 2𝐿 2 3

1 1 2𝜋
lim 𝑡 1 cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
→ 2𝐿 2 3

1 𝑡 1 2𝜋
lim lim cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
→ 4𝐿 3 → 4𝐿 3

∞
Both energy and power are not finite. Therefore, the given signal is neither energy nor power (NENP)
signal.
Homework
Determine whether the signal is energy or power signal
1. X (t) = 𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜋𝑡
2. X (t) =𝑒
3. X (t) = 𝑒
4. X (t) = 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑡

Lt Col K M Mustafizur Rahman, EECE Dept, MIST