BSC It: PC Packa Semester - I

BSc IT
PC Packages
Semester - I
Copyright @ Amity University

Operating System
Fundamentals
1. Components of an OS
2. Functions of an OS
3. Types of OS
4. Command-line tools

The Three Elements of an OS
• User Interface – The part of the OS that you
interface with.
• Kernel – The core of the OS. Interacts with
the BIOS (at one end), and the UI (at the
other end).
• File Management System – Organizes and
manages files.

Operating System Functions
• File Management
• Application Management
• Built-in Utility Programs
• Control of Computer Hardware

Operating System Types
• Multiuser – Two or more users work with
the computer at the same time
• Multitasking – Two or more processes
running at the same time.
• Multithreading – Two or more parts of the
same process running at the same time.

PC Operating Systems
• Microsoft Windows
• MacIntosh OS
• Linux

MS Windows Versions
• Home (Non-Professional) Versions
– Windows 95
– Windows 98
– Windows Me
• Professional (Business) Versions
– Windows NT
– Windows 2000
• The Two Lines Came Together in
Windows XP (2001)
Disk Operating System
( DOS )
• The first PC Operating System (1981)
• Not a Multitasking OS, only one program could run
at a time
• A command-line interface, no GUI.
• Early versions of Windows sat on top of DOS and
used it to communicate with the BIOS.
• Windows XP communicates directly with the BIOS,
but allows commands to be entered via a command
prompt.

File System
• A file is a collection of bytes of information
treated as a single unit.
• It is given a name to make it easy to find
and use later.
• The file system keeps track of where a file
is actually resident on a disk.
• A disk (hard disk, floppy, optical disk) is
subdivided into directories or folders.

File System (continued)
• The top level folder on a disk is known as
the root.
• The root is generally subdivided into
subfolders.
• Any folder or subfolder can contain files
and other folders.
• The fully-qualified filename includes the
name of the file and the path to the folder
in which it resides:
c:\courses\061\cit141\chapter4.ppt
Windows Registered File Types
• A particular file extension can be registered and
associated with a particular program.
– .docx files are associated with MS Word
– .xlsx files are associated with MS Excel
– .txt files are associated with Notepad
– .html files are associated with IE
• This is how Windows knows what to do when
you double-click a file in My Computer.

File Attributes
• Each file has four attributes which can be
viewed or set.
– Read Only – File may be viewed, copied,
executed (if appropriate), but not changed. It
can be deleted.
– Hidden – File will not be displayed in normal
list of files.
– System – File is identified to belong to
system, should not be messed with.
– Archive – File is (or is not) a candidate for
backup.
DOS Commands
• Two types – Internal and External
– Internal commands are resident in the main
kernel file: command.com (or cmd.exe)
– External commands are separate little
programs.
• It's important to learn DOS commands
because you can write scripts to execute a
set of commands automatically.

The Command Prompt
By default, it reminds you of the

current drive and the current
directory.

Three Parts of a DOS Command
xcopy /m/e c:\temp d:\temp
Command Switches Parameters

Name

DOS Wildcard Characters
• The characters ? and * can be used to
affect multiple files with a single command.
– The ? means any single character.
copy c:\temp\notes??.doc d:\temp
means copy any Word file that begins with the

word "notes" with exactly two other
characters, like "notes01.doc", "notesAB.doc",
etc.

DOS Wildcard Characters
– The "*" wildcard replaces any number of

characters.
copy c:\temp\notes.* d:\temp

(copy all files with the name "notes" and any
extension.)
copy *.doc c:\temp

(copy all files with a "doc" extension in the
current directory.)

At the Command Prompt
• A drive letter and a ":" (e.g. "f:") makes that
your current drive.
• CD (Change Directory)
– cd (with no parameters) reminds you what the
current directory is.
– cd .. moves you to the parent of the current
directory (up one level).
– cd \ moves you to the root of the current drive.
– cd <some directory> makes that your current
directory.

DOS Commands
• MD – Make directory.
• RD – Remove a directory or an entire directory
tree.
• DIR – Display the contents of a directory.
• DEL (or ERASE) – Deletes one or more files.
• COPY – Places a copy of file(s) in a different
folder.
• XCOPY – Flexible copy command used for
copying large groups of files, commonly used for
file backup.

More DOS Commands
• MOVE – Moves file(s) from one folder to
another.
• REN(AME) – Renames file(s).
• ATTRIB – Displays or sets file attributes.
• FORMAT – Formats a disk.
• CHKDSK – Tests the file system on a disk,
and reports status.

Even More
• DATE and TIME – Display & set the
current date & time in the PC.
• TYPE – Displays the contents of a text file.

Agenda
• Windows Desktop Roadmap
• Windows XP Overview
• Enhanced User Experiences

Windows Desktop Roadmap

Windows Today
Windows 2000 Windows Millennium
for business Edition for home
Reliable Digital Media

– High system uptime – Digital photos
– Resilient to application failures – Digital music
– Dynamic system configuration – Digital video
Manageable PC Health
– Centralized management – Support automation
– Desktop management – Centralized help center
– Easy to deploy – System safeguards
Best for new devices Home Networking
– Laptops – Home Networking Wizard
– Networking – Simple connectivity between PC’s,
– Peripherals peripherals & intelligent devices
Internet enable your business Internet Experience
– Web application services – Faster browsing,easier printing
– Internet scalability – Online product support
– Secure – Enhanced communication

Windows Family Roadmap
Client
Home
PCs
Business
PCs 32 and 64 bit
Windows XP Servers
 Whistler
Servers Datacenter
 Advanced
 Small Business
Embedded
 Standard
Released 2000  Embedded

Windows XP Overview

The New Standard for Efficient and Dependable
Computing
• Reliable foundation you can count on
• Security and Privacy to safeguard your
information
• New, easier and more efficient visual design
• Highly responsive for handling multiple
demanding tasks at once

Reliable
PC’s Stay Up And Running
Rock Solid Foundation
• Built on the Windows Engine
– Full 32-bit architecture, protected memory model
• Improved Code Protection
– Read only data structures for key kernel components
and device drivers
• Enhanced Device Driver Verifier
– Rigorous testing to ensure the highest quality for
device drivers
• Reduced Reboot Scenarios
– Eliminates most scenarios that forced end users to
reboot in Windows NT 4.0 and Windows 9x.

Reliable
Resilient to Application Failure
Great Platform for Applications
• Windows Installer
– Integrated service to manage software installation, removal, and
repair
• Side by Side DLL Support
– Allows applications to execute their own versions of key DLL’s
• Windows File Protection
– Automatically protects key system files from being overwritten
• Enhanced Software Restriction Policies
– Allows an administrator to block application execution

Secure
Standards Based Security
• Kerberos
– Provides standards based security
• IPSec
– Allows for the secure transmission of data over public and private
networks
Protecting Local Data
• Encrypting File System
– Encrypt data to protect against unauthorized access, now supports offline
folders and multiple users
• Smart Card Support
– Offers additional security, now supports terminal services
Online Security
• Internet Connection Firewall
– Protect Small Business and home networks from network based
attacks

Enhanced Visual Design
Fresh Visual Design
• Friendly and Welcoming
– Designed to allow users to get the most out of their PC
• Task Focused
– Common tasks are clearly presented to allow users to get more done
quicker
Adaptive User Environment
• Smarter Start Menu
– Displays the most frequently used apps
• Taskbar Grouping
– Multiple windows from the same app are consolidated into a single task
bar button
• Notification Area Cleanup
– Unused notification area icons are hidden away
Comprehensive Feature Integration
• CD Burning
– Easily burn CD-R and CD-RW’s from within Explorer
• Compressed File Support
– Create and extract compresed file folders (e.g. .zip files)

Highest Performance
• Pre-emptive Multi-tasking Architecture
– Allows multiple applications to run simultaneously,
while preserving system responsiveness
• Scalable Memory and Processing Support
– Supports up to 2 processors and 4 GB of RAM
• Fastest Windows Yet
– Boots faster, runs applications quicker, and resumes
from hibernate/standby more rapidly than previous
versions of Windows

Simplified Management and Deployment
Simplified Desktop Deployment
Address Deployment Issues
• Application Compatibility
– Out of the box support for hundreds of apps
– Compatibility modes for apps without native support
– New fixes delivered via Windows Update or Windows Setup with
Dynamic Update
• Device Compatibility
– Increased device coverage from Windows 2000
– Windows XP Runs all properly written Windows 2000 drivers
– Improved Windows logo program
– Updates delivered via Windows Update and Windows Setup with
Dynamic Update
Enhance Deployment Options
• State Migration (User & Admin interfaces)
– User State Migration Tool (business tool) is a command line tool
for migrating data and application settings. Easily customized by
editing text based .inf files
– Files and Settings Transfer Wizard (consumer tool) is gui based,
and aimed at consumers.
• SysPrep
– Now allows for updated drivers to be picked up at install time, as
well as per machine customizations. Also features audit
capabilities
• RIS
– Selective display of OS image choices
– Greater hardware independence & ease of use
– Security & scalability enhancements
– Interoperability with Windows 2000

Help Manage OS Lifecycle
• Windows Setup w/ Dynamic Update
– Windows XP will prompt to download os updates at install time
• Automatic Updates
– Windows XP can download fixes in the background then install
when the update is received
– Downloads are throttled and can be restarted mid-stream
– Feature can be turned off
• Windows Update Improvements
– Updates application fixes, os updates, and device drivers
– Integrated with Automatic Updates
– Will have features to bring inside corp firewalls

Easier Desktop Management
Enhanced Support Infrastructure
• Help and Support Services
– Provides one place to receive support information, can be
extended via 3rd parties to include their support content
• Remote Assistance
– Offers the ability to securely remote control another Windows XP
machine for troubleshooting or user education.
Improved Centralized Management
• More Group Policy Settings
– Windows XP offers hundreds of new group policy settings, and is
fully interoperable with existing Windows 2000 group policy
• Resultant Set of Policy (RSoP)
– Allows administrators to see the effect of Group Policy on a
targeted user or computer.

Easier Desktop Management
More Recovery Options
• Automated System Recovery
– Works in conjunction with backup utilities to help
recover from catastrophic failure or non-boot
state
• Recovery console & Last Known Good
Config
– Reverts registry & key drivers during the OS boot
process
• Safe mode
– Undoes harmful system configuration or settings
changes (not data)

Enhanced User Experiences

Enhanced Productivity Tools
• Best Platform for Mobile Workers
• Universal Communications Tool
• Enhanced Support Scenarios

Best for Mobile and Remote Workers
Change the way remote workers work
Great features for mobile workers
• Remote Desktop
– Based on the RDP protocol, Remote Desktop allows a user to
remotely view and use their Windows XP Professional desktop.
• Credential Manager
– Provides seamless management of user credentials to ease
access to network resources
• Offline Folders
– Files and folders on NT, Windows 2000, and “Whistler” servers
can be cached on the local workstation, making them available
when disconnected from the network
• Synchronization Manager
– Handles the replication and management of files and folders that
were changed while offline

Extend Laptop Capabilities
Best Mobile Platform
• Plug and Play
– Full support for plug and play including hot docking, hot insertion
and removal, and device management
• Power Management
– Improved power management allows laptops to run longer
• ClearType
– Dramatically Increases screen readability
• DualView
– Allows two monitors to be driven off a single display adapter.
Great for laptops.

Simplified Networking
Effortless Networks
• Zero Config Wireless Networking
– Wireless users can move easily between wireless networks without
manually reconfiguring their machines
• Alternate Network Configurations
– An alternate set of IP parameters can be specified to be used when
DHCP is unavailable
Easier Network Configurations
• Network Setup Wizard
– Step by step guide to configure ICS, Internet Connection Firewall,
and device sharing
• Network Bridging
– Allows the briding of different networking technologies (i.e.
wireless and 10BaseT Ethernet)
• Internet Connection Sharing
– Multiple PC’s can share a single Internet connection

Communications
• A Complete Communications and
Collaboration Platform
– Integrated Voice, Video, and Text
communications
– Collaborate with Application Sharing
– Send and Receive Files

Simplified Assistance
Self Help Options
• Help and Support Center
– Allows customers to search local and Internet-based help
information. Can be customized by OEM’s
• Device Driver Rollback
– Easily reinstall previous versions of device drivers
• System Restore
– Quickly returns system to a known state if problems arise
Assisted Support
• Remote Assistance
– Based on RDP Protocol
– SDK Allows For ISV / Corporate Extensibility
– Send Requests Over E-Mail or Instant Messaging

The New Standard for Efficient and Dependable
Computing
• Reliable foundation you can count on
• Security and Privacy to safeguard your
information
• New, easier and more efficient visual design
• Highly responsive for handling multiple
demanding tasks at once

More Information
How Do I Get Code?
– MSDN
– TechNet
– Windows XP Preview Program
Where Do I Get More Information?

http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp

Copyright @ Amity
Copyright University
© Amity University
Timeline
• Beta 2 - Released 3/01
• RC 1 – June
• RC 2 – July
• RTM – August
• Available – 10/25/01

Home Edition vs. Pro
• Business Networking • Security
– Domain join – Encrypting file system
• Management – File-level access control
– Group & Local Policy – “C2” evaluation
– Roaming profiles • 64-bit edition
– SMS Support • Program differences
• Enterprise Deployment – Personal not available via
volume licensing
– Multi-language support
– Personal not available via
– Sysprep and RIS support Premiere support
• Power User – Content (Res Kits, Technet,
– Remote Desktop MS Press Books, etc.)
– Multi-processor support • Behavioral Differences
– No friendly logon in a
domain
– No Fast User Switching in a
domain

Windows XP 64-bit
• Target customers
– High-end workstation users – engineering
design, CAD/CAM, graphics,
modeling/visualization
• Support for 32-bit apps
• EFI & GPT support
• Kernel & driver ports required

Upgrade Experience
• Depends on age & complexity of system
– Application and device support
• Best experience on a new PC
– Optimal configuration, performance
– Full Windows XP Experience
• Upgrading to Windows XP
– Windows 98, Windows 98SE, Windows Millennium
Edition, Windows NT 4.0 Workstation, Windows 2000
Professional
– Dynamic Update and Windows Update
– Uninstall for Win9x Users
• System Requirements
– Currently same as Windows 2000 Professional

Online Experience
• Standards Support
– 100% support for DOM & CSS level 1 & P3P draft recommendations
• Privacy
– Set personal standards for web sites & easily view compliance
• Integrated Media Playback
– Without launching extra windows
• Improved image browsing & acquisition
– Automatic image resizing & 1-click save, print, e-mail
• Integrated Contacts & Instant Messenger
– MSN IM, Outlook or Outlook Express contacts
– Initiate IM, e-mail, NetMeeting etc
• Enhanced administration through the IEAK
– Control over all new features & Resultant Set of Policy reporting

Making an Business OS Choice
• Windows 2000 Professional provides core
fundamentals of Windows XP Professional
TODAY!
• If planning to deploy, currently deploying, or
already deployed
– You Made The Right Choice!
– Look for cases where XP can solve business needs
– Bring Windows XP Pro in on new desktops
• If Not Deploying / Evaluating Windows 2000
Professional
– Start Evaluating Windows XP

Windows XP benefits in a Windows 2000 Pro
environment
• To address application/hardware compatibility issues
• To enable knowledge workers to access their machine
from anywhere (field offices, subsidiaries, home, etc.)
• For Laptop users; for improved battery, performance
improvements, and device support (ie. Wireless
networking)
• To enable a remote support infrastructure

Content
1. What is Linux?
2. Linux/UNIX Overview
3. Installation
4. Using the System
5. Linux Programming Prerequisite

1. What is Linux?
• A free Unix-type operating system

developed under the GNU General
Public License.
– Open source
– Popular
– Support most of the platforms available

A Short History of UNIX
• Multics, AT&T Bell Lab, GE, MIT
• 1969, UNIX, Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie
• 1973, Rewrite UNIX with C
• Berkeley UNIX(BSD UNIX)
• 1983, System V
• Commercial products
– SunOS, Solaris, HP-UX, AIX, SCO UNIX
• Standards
– SVID, IEEE POSIX, X/Open XPG4.2

A Short History of Linux(1)

A Short History of Linux(2)

GNU & Linux
• GNU/Linux System
GNU software/library
– Linux kernel
– GNU software/library Linux kernel
• Distributions：
– Red Hat, Debain, SuSe,
Mandrake, Redflag…

Programmer’s Viewpoint

3. Installation
• Distributions：
– Redhat
– Debian
– SuSe
– Mandrake
– ……
• Live CD
– KNOPPIX
• Using virtual machine
– VMware

Installing Linux
• Boot system from bootable media
• All installation programs need to perform essentially
the same steps:
– Choose language, keyboard type, mouse type
– Create partitions
– Setup a boot loader
– Configure network
– Configure user and authentication
– Select package groups
– Configure X
– Install packages
– Create boot disk

Partitioning Theory

Disk Partitioning
• At a minimum, create
– /, 750MB (1.5G or more recommended)
– Swap, size equal to amount of memory
• Recommended: /boot (16MB)
• May need/want to create other partitions:
– /usr, /usr/local, /var, /tmp, /opt, /home
• Default partitioning program under Linux is
fdisk
– Distributions may add their own partitioning
programs

Boot loader
• A boot loader loads and starts the Linux
kernel
– Can pass boot parameters to the Linux kernel,
such as device information
– Can optionally load an Initial Root Disk
– Can boot other operating systems as well
• Common Boot loaders:
– LILO: Linux Loader
– GRUB: Grand Unified Boot Loader
• Generally configured in /dev/hda, unless
other boot loader is used.

Boot loader (cont’d)
• LILO
– Program to set up the MBR
– Syntax: lilo [-v] [-v] [-C config-file] [-t]
– Configuration file /etc/lilo.conf
– Configures MBR according to configuration file
• GRUB
– Program stored in MBR (first stage) and in /boot/grub (1.5th
and second stage)
– Understand file system structure; no need to activate a
configuration as with LILO
– Configuration file /boot/grub/grub.conf
– Installed in MBR with grub-install

Linux Startup Flow
power on • BIOS
– Checks memory, loads options from non-
volatile memory, checks for boot devices,
loads MBR of boot device and executes it
BIOS
• MBR
– Contains a “boot loader” and the partition
table
boot loader
– Traditionally set up by LILO/GRUB
• Boot loader
Linux kernel – Loads the compressed kernel image into
memory
– The kernel uncompress itself and starts…
init • Init process
– Configuration file /etc/inittab
– run levels
system ready

4. Using the System
• Basic Knowledge
• Working with Files and Directories
• Working with Processes
• Linux Documentation

Multi-user and Multi-tasking
• Linux is a multi-user, multi-tasking operating system
– Multiple users can run multiple tasks simultaneously,
independent of each other.
• Always need to “log in” before using the system
– Identify yourself with user name, password
• Multiple ways to log in to the system
– Console: Directly attached keyboard, mouse, monitor
– Serial terminal
– Network connection

Virtual Terminal
• In most Linux distributions, the console
emulates a number of virtual terminals
• Each virtual terminal can be seen as a
separate, directly attached console
– Different users can use different virtual terminals
• Typical setup:
– VT 1-6: text mode logins
– VT 7: graphical mode login prompt (if enabled)
• Switch between VTs with Alt-Fn (or Ctrl-Alt-
Fn if in X)

Linux Commands
• Everything on a Linux system can be done by
typing commands
– the GUI (X-Window) is not needed for running a
Linux System
• In order to type commands in X-Window you
need to start a terminal emulator
• Command Prompt
– Can be configured yourself
– $ - “logged in as a regular user”,
– # - “logged in as root”

Command Syntax
• Linux commands have the following

fomat:
$ command option(s) argument(s)
• Examples:
$ ls
$ ls –l
$ ls /dev
$ ls –l /dev

Some Basic Linux Commands
• passwd: Change your password

• mkpasswd: Generate a random password
• date, cal: Find out today’s date and display a
calendar
• who, finger: Find out who else is active on the system
• clear: Clear the screen
• echo: Write a message to your screen
• write, wall, talk; mesg
• ……

Working with Files & Directories
• What is a file?
– A collection of data;
– An object that can be written to, or read from, or
both. A file has certain attributes, including access
permissions and type. (susv3)
• File structure
– Generally: byte stream, record sequence, record
tree
– In Linux: byte stream

File Types
• regular file
– Text or code data; no particular internal structure
• character special file
• block special file
– Special files: represent hardware or logical devices
– Found in directory called /dev
• fifo
• socket
• symbolic link
• Directory
– A table of contents; a list of files in that directory

File System
• What is File System
– 操作系统中负责存取和管理文件的部分
– A collection of files and certain of their
attributes. It provides a name space for file
serial numbers referring to those files.
(susv3)
• File System in Linux:
– VFS
– EXT2, EXT3, FAT32, …

Directory Structure
• All Linux directories are contained in
one, virtual, “unified file system”.
• Physical devices are mounted on mount
points
– Floppy disks
– Hard disk partition
– CD-ROM drives
• No drive letter like A:, C:, …

A Example of Directory Structure

Main Directories in Linux
Linux File System Standard:

http://www.pathname/fhs

Basic Commands(1)
• Commands used with directories:

– pwd: print working directory
– cd: change directory
– mkdir: make directory
– rmdir: remove directory
– ls: list the contents of directories
• -l, -a, -R, -d options

Basic Commands(2)
• commands used with files:
– touch: update the access and/or modification time of a files
– cp: copy files
– mv: move and rename files
– ln: link files
– rm: remove files
– cat: concatenate files
– more/less: display files page by page
– od, strings: display binary files
– split: splits files

File Permission

Changing Permissions

Changing Permissions (cont’d)

Default File Permissions
 The default permission for newly created files
and directories are:
File: -rw-rw-r-- 644
Directory: drwxrwxr-x 775
 Why?
 umask: an octal number which contains the bits
that are NOT set as permission bits.
 Default 002 for normal user, 022 for root.

Editing Files
• vi
• emacs
• gedit
• …

Linux
vs.
Windows

Linux
• Linux was originally built by Linus Torvalds

at the University of Helsinki in 1991.
• Linux is a Unix-like, Kernal-based, fully
memory-protected, multitasking operating
system
• It runs on a wide range of hardware from
PCs to Macs.

Windows
• First version of Windows – Windows 3.1

released in 1992 by Microsoft.
• Windows is a GUI based operating system
• It has powerful networking capabilities, is
multitasking, and extremely user friendly

Computer Users

Computer Users Cont.
• Many beginner users find Windows easer

to use than other operating systems
• Windows has been enjoying an overall
advantage over Linux due to Microsoft’s
market success because of its broad focus
aimed at all kinds of users
• Linux has been primary used by advanced
computer users – programmers and
developers

Fundamental Difference between Linux & Windows
One fundamental difference between the two

systems is the fact that Linux is "open source".
This means that unlike Windows where you only

get access to the compiled programs that you
run on your machine, with Linux you also get the
original computer code to examine and tweak
(modify) at your leisure.
This also goes to show that Linux users are

more advanced

Comparing Applications
• Linux falls short in the number of different

applications available for it.
• There are much more various applications
available for Microsoft since the population
of Window’s users is greater than Linux’s
• Since Microsoft is more popular, the
Hardware products are aimed at the
biggest market – Windows, such that the
product would be sold and used widely

Comparing Applications Cont.
• Linux programs are distributes freely since they are not
developed by commercial software companies, but
instead are created under the GNU Public License,
which makes the software free
• Linux software lacks the GUI and is therefore not “liked”

by many users
• Windows has its own share of problems – the fact that

some software is not compliant for different versions of
windows (i.e. Windows 95/98) and that many times the
GUI concept is overused such that command arguments
cannot be passed to the program

Cost Comparison
• Please look at the cost comparison PDF
files on the site by Cybersource by clicking
on the links Bottom line and Price
Comparison.

Cost in 1999
Item Linux NT
Server OS $30 $700
10 Client access 0 $2700
10 Workstations OS 0 $370
Office Suite $1690 $4080

Total $1720 $9730

Comparing GUI
• Linux contains X-Windows with 2
interfaces – GDK & KDE
• Linux offers a choice of four desktops thus
allowing the user to work in different
windows on different desktop for
convenience

Comparing GUI Cont.
• Windows, on the other hand, is limited to

the way the application windows are laid
out on the screen
• Windows GUI also has been known for its
large memory requirements, where it
usually uses a huge chunk of RAM for
visual components

Linux advantages in Kernel and the OS environment
• Linux requires 386 architecture to run. Thus, it is

compatible with any improved architecture such as 486,
Pentium, Pentium Pro, etc
• There are drivers available for much many types of
hardware devices
• Linux program installation seems to be easier since it
only requires a restart when hardware device has been
changed
• Linux supports multiple copies of the Kernel on the
system such that if an error is encountered and the
Kernel becomes corrupted, a different copy of the Kernel
can be used to boot up the system

Security
• Linux seems to be more prepared for protecting itself
because of the beginning developments of Linux, UNIX,
and FreeBSD which were aimed at top notch security
• Linux allows does not create registry keys in a way
Windows does allowing a user to browse installed
components registry keys, which contain important
information
• Linux is more virus proof since viruses – malicious
programs either cannot be run automatically on the Linux
machine, or simply are not capable of being executed on
a 386 architecture
• Windows is often known for a large amount of loop holes

Reliability
• OS it must not crash, even under extreme

loads. OS should process requests even if
the operating system or hardware fails
• Windows seems to be less stable even
though the latest versions of Windows –
2000 and XP are far more improved than
the incredibly buggy Windows 95

Conclusion
• Not enough test benchmarks for Linux to

compare it to Windows
• Linux technology is used wider ( example
php scripts ), and software is ported to
Linux more often.
• User should be comfortable with the OS

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Copyright @ Amity University

• Built-in Utility Programs

• Control of Computer Hardware

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

By default, it reminds you of the

Copyright @ Amity University

xcopy /m/e c:\temp d:\temp

Command Switches Parameters

Copyright @ Amity University

copy c:\temp\notes??.doc d:\temp

means copy any Word file that begins with the

Copyright @ Amity University

– The "*" wildcard replaces any number of

copy c:\temp\notes.* d:\temp

copy *.doc c:\temp

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Reliable Digital Media

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Released 2000  Embedded

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Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Where Do I Get More Information?

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University

Copyright @ Amity University