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Transformer: Iftikhar Reza Contact: 01715 591 542
com)
Contact : 01715 591 542
Transformer
1. Equivalent circuit
𝑍𝑀 = 𝑅0 𝑗𝑋0 = 𝑅𝑐 𝑗𝑋𝑀
2. 𝐸𝑥 = 4.44 𝑓 𝑁𝑥
𝐸1 = 4.44 𝑓 𝑁1
𝐸2 = 4.44 𝑓 𝑁2
Transformation ratio
1 𝑁2 𝐸2 𝐼1
=k= 𝑎
= 𝑁1
= 𝐸1
𝐼2
3.
𝑅02 = 𝑅2 + 𝑅1′ = 𝑅2 + 𝐾 2 𝑅1
𝑅2 𝑅2 + 𝑘 2 𝑅1 𝑅02
𝑅01 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2′ = 𝑅1 + = =
𝐾2 𝐾2 𝐾2
4.
𝐼1 = 𝐼0 + 𝑘𝐼2
𝑉1 = 𝐸1 + 𝐼1 𝑍1
𝐸2 = 𝑉2 + 𝐼2 𝑍2
5. I0 −0 = 𝐼𝑤 − 𝑗𝐼
6.
O.C. Test:
Normally H.V. side is kept open, done for rated voltage
𝑉1 𝑉1
𝑅0 = =
𝐼0 𝐶𝑜𝑠 0 𝐼𝑤
𝑉1 𝑉1
𝑋0 = =
𝐼0 𝑆𝑖𝑛 0 𝐼
Actually
(Core Power) 𝑺0 = 𝐸1 𝐼0∗ = 𝑊0 + 𝑗𝑄0
I0 −0 = 𝐼𝑤 − 𝑗𝐼
2
|𝐸1 |
𝑊0 = Re ( 𝐸1 𝐼0∗ ) = = |𝑰𝟎 |𝟐 𝑹𝒆(𝒁𝑴 )
𝑅0
= 𝐸1 𝐼0 cos(𝐸1𝛳 − 0 )
(𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸𝑥 32.25)
⃗⃗⃗⃗1
𝐸
ZM = R 0 jX0 =
𝐼⃗⃗⃗0
|𝑬𝟏 |𝟐 𝐸1
𝑅0 = =
𝑷𝒄 𝐼0 𝐶𝑜𝑠 (𝐸1𝛳 − 0 )
|𝑬𝟏 |𝟐 𝐸1
𝑋0 = =
𝑸𝒄 𝐼0 𝑆𝑖𝑛 (𝐸1𝛳 − 0 )
7.
E 𝑓𝐵𝑚
8.
S.C. Test:
Normally L.V. side is short-circuited, done for rated current
𝐼𝑠𝑐 = ?
9.
%R = % Cu Loss
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐶𝑢 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑦
= × 100 % = × 100 %
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴
10.
efficiency,
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 × 𝑝𝑓
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 2 × 100%
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 × 𝑝𝑓 + 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 + ( ) × 𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐶𝑢 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 × 𝑝𝑓
= 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 2 × 100%
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴 × 𝑝𝑓 + 𝑥 + (𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐾𝑉𝐴) ×𝑦
11.
For Max efficiency: 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Cu Loss equals to Core Loss
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
KVA for 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Full Load KVA √
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐶𝑢 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑥
= Full Load KVA √
𝑦
12.
Regulation
(According to B.L. Threza)
Page: 1156-1157
𝑉2
where 𝑉2′ = , 𝑉1′ = 𝐾𝑉1
𝐾
1.
(a)
(b) * PGCB-2021
2.
75-kVA, 480/120-v,
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
(a)
(c)
Ans: 3.718314512%
10.
(a)
(b)
Ans: 3.718314512%
11.
Find
(a) Iron loss
(b) Working component of no-Load current
(c) Magnetizing component of no-Load current
(d) 𝑅0 =? & 𝑋0 =?
Ans: 29.85 W, 0.136363̈ A, 0.4810456929 A; 1620.237521 , 456.9976947
Solve:
𝑅1 =2.488 𝑋1=4.8384
𝑅2 =0.006 𝑋2=0.0121
𝑅0 =44202
𝑋0=7798.6
The transformer is delivering ½ rated load at rated voltage at 0.96 p.f. lagging.
Determine
′ ′
𝐕𝟏 − 𝐕𝟐 𝐕𝟏 −𝐕𝟐
%𝐫𝐞𝐠 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎% = 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝐕𝟐′ 𝐕𝟐
𝑉2
= 1.280980463% where 𝑉2′ = , 𝑉1′ = 𝐾𝑉1
𝐾
Verification
13.
=?
Ans: 8197.5357090.3311607135 v, 2.469196361%, 96.51068961%
Solve:
Method 1: V2 is taken as as reference V2= 480 v V2= 4800
15.
Find Primary power factor, efficiency, voltage regulation, secondary output terminal voltage=?
2300−2232.946486 230−223.2946486
%𝑟𝑒𝑔 = 100% = 100% = 3.002916282% Ans
2232.946486 223.2946486
Approximate solution for regulation ( ignoring the core when 𝒁𝑴 >> 𝒁𝟎𝟏 )
Find
(i) Voltage at the power source=?
(ii) system voltage regulation=? & Transformer voltage regulation=?
(iii) overall efficiency=? & Transformer efficiency=?
18.
(a) (Chapman Exc 2.14 )
Ans: 0.9988492093
480−𝑉2′′
𝑉2′′ = 474.3624366-0.5940058609 v, %reg =
𝑉2′′
19.
(a) (V.K. Mehta) (Power System-161)
Hints: Find Zin ; Vs= I1 Zin Here regulation indicate system regulation
20.
(a)
(b)
Ans: 13.3461167793.621171583 kV
21.
Ans: 0.4387209057
4800
6600𝑘 −
Hints: %reg = 4800
√3
100%
√3
(i) secondary voltage when the load is disconnected (No-Load secondary voltage)
(ii) input voltage that must be applied to the primary in order to obtain rated secondary
voltage when carrying rated load at 0.75 p.f. lagging
(i) Zin=?
(ii) voltage across the load=?
Ans: 164.749759521.62797776 , 582.7019127-1.627977761 v
24.
Find
(e) Iron loss
(f) Working component of no-Load current
(g) Magnetizing component of no-Load current
(h) 𝑅0 =? & 𝑋0 =?
Ans: 29.85 W, 0.136363̈ A, 0.4810456929 A; 1620.237521 , 456.9976947
Solve:
25.
Solve:
26.
Solve:
If primary applied voltage is 7967 v, Find secondary voltage ,voltage regulation & =?
Solve:
28.
Calculate
Hints: Here exact analysis can’t be done. approximate analysis (ignoring core)
.005 V1 −V′2
𝑅𝑝𝑢 = 𝑅02 × %reg = × 100%
.52 V′2
Solve:
K=2
29.
Load
𝑉𝐴 (𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑)
𝑅𝑝𝑢 (𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑) = 𝑅02 ×
𝑉22
𝑉𝐴 (𝐹. 𝐿. )
𝑅𝑝𝑢 (𝐹. 𝐿. ) = 𝑅02 ×
𝑉22
30.
Ans: 1.185987636 kW
31.
32.
Solve:
33.
Solve:
34.
(a)
(b)
Calculate
(c)
Solve:
(d)
(e)
Solve:
37. (DESCO-2019)
Input Power, 𝑃𝑆 =?
With respect to Power dissipated by 18
Ans: 1.75
Solve:
𝑉𝑆 =? 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝. 𝑓. =?
For ideal Transformer when
𝑉2 = 120 𝑣, 𝑃𝑆 = 5600 𝑤
39.
Phasor Diagram
40.
(a)
Ans: 92.57283545%
(d)
Ans: 3.805768773%
(e)
Ans: 97.56101051%
(f)
100-KVA, 4800/240-v, 60-Hz transformer has core loss, resistance loss and leakage
reactance loss expressed in percent are 0.45, 1.46 and 3.38 respectively. Determine
the efficiency at 70% load with 0.8 power factor lagging.
Ans: 97.96135425%
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52
Iftikhar Reza (iftikhar.reza08@gmail.com)
Contact : 01715 591 542
The percent resistance and reactance of a 75-kVA, 2400-240 v, 60-Hz transformer are
0.9% and 1.3%, respectively.
Determine high-side fault current if an accidental short-circuit of 0.016 ohm occur at
the secondary when 2300 v is impressed across the primary.
Ans: 920.2650745-23.54536638 A
Solve:
42.
7200/240-v, 60-Hz transformer is connected for step-up operation and 14446 load
is connected to the secondary. Assume the transformer is ideal and the input voltage is
220v at 60-Hz, Determine
(i) Secondary voltage
(ii) Secondary current
(iii) Primary current
(iv) Zin Ans: 6600 v; 45.83̇ -46 A; 1375 A; 0.1646
Solve:
Secondary 11 kV 20 MVA
Find 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , 𝑋3= ??
Solve:
46.
47.
Ans: 97.62789465%
48.
Ans: 89.5592741%
49.
Ans: 95.31142359%
50.
Ans: 97.97886955%
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
Ans: 25.09486359-70.92166306 A
Ans: 315.6565̈ A
56.
Ans: 80%
57. (Ex-32.89)
Determine the core area, number of turns and position of tapping point for a 500-kVA,
50-Hz, single-phase, 6600/5000-V auto transformer, assuming the following
approximate values: emf per turn 8 V. Maximum flus density q.3 Wb/𝑚2
58.
(a)
59. (Ex-32.90)
60.
61.
62.
Ans: 3.985 w
63.
64.