UNIT 1

Articulate - able to express thoughts and feelings easily and clearly, or showing this quality

 an  intelligent  and  highly  articulate  young  woman
 She gave a  witty,  entertaining, and articulate  speech.

Responsive - reacting quickly and well to something or someone

 responsive to sth  The most  effective  IT  function  is one that is responsive to
the  needs  of the  business  it  serves.
 The  management  offer  an  efficient  and responsive  service  to  local  companies.

Coherent - If an argument, set of ideas, or a plan is coherent, it

is clear and carefully considered, and each part of it connects or follows in
a natural or reasonable way

- If someone is coherent, you can understand what that person says

 When she  calmed  down, she was more coherent  (=  able  to  speak  clearly  and
be  understood)

Sensitive – easily upset by the things people say or do, or causing people to

be upset, embarrassed, or angry

 Her  reply  showed  that she was very sensitive  to  criticism.
 He was very sensitive  about  his  scar  and  thought  everyone was  staring 

Eloquent - giving a clear, strong message

 She made an eloquent  appeal  for  action.
 The  pictures  were an eloquent  reminder  of the  power  of the  volcano.

- using language to express ideas or opinions clearly and well, so that they have

a strong effect on others
  When  required, he could be an eloquent  speaker,
but  preferred  talking  to  small  groups.

Extrovert - energetic and enjoying being with other people

 an extrovert  personality

Succinct - said in a clear and short way; expressing what needs to be said

without unnecessary words

 Keep  your  letter  succinct and to the  point.

Fluent - When a person is fluent, they can speak a language easily, well, and quickly

 She's fluent  in  French.
 He's a fluent  Russian  speaker.

Persuasive - making you want to do or believe a particular thing

 a persuasive  speaker/speech
 Your  arguments  are very persuasive.
 He can be very persuasive.

Focused - giving a lot of attention to one particular thing

 the need for more focused  research

Hesitant - If you are hesitant, you do not do something immediately or quickly because you

are nervous or not certain

 You  seemed  a  bit  hesitant  about  recommending  that  restaurant  - is

something  wrong  with it?
 She gave me a hesitant  smile.
Inhibited - not confident enough to say or do what you want
 The  presence  of  strangers  made her  feel  inhibited.

Reserved - Reserved people do not often talk about or show their feelings or thoughts

 a  quiet, reserved woman
 The  English  have a  reputation  for being reserved.

Rambling - too long and confused
 a  long  rambling  speech

Vague - not clearly expressed, known, described, or decided

 I do have a vague  memory  of  meeting  her many  years  ago.
 The  patient  had  complained  of vague  pains  and  backache.
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Concise - succinct

clear and easy to understand – Coherent; Eloquent ;

reluctant to speak – Inhibited; hesitant, reserved

good at influencing people - persuasive

talking in a confused way - rambling

outgoing – extrovert, responsive

able to express ideas well – articulate;

eager to react and communicate - responsive

Interrupt - to stop something from happening for a short period
 We had to interrupt  our  trip  when we  heard  John's  mother  had had an  accident.

Clarify - to make something clear or easier to understand by giving more details or

a simpler explanation

 Could you clarify the first  point  please? I don't  understand  it  completely.
 The  position  of all  shareholders  will be clarified next  month  when
we  finalize  our  proposals.

Confuse - to mix up someone's mind or ideas, or to make something difficult to understand

 You're confusing him! Tell him  slowly  and one thing at a  time.
 Stop confusing the  issue  (= making the  problem  unnecessarily  difficult)!

Explain - to make something clear or easy to understand by describing or

giving information about it

 If there's anything you don't  understand, I'll be  happy  to explain.

 The  teacher  explained the  rules  to  the  children.

Digress - to move away from the main subject you are writing or talking about and to write

or talk about something else

 But I digress. To get back to what I was saying, this  poem  reflects  the
poet's  love  of  nature  and his  religious  beliefs.
 The  lecturer  temporarily  digressed  from  her  subject  to  deal  with a  related  theory.

Ramble - to talk or write in a confused way, often for a long time

 Sorry, I'm rambling (on) -  let  me get back to the  point.
Engage - to interest someone in something and keep them thinking about it:
 The  debate  about  food  safety  has engaged the  whole  nation.
 If a  book  doesn't engage my  interest  in the first few  pages, I don't
usually  continue  reading  it.

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Digress – to move away from the main subject you are writing or talking about and to write

or talk about something else
Maintain – to continue to have; to keep in existence, or not allow to become less
to express firmly your belief that something is true
Abbreviation – a short form of a word or phrase
Jargon – special words and phrases that are used
by particular groups of people, especially in their work
To elaborate on sth. –  to expand something in detail 
Suppliers – a company, person, etc. that provides things that people want or
need, especially over a long period of time
Asset (of people) – People can be assets because of the value they bring to a relationship or
organization
Inherent – existing as a natural or basic part of something
Bandwidth – the ability or time to deal with a situation, especially one
that involves a large amount of information or a number of problems
Dumping (vast amount of data on someone) – the act of getting rid of something that is
not wanted
Dense – having parts that are close together so that it is difficult to go or see through
Maze – an area in which you can get easily lost because there are so
many similar streets or passages
Cope with someone or sth. - to manage to deal with someone or something

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to fail to understand anything - can't make head nor tail of it

to share similar opinions and ideas - to be on the same wavelength
to give the main facts in a short, clear way - to put it in a nutshell
to not understand something - to get the wrong end of the stick
to delay talking about something - to beat about the bush
to give the latest information - to put someone in the picture
to talk about the most important thing - to get straight to the point
to hear about something because the information has been passed
from one person to another in conversation - to hear it on the grapevine
to be told something by someone who has direct knowledge of it - to get it straight from the
horse's mouth
to try to communicate with an unresponsive person - to be like talking to a brick wall
to include someone in group communication - to keep someone in the loop
to not understand someone - to talk at cross- purposes

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Air your views – express your opinions about sth in public

Be at a loss for words – unable to say anything because sth surprising or totally unexpected
has happened

Drop a hint – make a suggestion in an indirect way

Give somebody the low-down – tell somebody all the information they want or need to
know

Keep somebody up to date – give somebody regular information about things

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Onus - the responsibility or duty to do something:

Capacity - the total amount or number of things or people that something can hold

Distil - to get or show only the most important part of something

Hinder - to limit the ability of someone to do something, or to limit the development of

something

Impetuous - likely to do something suddenly, without considering the results of your actions

Fester - If an argument or bad feeling festers, it continues so

that feelings of hate or lack of satisfaction increase

Fade away - to slowly disappear, lose importance, or become weaker

Invariably – always
Swamp - to have too many of something, or give someone too much to do
Overuse - to use something too often or too much
Medium - something that is used as a way of creating or expressing something else
Reprimand - to tell someone officially that they have done something wrong
PDA-type devices - personal digital assistant - Short for personal digital assistant, a
handheld device that combines computing, telephone/fax, Internet and networking features. 

Far-flung - used to refer to places that are a great distance away, or something that

is spread over a very large area
Discreet - careful not to cause embarrassment or attract too
much attention, especially by keeping something secret
Pitch - To hurl, toss, or throw something to someone
Acronym - an abbreviation consisting of the first letters of each word in the name of
something, pronounced as a word
Bearish - expecting prices on a financial market to go down
Waffle - to keep changing your decisions about something so that no clear decision is made
Flop - to be unsuccessful
Scarcity - a situation in which something is not easy to find or get

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Reflect - to show, express, or be a sign of something

Rival - a person, company, product, etc. competing with others for the same thing or in the

same area

Pitfall - a problem, used especially about problems that may happen in the future

Compound - to calculate interest on both the amount of money invested or borrowed and on

the interest that has been added to it

Annual - happening once every year, or relating to a period of one year

Widen - to (cause something to) become larger or to include a larger amount or number:

Presence - a quality that makes people notice or admire you, even when you are not speaking

Enhanced - greater in value than before

Dairy - foods that are made from milk, such as cream, butter, and cheese

Venture - a new business activity
Forecast - to judge what is likely to happen in the future, based on information you have
now

Blow - something that causes serious problems or spoils your chances of success

to spend a lot of money on something that is not important or effective

takeover - the act of taking control of a company by buying enough of its shares to do this

setback - a fall in prices on a stock or financial market

commitment - a promise or firm decision to do something, or

the fact of promising something

executive - someone who has an important position in business, making decisions and

putting them into action

affair - a situation or subject that is being dealt with or considered; a matter

praise - to express admiration or approval of the achievements or characteristics of

a person or thing

obstacle - something that blocks you so that movement, going forward,

or action is prevented or made more difficult

fall short - to fail to reach an amount or standard that

was expected or hoped for, causing disappointment

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Fragrance - a sweet or pleasant smell

Product portfolio - the collection of all the products or services offered by a company. 

Launch - an event to celebrate or introduce something new

Urban – relating to towns and cities

Redwood – a coniferous tree of California that grows very tall, or the valuable wood of

this tree

Cedar – a tall, wide evergreen tree (= one that never loses its leaves)

Citrus – any of a group of plants that produce acidic fruits with a lot of juice

Appealing – attractive or interesting

Sophisticated – having a good understanding of the way people behave and/or a

good knowledge of culture and fashion

Alluring – the quality of being attractive, interesting, or exciting

Resilient, resilience – able to return quickly to a previous good condition after problems

To devise – plan or invent 

A storyboard – (in films and television)
a series of drawings or images showing the planned order of images

----------------------

Seduced – to persuade or cause someone to do something that they would not

usually consider doing by being very attractive and difficult to refuse

Powerhouse – a country or an organization that has a lot of influence, power,

or energy

Deliberate – to think or talk seriously and carefully about something

Realm - an area of interest or activity

Glamour – the special exciting and attractive quality of a person, place, or activity

Anchored – to make something or someone stay in one position by fastening him,

her, or it firmly

Heritage – the history, traditions, practices, etc. of a particular country, society,

or company that exist from the past and continue to be important

Raw – used to describe materials that are in their natural state and have

not yet been changed, prepared, or used to make something else

Capture - to succeed in getting something when you are competing with others

Intent – the intention to do something

Aspire – to want something very much or hope to achieve something or be successful

 Relentless – continuing in a severe or extreme way

Groundwork – to do work in preparation for work that will be done later

Dilute – to make something less strong or less valuable

Recession – a period, usually at least six months, of low economic activity,

when investments lose value, businesses fail, and unemployment rises

Boutique hotel - a small, stylish and fashionable hotel that is not part of

a chain (= group of hotels belonging to one company)

UNIT 3
break off - to end a relationship
build-up - an increase in the amount of something over a period of time
cement - to make something such as an agreement or friendship stronger

cultivate - if you cultivate a relationship, you make a special effort to develop it, because

you think it might be useful to you

cut off - a situation in which you stop doing, making, paying, or supplying something

damage - harm that is done to someone or something that makes them less successful

develop - to grow or change into a more advanced, larger, or stronger form, or to make

something do this

disrupt - to prevent something, especially a system, process, or event,

from continuing as usual or as expected

encourage - to make someone more likely to do something, or to make something

more likely to happen

- to talk or behave in a way that gives someone confidence to do something

establish - to reach a successful position over a period of time

foster - to encourage the development or growth of ideas or feelings

improve - to make something better

jeopardize - to put something such as a plan or system in danger of

being harmed or destroyed

maintain - to make something continue in the same way or at the same level

promote - to encourage the existence or development of something

restore - to return something to an earlier good condition or position

resume - to return to a position which you have left for a period of time

sever - to end a connection with someone or something

sour - no longer successful or pleasant

strengthen - to make something more effective or powerful

undermine - to make someone less confident, less powerful, or less likely to succeed, or to

make something weaker, often gradually

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let someone down - to cause someone to be disappointed, often because you have failed to do

what you promised
turn up - If a better situation or an opportunity to do something turns up,
it happens or becomes available unexpectedly or in a way that was not planned
- If something that you have been looking for turns up, you find it unexpectedly

check-in - the process of showing your ticket, etc. when you arrive at an airport , port, etc.,

or of giving your name when you arrive at a hotel

carry on - to behave in an uncontrolled, excited, or anxious (= worried and nervous) way

turn around - to change a plan, business, or system that is unsuccessful and make it successful
go over something - to examine or look at something in a careful or detailed way
- to study or explain something again
work out - to be successful or develop in a particular way
- to have a particular result or type of result
build up something - to cause something to increase or become greater
- to praise someone or something, esp. to increase the popularity of that person or thing
put someone off - to discourage someone from doing something, or from liking someone or
something
get on well with someone - have a friendly relationship with each other 

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Seeker - someone who is trying to find or get something

Notion - a belief or idea

tap into sth - to manage to use something in a way that brings good results

revolve around sb/sth - to have someone or something as the main or

most important interest or subject
plain - obvious, or clear and easy to see or understand; not complicated
nouveau riche - Nouveau riche people are people from a low social class who
have recently become very rich and like to show this publicly by spending a lot of money.
Accountability - a situation in which someone is responsible for things that happen and can
give a satisfactory reason for them
Obligation - a legal or moral duty to do something
Favor - approval or support of someone or something
Astutely - in a way that shows someone is able to quickly understand a situation and see how
to get an advantage from it
Imperative - extremely important or urgent
Wannabe - a person who is trying to become famous, usually unsuccessfully
Fellow - used to describe someone who has the same job or interests as you, or is in the
same situation as you
Executive - someone who has an important position in business, making decisions and
putting them into action
Rage - to be very popular or fashionable
Entrepreneur - someone who makes money by starting their own business, especially when
this involves seeing a new opportunity and taking risks
Networking - the activity of trying to meet people who might
be useful to know, especially in your job
Remain - to stay in the same place or in the same condition
Cracking - extremely good
Perseverance - continued effort and determination
Invariably – always
Savvy - practical knowledge and ability

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open up - to make conditions easier for foreign companies to do business in a country

fathom - to discover the meaning of something
outwardly - in a way that relates to how people, situations, or flashy - things seem to
be, rather than how they are inside
- looking too bright, big, and expensive in a way that is intended to
get attention and admiration
deep down - felt strongly and often hidden from other people
alien - a person who lives in a foreign country of which they are not a citizen
suspicion - a feeling or belief that someone has committed a crime or done something wrong
close-knit - If a group of people are close-knit, they all help and support each other
compartmentalize - to separate something into parts and
not allow those parts to mix together
catch on - to become popular
interpretation - an explanation or opinion of what something means
strike - a period of time when a group of workers refuse to work because they are
not satisfied with their pay, working conditions, etc
comradely - friendly in a way that is like a comrade (= someone who you
have shared activities or work with, especially difficult or dangerous ones)
convince - to persuade someone or make someone certain
value-added - the increase in value of a product or service as it goes through the stages of
being developed and produced

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Stormy – involving a lot of strong argument and shouting
Strain - something that makes you feel nervous and worried
Widespread – existing or happening in many places and/or among many people
Rumours – an unofficial interesting story or piece of news that might be true or invented,
and quickly spreads from person to person

Hostile – relating to a situation in which

one company wants to buy another company whose owners do not want to sell it

Takeover bid – an offer or attempt to take control of a company by buying enough

of its shares to do this, or the amount of money offered

Credit to someone or something – A person or thing that reflects very well on someone

or something.

Long-term– relating to a period of time of more than one year

Imposition, to impose – the introduction of a new law , tax, rule, or punishment

Yield – the total amount of profit or income produced from a business or investment

Sustainability – the ability to continue at a particular level for a period of time

Inspiration – someone or something that gives you ideas for doing something

Research – detailed study of
a subject, especially in order to discover new information or understand the subject bette
r

Sth accounts for something else – to explain the reason for something or the cause of

something

Gap – something that is missing from a situation

Social aspects – the commonalities among people within a specific culture

In terms of – with regard to the particular aspect or subject specified

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Carbon dioxide - a colourless, odourless gas produced by burning carbon and organic
compounds and by respiration. 

Carbon footprint – the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere as a result
of the activities of a particular individual, organization, or community.

Empowerment – the process of giving a group of people more freedom or rights

Give someone a helping hand out of some situation – help and support
 Supply chain – the system of people and organizations that are involved in getting
a product from the place where it is made to customers

Loosely – not exactly

Emerging – starting to exist

Loyalty – the quality of being loyal to a particular company or brand

Accountability – a situation in which someone is responsible for things that happen and

can give a satisfactory reason for them

Repay – to pay back money that you have borrowed

Astutely – in a way that shows someone

is able to quickly understand a situation and see how to get an advantage from it

Fairtrade – an agreement between countries that trade with each other that they will

not charge tax on imports from the other country or countries

Alumni – men and women who have completed their studies, esp. at

a college or university

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Run into few problems – to encounter problems, to face difficulties, to come across trouble.

Reorganize something – to change the way in which something is organized, arranged, or done.

Load of complaints –  a lot of something

Expertise – a high level of knowledge or skill

Freelance, working freelance – if you work freelance, you work for yourself and do projects with

different companies rather than being a company employee

By chance – Something that happens by chance was not planned by anyon

Navigate – to lead a company, activity, etc. in a particular direction, or to deal effectively with

a difficult situation

Insufficient – not enough, or not big or important enough for a particularpurpose

Redesign – to change the way something looks, is made, or works

We could meet and take it from there - start from that point
 Amenities – something such as a swimming pool or shopping area that is intended to
make life more pleasant or convenient for people in a town, hotel, or other place

Creche – a place where young children are taken care of during the day while their parents do

something else, especially work, study, or shop

Food for thought – something worth thinking seriously about

Winning concept –

Impose – to introduce a new law, tax, rule, or punishment

To get a foothold in the market – a situation in which someone has obtained the power or influence
needed to get what is wanted: In buying their business, the company gains a major foothold in
a market it considers critical to the future of the industry.

Springing up (new businesses are springing up on the market) – to grow or appear suddenly

We slipped up there too – to make a mistake

Value for money – the most advantageous combination of cost, quality and sustainability to meet
customer requirements. 

The company was ripping off its customers – selling them products that are not value for money

USP (Unique Selling Point) – a feature of a product that makes it different from and better than
all its competitors

Credibility – the fact that someone can be believed or trusted

Cut our losses – abandon an enterprise or course of action that is clearly going to be unprofitable or
unsuccessful before one suffers more loss or harm

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UNIT 4

Charisma - a special power that some people have naturally that makes

them able to influence other people and attract their attention and admiration
Dedication - the willingness to give a lot of time and energy to something because it
is important

Discipline - the practice of making sure that people obey rules and do not cause problems

Drive - to cause something to progress, develop, or grow stronger

to force something to happen or someone to do something

ruthlessness - the quality of not thinking or worrying about

any pain caused to others when deciding what you need to do

trophy girlfriend - a young, attractive woman who is the girlfriend of

a rich and successful older person and who acts as a symbol of the person's social position

pedigree - a list of the parents and other relations of an animal

a person's family history, education, and experience, or the history of an idea or activity

share - one of the parts that results when something is divided between

several people, groups, etc., or a number representing that part

subsidiary - a company that is controlled by another

workforce - all the people who work for a company or organization

Assignment – a task or a piece of work that is given to someone to do, often for

a limited period of time

Feather in a cap – an achievement to be proud of

Flagship store – the lead store in a retail chain acting as a showcase for the brand or retailer

Chit-chat- informal conversation about matters that are not important

Short-tempered – If someone is short-tempered, they get angry easily, often for no

good reason

Distinct – clearly noticeable; that certainly exists

Abrupt – sudden and unexpected, and often unpleasant

Forecast – a statement of what is judged likely to happen in

the future, based on information you have now

Nepotism – the use of power or influence to get

good jobs or unfair advantages for members of your own family
Branch – one of the local offices of a large company, such as a bank, which is open to
the public

Franchise – an arrangement in which

a company sells another business the right to sell its products or services in return for payme
nt

Devalued – to reduce the rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another

Devaluation – a reduction in the value of a currency compared to others

Outbid – to offer to pay a higher price for something than someone else, especially at

an auction (= public sale)

Undercharge – to ask someone to pay less than the real price or value of a product or service

Merger - a situation when two or more companies, organizations, departments,

etc. join together

Acquisition – something that is bought by a company, such as another company, a building,

or a piece of land

Spree, buying spree – a period of time during which there is a lot of activity of

a particular type, especially when this involves spending money

Business acumen – skill in making correct decisions and judgments in business or in

a particular area of business

Vessel – a large boat or a ship

Commodities – a substance or a product that can be traded in large quantities, such

as oil, metals, grain, coffee, etc

Innate – An innate quality or ability is one that you were born with, not one you

have learned

Wholesale – the activity of selling goods to stores, other businesses, etc. rather than to

the public

Retail - the activity of selling goods to the public in stores, on the internet,

etc., rather than selling to stores, other businesses, etc

Recession - a period, usually at least six months, of low economic activity,

0.when investments lose value, businesses fail, and unemployment rises
---------------------------

Fortune - an extremely large amount of money

Restricted - limited in amount or range

Sprawling - existing or reaching over a large area

Span - the period of time that something exists or happens

Banking- the business of operating a bank or providing the services of a bank

Tentacle - a long, thin, arm of some sea animals, such as the octopus and jellyfish

Inject - to put new energy or money into something in order to help it succeed

Admiration - the feeling of admiring someone or something

Bond - a type of insurance that protects government organizations, companies, etc.

from losing money

Ledger - a book or a computer document in which a

company's accounts are recorded, especially the money it has spent and received

Divest - to sell an asset, a business, or part of a business, or

to reduce the amount of investment in something

Stockbroker - a person or financial organization that buys and sells shares, bonds, etc. for

other people and organizations

Midst – among

Substantial - large in size, value, or importance

Distress - the legal action of taking and selling another person’s property in order to

get money for a payment or debt that they owe

Frugal - careful to use only as much money, food, etc. as is necessary

Wristwatch - a watch that is worn on the wrist

Marginalization - the act of treating someone or something as if they are not important

-------------------

in excess of - more than

Given sth. (given the fact that…) – taking that fact into account

Put sth. down to sth. – to think that a problem or situation is caused by a particular thing

Has gone on to do sth. – To persst in or continue to do something.

Assets – something that is owned by a person, company, or organization, such

as money, property, or land

Liabilities – legal responsibility for something

Fire sale – a sale of goods at a reduced price, because the store has been damaged by fire

Turning point – a time when a situation starts to change in an important way

Privatise – if the government privatizes companies and organizations that it owns,

it sells them to private investors

To get head to head – involving two people discussing something directly with each

other, especially in order to see which person seems better

Seize – if the police or government seizes property or assets, they take possession of them

because they are illegal, or because the owner owes money

Replicate – to make or do something again in exactly the same way

Knock-down price – a very cheap price

Distressed assets – their value is severely depressed for a reason particular to the issuer
and not because of general market conditions. The most common situation is a
commercial loan on which the issuer has defaulted on payments of interest or principal.

Spin-out companies – A spinout is a type of corporate realignment involving the

separation of a division to form a new independent corporation. The spinout
company takes with it the operations of the segment and associated assets and liabilities.

Smart-metering technology – A smart meter is an electronic device that records

consumption of electricity, gas or water and communicates that information for
monitoring and billing.

Emissions – an amount of something, especially a gas that harms the environment, that

is sent out into the air

Conversely - in an opposite way
-------------------------

Appeal – a request to a law court or

other official organization to change a previous decision

Appall – to make someone have strong feelings of shock or

Fringe benefits – an extra benefit supplementing an employee's money wage or salary, for
example a company car, private healthcare, etc.

(they’ve) got a finger in every pie –  they are involved in a lot of things.

Whizz kid – a young person who is outstandingly skilful or successful at something.

Rosy – If a situation is described as rosy, it gives hope of success or happiness

Perk - an advantage or extra thing, such as money or goods, which you are given for

doing your job
------------------------------

Unit 5

Assessment - the process of considering all the information about a situation or a person and

making a judgement
Breakdown - a failure to work correctly or to be successful
Empowerment - the process of giving a group of people more freedom or rights
red tape - official rules and processes that seem unnecessary and cause delays
remuneration - payment for work that has been done or services that have been provided
severance payment - the compensation and/or benefits an employer provides to an
employee after employment is over.
take industrial action - they join together and do something to show that they are unhappy
with their pay or working conditions, for example refusing to work.
Praise - things that you say that express your admiration and approval of someone or
something
Redundancy - a situation in which someone loses their job because their employer does not
need them
Frustrate - to make someone feel annoyed or less confident because they
cannot achieve what they want
Spot sth. – to see or notice someone or something, usually because you are looking hard
Appraisal interview – a formal discussion process between an employee and his/her
manager.

Sabbatical – a period during which an employee can take time away

from work to study or travel

Diversity – the fact of there being people of many different groups in society, within

an organization, etc.

Emerging (markets, technologies, generations) – just beginning to exist

Remote – not very friendly or showing little interest in other people

Retain - to keep or continue to have something, especially a position or money,

or control of something

NVQ programmes – The NVQ is a work-based qualification which recognises the skills

and knowledge a person needs to do a job. The candidate needs to demonstrate and
prove their competency in their chosen role or career path.

High-flyer – an extremely successful business or organization

Juggle – to try to do two or more jobs or activities at the same time, because you do not

have a lot of time

Carte blanche – complete freedom to do something

Secondment – a period of time when
an employee is sent to work somewhere else temporarily, either
to increase the number of workers there, to replace a worker, or
to exchange experiences and skills

Proactive vs. reactive – Reactive : Reacting to the past rather than anticipating the
future. Proactive: Acting before a situation becomes a source of confrontation or crisis.

Encompass – to include different types of things

Entitlement – a situation in which you have the right to do or have something

Paternity/maternity leave – a leave of absence granted to an Employee who leaves

employment due to pregnancy of that Employee, birth of a child of the Employee,

Scheme – an officially organized plan or system

In the region of – approximately

Flattered (e.g. I feel flattered) – to make someone look more attractive than usual

 Six-figure salary -  getting a salary that is at least $100,000. Individuals who earn less
than that, but at least $10,000, have a five-figure salary.

Tend to – regularly or frequently behave in a particular way or have a certain

characteristic

Tactile – If something is tactile, it has a surface that is pleasant or attractive to touch

Disciplinary action – a reprimand or corrective action in response to employee

misconduct, rule violation, or poor performance.

Outline – to describe something, for example a new plan or idea, in a general way

without giving too many details

------------------

Unit 6

Anticipate - to imagine or expect that something will happen

Calculate - to form an opinion about something

Eliminate - to completely remove something that is not wanted or needed

Encounter - to experience a situation, especially something that is unexpected or unpleasant
Estimate - to say what you believe the cost, size, value, etc. of something is, although you do
not know for certain:
Evaluate - to judge the quality, importance, amount, or value of someone or something
Foresee - to know about something before it happens
Gauge - to make a judgment about something
weigh up - to look at and listen to (someone) in order to make a judgment about that
person's character, abilities, etc.

Stocks and shares – It is often used to describe a slice of ownership of one or more
companies. In contrast, in common parlance, "shares" has a more specific meaning: It
often refers to the ownership of a particular company. 

Auction – a public sale in which goods or property are sold to the person who offers the

most money
Credit crunch – economic conditions that
make financial organizations less willing to lend money,
often causing serious economic problems

Actuaries – a person whose job is
to calculate risk for insurance companies and pension funds, especially the age to
which people are expected to live. The companies and funds use the results to
make certain that they always have enough money to make payments to the people who
have a right to them

Minuscule – extremely small

Minute [mai’noot] – extremely small

Negligible – too small in amount or degree to be of importance

Imminent – coming or likely to happen very soon

Substantial – large in size, value, or importance

Tremendous – very great in amount or level, or extremely good

------------------------

Adverbs that strengthen the adjectives:

Entirely
exceptionally - in a way that is
much greater than usual, especially in skill, intelligence, quality, etc.
extremely
fully
highly
increasingly
totally
very

Adverbs that strengthen the adjectives:

a bit
fairly - more than average, but less than very
moderately - in a way that is neither small nor large in size, amount, degree,
or strength
quite
 rather
reasonably
slightly - a little
somewhat - to some degree

-------------------

Fairly accurate

Incredibly well-prepared

absolutely awful

severely criticized

badly misjudged

deeply disappointing

slightly damaged

totally unrealistic

superbly presented

thoroughly enjoyed

------------------------------

Hazard – something that is dangerous and likely to cause a problem or damage

Typhoon – a violent wind that has a circular movement, found in the West Pacific Ocean

Hurricane – a violent wind that has a circular movement, especially in the West Atlantic

Ocean

Tsunami – an extremely large wave caused by a violent movement of the earth under

the sea

Liquidity (lack of liquidity on the market) – the fact of being able to

be changed into cash easily

From the shop floor – the part of a workshop or factory where production as distinct from
administrative work is carried out.

Reckless – taking risks and not caring about the possible dangers

Brunt, bear the brunt – Put up with the worst of some bad circumstance, as in It was the
secretary who had to bear the brunt of the doctor's anger. 
to pave the way – to make it easier for (something to happen or someone to do something)

spring to mind – come to mind

Volatile – likely to change often or suddenly and unexpectedly

set out - to start an activity with a particular aim

Apply common sense – good sense and sound judgement in practical matters

Buzzword – a word or expression from a particular subject area that

has become fashionable because it has been used a lot

Emanate – to express a quality or feeling through the way that you look and behave

Cargo – the goods carried by a ship, plane, or other large vehicle

Low-wage countries – used to describe jobs for which or places in which workers are paid
little: They are lowering costs by moving production to low-wage countries.

Contaminated – poisonous or not pure

Diversification – the process of starting to include more different types or things

Accumulate – to gradually increase in amount