

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٥
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KW‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬K‫א‬ •
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

-٨٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

Introduction  ١ J٥
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،، ‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Direct Current Bridges‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢ J٥
 Wheatstone Bridge١ J٢ J٥
EE١ J٥FF
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(E)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I1  I2
 
R1 R2
 
E A G B
 
I3 R3 R4 I4
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٥F
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ER2F‫א‬‫א‬ER4F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Condition of Balance of Wheatstone Bridge‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J١ J٢ J٥
‫א‬،‫א‬BA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،R2‫א‬‫א‬R1‫א‬
I1 R 1 = I 2 R 2 E١ J٥F
 W،R4‫א‬‫א‬R3‫א‬‫א‬
I3 R 3 = I 4 R 4 E٢ J٥F
 W،‫א‬‫א‬
 I1 = I 3 , I 2 = I 4 E٣ J٥F
 WE٢ J٥F‫א‬E١ J٥F‫א‬
I1 R 1 I 2 R 2
= E٤ J٥F
I3 R 3 I4 R 4

 WE٤ J٥F‫א‬E٣ J٥F‫א‬

R1 R
= 2 E٦ J٥F
R3 R4

 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٥F‫א‬
R1 R 4 = R 2 R 3 E٧ J٥F
 E١ J٥F
‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Rx‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
-٨٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

 

R1 = 12 kΩ
  R2 = 15 kΩ
 
E A   G B
 
R3 = 32 kΩ  
Rx
 
 KE١ J٥F‫א‬E٢ J٥F
 ‫א‬
 WEE٧ J٥FF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R1 R x = R 2 R 3

 WRx‫א‬‫א‬
R 2 R 3 15 kΩ ⋅ 32 kΩ
Rx = = = 40 kΩ
R1 12 kΩ

 General solution of Wheatstone Bridge‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J٢ J٥

‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vth‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬RG‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،rth‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

Vth
 I G =  E٨ J٥F
rth + R G

 WrthVth
 VthW 

-٨٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

RG‫א‬F Vth BA‫א‬‫א‬

 KE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vth
 WVthE٣ J٥FK‫א‬

E٩ J٥F       Vth = V1 − V2 = I1 R 1 − I 2 R 2

E E R1 R2
 E١٠ J٥F Vth = R1 − R2 = E ( − )
R1 + R 3 R2 + R4 R1 + R 3 R 2 + R 4

-٨٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

 rthW 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬rth
 KE٤ J٥FrthBA‫א‬‫א‬
 
C
I1 I2  
V1 V2
  R2
R1
E A   Vth B
 
R3  R4
  D
 
 KVth‫א‬E٣ J٥F
 

C
  C
 
 

≡
R1 R2 R1 R2
A B
A B  
 
R3 R4 R3 R4
 
D   D
 
 Krth‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٥F
 
R3R1‫א‬‫א‬rth‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬R4R2‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 Wrth‫א‬‫א‬

-٨٨-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

R1 R 3 R R
rth = + 2 4 E١١ J٥F
R1 + R 3 R 2 + R 4
 E٢ J٥F
 KE٥ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  R2 = 1.6 kΩ
R1 = 1kΩ
 
RG = 200 Ω
E=6V A  
G B
 

R3 = 3.5 kΩ
  R4 = 7.5 kΩ
 
 KE٢ J٥F‫א‬E٥ J٥F
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١٠ J٥F‫א‬Vth
R1 R2
Vth = E ( − )
R1 + R 3 R 2 + R 4

⎛ 1kΩ 1.6 kΩ ⎞
Vth = 6 × ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ = 0.278V
⎝ 1 kΩ + 3.5 kΩ 1.6 kΩ + 7.5 kΩ ⎠
 WE١١ J٥F‫א‬rth
R1 R 3 R2 R4
rth = +
R1 + R 3 R 2 + R 4

1 kΩ × 3.5 kΩ 1.6 kΩ × 7.5 kΩ

rth = + = 2.096 kΩ
1 kΩ + 3.5 kΩ 1.6 kΩ + 7.5 kΩ

 WE٨ J٥F‫א‬IG‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vth 0.278 V
IG = = = 121.4 µA
rth + R G 2.096 × 10 3 Ω + 200 Ω
 

-٨٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١ J٢ J٥

Slightly unbalanced Wheatstone Bridge
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E٦ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
R  R

E A
  Vth B
 
R  R+∆R
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٥F
 
 WE١٠ J٥F‫א‬VthW 
⎛ R1 R2 ⎞
Vth = E × ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟
⎝ R1 + R 3 R 2 + R 4 ⎠
⎛ R R ⎞ ⎛1 R ⎞
Vth = E × ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ = E × ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ E١٢ J٥F
⎝ 2 R 2 R + ∆R ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 R + ∆R ⎠
⎛ 2 R + ∆R 2×R ⎞
Vth = E × ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ E١٣ J٥F
⎝ 2 × (2 R + ∆R ) 2 × (2 R + ∆R ) ⎠
⎛ ∆R ⎞
Vth = E × ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ E١٤ J٥F
⎝ 2 × (2 R + ∆R ) ⎠
،2R‫א‬،∆R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ ∆R ⎞
Vth = E × ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ E١٥ J٥F
⎝4R ⎠

-٩٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

 WE١١ J٥F‫א‬rthW 

R1 R 3 R2 R4 R ⋅ R R ⋅ (R + ∆R )
rth = + = + E١٦ J٥F
R 1 + R 3 R 2 + R 4 R + R R + R + ∆R
R R ⋅ (R + ∆R )
rth = + E١٧ J٥F
2 2 R + ∆R

 W،‫א‬‫א‬R∆R
R R ⋅ (R ) R R
rth = + = + =R E١٨ J٥F
2 2R 2 2

 
 E٣ J٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

500 Ω  500 Ω

10 V A
 
G B
  125 Ω
500 Ω   525 Ω
 
 E٣ J٥F‫א‬E٧ J٥F
 
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
⎛ R1 R2 ⎞
Vth = E × ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟
⎝ R1 + R 3 R 2 + R 4 ⎠
⎛ 500 Ω 500 ⎞
Vth = 10 V × ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ = 0.122 V
⎝ 1000 Ω 1025 ⎠

-٩١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

R1 R 3 R2 R4
rth = +
R1 + R 3 R 2 + R 4
500 Ω ⋅ 500 Ω 500 Ω ⋅ 525 Ω
rth = + = 506.1 Ω
500 Ω + 500 Ω 500 Ω + 525 Ω

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vth
 I G =
rth + R G
0.122 V
 I G = = 193.3 µA
506.1 Ω + 125 Ω
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
⎛ ∆R ⎞
Vth = E × ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝4R ⎠
⎛ 25 Ω ⎞
Vth = 10 V × ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.125 V
⎝ 4 × 500 Ω ⎠
rth = R = 500 Ω
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vth 0.125 V
 I G = = = 200 µA
rth + R G 500 Ω + 125 Ω

 
 Kelvin Bridge٢ J٢ J٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٥F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٩٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

 
 
R2
 
R1
 
Ra
 
E A G B Rlc
 
Rb
R3
  Rx
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٥F
E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ERa, RbF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Rlc‫א‬،
 K‫א‬ 1Ω1 µΩ‫א‬
 
Balance of Kelvin Bridge‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٢ J٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R1 R R
= 2 = a E١٩ J٥F
R3 R4 Rb

 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Rx R R
= 3 = b E٢٠ J٥F
R2 R1 R a
R2 × R3 R2 × Rb
Rx = = E٢١ J٥F
R1 Ra

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

 E٤ J٥F
 R1=5Ω،1000RbRa‫א‬‫א‬،Rx‫א‬
 K R 1 = 0.5 R 2 
 
 ‫א‬
 W، R 1 = 0.5 R 2 R1=5Ω
R1 5Ω
R2 = = = 10 Ω
0.5 0.5
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Rx R
= b
R2 Ra
 W
R 2 × R b 10 Ω × 1
Rx = = = 0.01 Ω
Ra 1000
 
Digital readout Bridges‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J٥
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ E٩ J٥FK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Amplifier‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

-٩٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

 
 
 
Rb R2  
  Logic
E A Amplifier circuits Readout
B  EF ‫)دواﺋﺮ‬ 
(‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ‬
 
R3 Rx
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٥F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢ J٥
Microprocessor – controlled Bridges
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Applications on D.C Bridges‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٢ J٥
 Murray Loop‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥ J٢ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٥F

-٩٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
R1 R2  
La  
E A G B
 ‫א‬
 

 
Lb ‫א‬
 
Lx 
 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٥F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KRx‫א‬Lx‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ra‫א‬La‫א‬
 KRb-Rx‫א‬Lb-Lx‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R2‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 
R 2 R a + (R b − R x )
E٢٢ J٥F        =
R1 Rx

 E٢٣ J٥F ∴ R 2 R x = R1 R a + R1 R b − R1 R x

∴ R 2 R x + R1 R x = R1 R a + R1 R b E٢٤ J٥F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

  E٢٥ J٥F ∴ R x (R 1 + R 2 ) = R 1 (R a + R b )

 
Rx‫א‬‫א‬
R 1 (R a + R b )
 E٢٦ J٥F ∴R x =
(R 1 + R 2 )
 WE٢٦ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ρL
E٢٧ J٥F QR =
a
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ρ
 ‫א‬W L
 ‫א‬W a

ρx Lx R1 ⎛ ρa La ρb L b ⎞
∴ = ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ E٢٨ J٥F
ax R1 + R 2 a
⎝ a ab ⎠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

R1 2 R 1L
∴L x = (2 L ) = E٢٩ J٥F
R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2

 E٥ J٥F

 ‫א‬،E١١ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬1760 m‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬100 Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،300 Ω

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

 
100 Ω 300Ω
 
 B 1760 m
E A G
  

 
1760 m
 
Lx 
 
 
 
 
 KE٥ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٥F
 
 ‫א‬
2 R 1L 2 ×100 Ω × 1760 m
∴L x = = = 880 m
R1 + R1 100 Ω + 300 Ω

Alternating Current Bridges‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٥

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬KEE١٢ J٥F F‫א‬(detector)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .(Filters)‫א‬‫א‬(Amplifiers)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Oscillators)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٩٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

 
  a
 
  Z1 Z2
a.c
a.c source b   detector c
 Z
3 Z4
 
  d
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٥F
 
 Balance of A.C Wheatstone Bridge‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،balance
‫א‬K‫א‬ c b‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٣ J٥F‫א‬
 
a
 
 
I1 Z1 I2 Z2
 
a.c source  b c
 
I3  Z3 I4 Z4

 
d  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٥F
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

‫א‬ ‫א‬cb‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ab‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬،ac‫א‬
E٣٠ J٥F       I1 Z1 = I 2 Z 2
‫א‬،dc‫א‬‫א‬db‫א‬‫א‬
 W
I3 Z3 = I 4 Z 4 E٣١ J٥F
 W،‫א‬bc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I1 = I 3 E٣٢ J٥F
I2 = I4 E٣٣ J٥F
 WE٣١ J٥F‫א‬E٣٠ J٥F‫א‬
I 1 Z1 I 2 Z 2
= E٣٤ J٥F
I3 Z3 I 4 Z 4
 W،E٣٣ J٥FE٣٢ J٥F
Z1 Z
= 2 E٣٥ J٥F
Z3 Z4
 WE٣٥ J٥F‫א‬
Z1 Z 4 = Z 2 Z 3 E٣٦ J٥F
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٣٦ J٥FE٣٥ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬
Z1∠θ1 Z ∠θ
= 2 2 E٣٧ J٥F
Z 3 ∠θ 3 Z 4 ∠θ 4
 
 (Z1∠θ1 ) (Z 4 ∠θ 4 ) = (Z 2 ∠θ 2 ) (Z 3 ∠θ 3 ) E٣٨ J٥F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٨ J٥F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Z1 Z 4 = Z 2 Z 3 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F E٣٩ J٥F
 ∠θ1 + ∠θ 4 = ∠θ 2 + ∠θ 3 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬) E٤٠ J٥F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

 E٦ J٥F
 J٥F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١٤
Z1 = 300 Ω ∠30°
Z 2 = 150 Ω ∠0°
Z 3 = 250 Ω ∠ − 40°

 KZx‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
a
 
Z1 = 300 Ω ∠30° Z 2 = 150 Ω ∠0°  
a.c  
a.c source b detector c
 
 
Z 3 = 250 Ω ∠ − 40° Z4 = Zx
 
d
 
 KE٦ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٥F
 
 ‫א‬
 WEE٣٩ J٥F‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Z1 Z 4 = Z 2 Z 3
Z 2 Z 3 150 Ω × 250 Ω
Zx = Z4 = = = 125 Ω
Z1 300 Ω

 WEE٤٠ J٥F‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∠θ 4 = ∠θ 2 + ∠θ 3 − ∠θ1 = 0° + (−40°) − 30° = − 70°

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Z x = 125 Ω ∠ − 70°

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

 W
Z x = 125 Ω ∠ − 70° = 125 cos (−70°) Ω + j125 sin (−70°)
Z x = 42.75 Ω − j117.5

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬42.75 Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W، X C = 117.5 Ω
1
X C = 117.5 Ω =
ωC
1
C=
ω × 117.5 Ω

 W‫א‬60 Hz،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
C = = 22 .58 µF
2 × π × 60 × 117 .5 Ω

 
 E٧ J٥F
 KZx‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٥ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  R2=200Ω
R1=400Ω
  L2=15.92 mH
E=6 V A   d B
F=1 kHz
R3=300Ω   Zx
 
C3=0.4 µF
 
 KE٧ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٥F
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WZ1‫א‬ E١F
Z1 = 400 Ω + j0 = 400 Ω∠0°

WZ2‫א‬ E٢F
Z 2 = R 2 + j ω L 2 = 200 Ω + j ω × 15.92 × 10 −3

 Wω
ω = 2 π f = 2 × π × 1000 = 6283.19 rad / sec
 WZ2‫א‬
Z 2 = 200 Ω + j × 6283.19 × 15.92 × 10 −3 = 200 Ω + j 100 Ω
Z 2 = 200 Ω + j 100 Ω = 223.6 Ω ∠26.6°

WZ3‫א‬ E٣F
1 1
Z3 = R 3 − j = 300 Ω − j Ω
ωC 3 6283.19 × 0.4 × 10 −6
Z 3 = 300 Ω − j 400 Ω = 500 Ω∠ − 53.13°

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Z4‫א‬
 W‫א‬W 
Z 2 Z 3 223.6 Ω × 500 Ω
Zx = Z4 = = = 279.5 Ω
Z1 400 Ω

 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
∠θ 4 = ∠θ 2 + ∠θ 3 − ∠θ1 = 26.6° + (−53.13°) − 0° = − 26.53°

 W‫א‬‫א‬Zx‫א‬‫א‬
Z x = 279.5 ∠ − 26.53° = 250 Ω − j124.8 Ω

250 Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،124.8 Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

1
X C = 124.8 Ω =
ωC
1
C= = 1.28 µF
6283.19 × 124.8

Similar Angle Bridge‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٥

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٦ J٥F
WZ1‫ א‬E١F
Z1 = R 1 E٤١ J٥F
WZ2‫ א‬E٢F
Z2 = R 2 E٤٢ J٥F
 WZ3‫ א‬E٣F
Z 3 = R 3 − j X C3 E٤٣ J٥F
WZ4‫ א‬E٤F
Z 4 = R x − j X Cx E٤٤ J٥F
 
R1 R2
 
d  
R3  
 
C3 Rx
 
Cx
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٥F
 

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‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

 WE٣٦ J٥F‫א‬
R 1 (R x − j X Cx ) = R 2 (R 3 − j X C3 ) E٤٥ J٥F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R 1 R x − j R 1X Cx = R 2 R 3 − j R 2 X C3 E٤٦ J٥F
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R1 R x = R 2 R 3 E٤٧ J٥F
 W
R2 R3
Rx = E٤٨ J٥F
R1
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
− j R 1 X Cx = − j R 2 X C3 E٤٩ J٥F
 W
R 1 X Cx = R 2 X C3 E٥٠ J٥F
 W
R 2 X C3
X Cx = E٥١ J٥F
R1
 W
1 R2
= E٥٢ J٥F
ωC x R 1 ωC 3
 W
R 1C 3
Cx = E٥٣ J٥F
R2

-١٠٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

 E٨ J٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،2 kHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  C 3 = 100 µF & R 3 = 100 kΩ ، R 2 = 50 kΩ ، R 1 = 10 kΩ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٤٨ J٥F‫א‬
R 2 R 3 50 kΩ × 100 kΩ
Rx = = = 500 kΩ
R1 10 kΩ

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٥٣ J٥F‫א‬
R 1C 3 10 kΩ × 100 µF
Cx = = = 20 µF
R2 50 kΩ

 Maxwell Bridge٣ J٣ J٥

 K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٧ J٥F
 
R1
  R2
C1  
a.c source d  
R3 Lx
 
Rx  
 
 K‫א‬E١٧ J٥F

-١٠٦-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

 

WZ1‫א‬ E١F
⎛ j ⎞ jR 1
R 1 ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ −
⎝ ωC 1 ⎠ ωC1
Z1 = = E٥٤ J٥F
j R 1ωC1 − j
R1 −
ωC1 ωC 1

− jR 1 1
Z1 = = E٥٥ J٥F
R 1 ωC 1 − j 1
+ jωC1
R1

 WZ2‫א‬ E٢F
Z2 = R 2 E٥٦ J٥F
 WZ3‫א‬ E٣F
Z3 = R 3 E٥٧ J٥F
WZ4‫א‬ E٤F
Z 4 = R x + j X Lx E٥٨ J٥F
 WE٣٦ J٥F‫א‬
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1 ⎟ (R + j X ) = R R
⎜ 1 ⎟ x Lx 2 3 E٥٩ J٥F
⎜ + jω C 1 ⎟
R
⎝ 1 ⎠

⎛R R ⎞
(R x + j X Lx ) = ⎜⎜ 2 3 + j ω R 2 R 3 C1 ⎟⎟ E٦٠ J٥F
⎝ R1 ⎠

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R2 R3
Rx = E٦١ J٥F
R1

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
j X Lx = j ω R 2 R 3 C1 E٦٢ J٥F

-١٠٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

 W
X Lx = ω R 2 R 3 C1 E٦٣ J٥F
 W
L x = R 2 R 3 C1 E٦٤ J٥F
 
 E٩ J٥F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  R 3 = 100 kΩ & R 2 = 5.1 kΩ ، C1 = 0.01 µF ، R 1 = 470 kΩ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٦٤ J٥F‫א‬E٦١ J٥F‫א‬
 WRx‫א‬W 
R 2 R 3 5.1 kΩ × 100 kΩ
Rx = = = 1.085 kΩ
R1 470 kΩ

 WLx‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
L x = R 2 R 3 C1 = 5.1 kΩ × 100 kΩ × 0.01 µF = 5.1 H

 
 
 

-١٠٨-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Rx‫ א‬E١F
 R3 = 2 kΩ،R2 = 5 kΩ،R1 = 400 Ω
 
 
R1 = 400 Ω
 R2 = 5 kΩ

E
 
A G B
 
 
R3 = 2 kΩ
  Rx
 

 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬Rx‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F E٢F
 R3 = 18.5 kΩ،R2 = 60 kΩ،R1 = 10 kΩ
 
 
R1 = 10 kΩ R2 = 60 kΩ  
E  
A G B
 
 
R3 = 16.5 kΩ
Rx  
 
 
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬Rx‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F E٣F
 R3 = 10 Ω،R2 = 40 kΩ،R1 = 5 kΩ
 
-١٠٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

 

R1 = 5 kΩ R2 = 40 kΩ
 
 
E A G B  
 
R3 = 10 Ω  
Rx
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R3‫א‬‫ א‬E٤F
K100 kΩ1 Ω‫א‬‫א‬
 
R1 = 1 kΩ R2 = 10 kΩ  
 
E A G B  
 
R3  
Rx
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
R1 = 1 kΩ R2 = 1 kΩ
 
E=3 V A G B  
 
R3=1 kΩ R4=1050 Ω  
W‫א‬،Rx‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦F
Ig=13.6 µA, Vth= 24 mV

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‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

 
 
 
R1 = 1 kΩ R2 = 1 kΩ
 
E=3 V A G B  
Rg=100 Ω  
R3=5 kΩ  
Rx
 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،10 mm/µA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧F

 

R1 = 500 Ω
  R2 = 500 Ω
 
E=3 V A G B  
Rg = 500 Ω  
R3 = 1 kΩ R4 = 1010 Ω  
 

W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Rx‫א‬ E٨F

 Ra=1200 Ω, Ra=1600Rb, R1=800Rb & R1=1.25R2
 

R2
 
R1  
Ra
 
E A G B Rlc
Rb  
R3  
Rx

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٩F
‫א‬،0.005 Ω/30mb‫א‬0.1 Ω/30ma‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Lb ‫א‬La‫א‬‫א‬،Lx‫א‬
 
 
R1=100 Ω R2=500
La
 
E= 6 V A G B  
 
Lb
 
L
 
 
 

‫א‬Zx‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠F
K(R, L or C) 
 
 
R2 = 200Ω
R1 = 200Ω  
C2 = 5 µF
 
E=6 A B
d  
F=1 kHz
R3 = 500Ω Zx  
C3 = 0.2 µF  
 
 
W‫א‬،Zx‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١١F
  Z1 = 400 Ω∠0° , Z 2 = 300 Ω∠ − 40° , Z 3 = 100 Ω∠ − 20°
 
 \
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‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

a  
 
Z1 Z2  
a.c
E= 6 V b detector c  
f = 1 k HZ
 
Z3 Zx
 
d  
 

KRx, Cx‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٢F

 
 
R1= 1.65 kΩ R2= 15.3 kΩ  
E=6V  
f = 1 kHZ d
 
R3= 2.5 kΩ
 
C3= 10 µF Rx  
Cx
 
 
W‫א‬،Rx, Cx‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٣F
Z1 = 2000 Ω∠0° , Z 2 = 15000 Ω∠0° , Z 3 = 1000 Ω∠ − 50°
 
 
Z1 Z2
E=6V
 
f = 1 kHZ d  

Z3
 

Rx
 
Cx  
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٢٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 

KLx, Rx‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٤F

 
R1=600 Ω  
R2=100 Ω
C1=1 µF  
E=6V d  
f = 1 kHZ
R3=1 kΩ
 
Lx
 
Rx
 

‫א‬،Lx, Rx‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٥F

W
Z1 = 153.8 Ω∠ − 75° , Z 2 = 100 Ω∠0° , Z 3 = 1000 Ω∠0°

Z1 Z2

E=6V d
f = 1 kHZ
Z3
  Lx
Rx

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