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What Is A Mass Transport System?
What Is A Mass Transport System?
systems needed in enzymes may be made in one • Transport medium returns to the
multicellular animals? place but needed in another
heart through an open-ended
• Food will be digested in one organ vessel
medium
• Amount of haemolymph flowing
• Pumping mechanisms to move the through a particular tissue can’t be
fluid around the system varied to meet changing demands
A circulatory system where the • Low metabolic demands on their
blood is enclosed in blood vessels bodies and efficient gaseous
and does not come into direct exchange
contact with the cells of the body Explain how fish can be so • Body weight is supported by water
beyond the blood vessels
active with a single closed they live in and they don’t maintain
circulatory system their own body temperature
• Contain a blood pigment that What is a double closed A circulatory system where the
carries the respiratory gases
circulatory system? blood travels twice through the heart
for each circulation of the body.
• Found in many different animal
phyla including: echinoderms, Most efficient system for
cephalopod molluscs, annelid transporting substances around the
worms and vertebrate groups body and involves 2 separate
(including mammals) circulations
less elastin in their walls than • Walls are 1 endothelial cell thick,
arteries, as they have little pulse giving a very thin layer for diffusion
surge
• Total cross sectional area of the
• Can constrict or dilate to control capillaries is always greater than
the flow of blood into individual the arteriole supplying them so the
Describe the structure of organs
rate of blood flow falls
capillary bed
• Lumen is very narrow so red blood
• Vasodilation: when the smooth cells squeeze against the walls as
muscle in the wall of an arteriole they pass through, helping the
relaxes, blood flows into the transfer of O2 as it reduces
capillary bed diffusion path to the tissues. Also
increases resistances and reduces
Microscopic blood vessels that link rate fo flow
• Walls have lots of collagen, • Most veins have one way valves at
relatively little elastic fibre and the intervals (flaps or inholdings of the
vessels have a wide lumen smooth inner lining of the vein) that only
endothelium to ease blood flow
open when blood flows in the
• Thinner layers of collagen, smooth direction of the heart
muscle and elastic tissue than in What are the adaptations of • Many of the bigger veins run
Describe the structure of veins artery walls (because they don’t
veins to overcome the problem
between the big active muscles in
need to stretch and recoil and are the body; when the muscles
not actively constricted in order to
of transporting blood under contract, they squeeze the veins,
reduce blood flow)
low pressure? forcing blood towards the heart
veins
• Fibrinogen - important in blood
• They have very thin layers of Describe 3 plasma proteins clotting
Describe venules muscle and elastic tissue outside • Globulins - involved in transport
the endothelium, and a thin outer and the immune system
layer of collagen
Transport of:
• O2 to, and CO2 from, the respiring Diffusion takes places between the
cells
blood and the cells through the
What are the functions of the • Digested food from the small tissue fluid
intestine
them
• This fluid fills the spaces between
the cells and is called tissue fluid
• Platelets to damaged areas
surrounding fluid by osmosis as a What happens as blood moves • Oncotic pressure is now stronger
What is oncotic pressure? result of the plasma proteins (which through the capillaries towards than hydrostatic pressure, so
gibe the blood in the capillaries a the venous system? water moves back into the
low water potential)
capillaries by osmosis
What is hydrostatic pressure? every time the heart contacts. This is • 10% of the liquid that leaves the
hydrostatic pressure
blood vessels drains into lymph
capillaries
muscles
haemoglobin + oxygen ⇌ oxyhaemoglobin
• One-way valves (like in veins)
How is fluid in lymph vessels prevent back flow
What is the reaction for oxygen
transported? • Eventually lymph returns to the binding with haemoglobin?
blood, flowing into the right and
left subclavian veins
curve?
• They show the affinity of • Bohr shift on oxygen dissociation
haemoglobin for oxygen curve = shift to the right
and why?
• Relatively small drop in respiring • Foetus completely depends on its
What is the effect of partial
tissues means O2 is released mother to supply it with oxygen
pressure on the movement of rapidly from the haemoglobin to • Mother’s oxygenated blood runs
oxygen in the body? diffuse into the cells
close to the deoxygenated fetal
• This effect is enhanced by blood in the placenta
diffuses into red blood cells? • HCO3- ions diffuse back into the
erythrocytes and react with H+
What happens when the blood
The carbonic acid then dissociates ions to form more carbonic acid
• Diffuse out of the red blood cell • Cl- ions diffuse out of the
What happens to the HCO3- into the plasma
cell
• CO2 enters erythrocytes forming
carbonic acid, which dissociates
Hydrogen ions (H+)
to release H+ ions
where more CO2 is produced in Describe the flow of blood 1. Enters the left atrium from the
respiration, which is what muscle through the left side of the heart pulmonary vein
Why is the Bohr effect need for aerobic respiration to 2. As pressure in the atrium builds,
important? continue the AV valve opens, so the
ventricle also fills with blood
superior and inferior vena cave 4. The left ventricle then contracts
at relatively low pressure
and pumps oxygenated blood
2. As blood flows in, slight pressure through semilunar valves into the
builds up until the AV valve aorta and around the body
Describe the flow of blood opens to let blood pass into the 5. As the ventricle contracts, the AV
through the right side of the heart right ventricle
valve closes, preventing any
3. When both the atrium and back flow of blood
ventricle are filled with blood, the
atrium contracts, forcing all the Atria
blood into the right ventricle and • Muscle of atrial walls is very thin
the valves are not turned inside How are the following • Thicker walls than atria
out by the pressures exerted chambers adapted for the • Needed to pump blood out heart
• The atria and then the ventricles fill Describe pressure changes Atrial pressure (pink)
with blood
• Always relatively low because thin
during the cardiac cycle walls of the atrium can’t create
What happens in diastole? • Volume and pressure of blood in
the heart builds as the heart fills, much force
but the pressure in the arteries is • Highest when they are contracting,
at a minimum but drops when the left AV valve
closes and its walls relax
What happens in systole? the lungs, and from the left side to • Low at first, but gradually increases
the main body circulation
as the ventricles fill with blood as
• Volume and pressure of the blood the atria contract
in the heart are low at the end of • Left AV valves close and pressure
rises dramatically as thick walls of
systole
ventricle contract
blood closes the semilunar valves How is the basic rhythm of the 2. Electrical activity form the SAN
in the aorta and pulmonary artery heart maintained? is picked up the the AVN, which
as the ventricles relax imposes a slight delay before
stimulating the bundle of His ( a
It has its own intrinsic rhythm at bundle of conducting tissue
around 60 bpm.
made up of Purkyne fibres)
which penetrate through the
• Prevents the body wasting septum between the ventricles
factors also affect heart rate (e.g. 4. At the apex, the Purkyne fibres
exercise, excitement and stress)
spread out through the walls of
• Basic rhythm of the heart is the ventricles on both sides,
maintained by a wave of electrical Spread of excitation triggers
excitation contracting of ventricles, starting
at apex. Starting here allows
more efficient emptying of the
ventricles
Ensures that the atria have stopped
contracting before the ventricles
What is the importance of the start
delay is the spread of the
excitation from the SAN to the
AVN?
What is an electrocardiogram A technique for measuring tiny
(ECG)? changes in the electrical
conductivity of the skin that result
from the electrical activity of the
heart. This produces a trace that can
be used to analyse the health of the
heart