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Climate change is occurring as a result of warming of the earth's atmosphere due to human

activity generating excess amounts of greenhouse gases. Because of its potential impact on the

hydrologic cycle and severe weather events, climate change is expected to have an enormous

effect on human health, including on the burden and distribution of many infectious diseases.

The infectious diseases that will be most affected by climate change include those that are spread

by insect vectors and by contaminated water.

(Source: Shuman, E., M.D. (2010, March 25). Global climate change and infectious diseases.

New England Journal of Medicine; 362, 12, 1061-1063. Retrieved from nejm.org at MIT

Libraries.)

1. Paraphrase the paragraph and explain the difference between paraphrase and

summary.

Because of warming of the earth's atmosphere, Climate change is taking place due to

human activity generating excess amounts of greenhouse gases. Because of its attainable
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influence the hydrologic cycle and extreme weather events, local weather alternate is

anticipated to have a great effect on human health, which include on the burden and

distribution of many infectious diseases. The infectious illnesses that will be most

affected by local climate change contain these that are spread via insect vectors and by

polluted water (Shuman ,2010).

These two ways of including other authors' effort interested in our personal writing

vary rendering to the empathetic of our writing to the source script. Paraphrasing includes

pushing a writing as of source used in our words. A paraphrase necessity also be credited

to its creative source and author. Paraphrased usually comes shorter than the original

source, taking a somewhat wider section of the source and abbreviating it to some extent.

On other word, its writing the passage in your own words with keeping the source ideas.

Summarizing encompasses and making the main idea(s) hooked on your personal

arguments, including primary the main point(s). Once again, it is essential to

characteristic brief thoughts to the original source. Summaries are suggestively shorter

than the original and take a broad summary of the source material.

2. What are the ways by which plagiarism can be avoided?

It's anything but difficult to discover data for most research papers, however it's not in

every case simple to include that data into your paper without falling into the written

plagiarism issues. There are simple approaches to stay away from written falsification.

Pursue some straightforward advances while composing your examination paper to

guarantee that your archive will be free of plagiarism.

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Ways to Avoid Plagiarism

a) Paraphrase – when found information that is faultless for your study. Go over it again and

again and place it hooked on your personal words. Take care that you do not duplicate

exact above two words in a commotion from the manuscript you have start. If your usage

more than two words composed, then you have to use question mark

b) Cite - Citing is one of the operative traditions to sidestep plagiarism. Trail the text

formatting rules (i.e. APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.) secondhand by your academic institute

or the institute that delivered the research appeal. This typically involves the adding of

the writer or writers), date of the journal or like info. Citing is that unassuming. Not

citing correctly can create plagiarism.

c) Quoting - using the quote just the mode it is. No one wants to be misquoted. All institutes

of higher learning glower on “block quotes” or quotes of 40 words or else extra. A

scholar must be talented to efficiently paraphrase utmost passages. course takings while,

nonetheless the effort pays off! Quoting necessity be complete properly to sidestep

plagiarism accusations.

d) Citing Own Material - If a portion of the material you are utilizing for your exploration

paper was utilized by you in your present class, a past one, or anyplace else you should

refer to yourself. Treat the content equivalent to you would on the off chance that another
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person composed it. It might sound odd however utilizing material you have utilized

before is called self-confident, and it isn't satisfactory.

e) Referencing - very important traditions to sidestep plagiarism is counting a reference

page or page of the whole thing cited at the close of research paper. Once more, this page

necessity meets the file formatting rules cast-off by educational institute.

3. Distinguish between technical report and long report.

In business, decision-makers trust on dual wide-ranging kinds of reports:

Approximately reports concentration chiefly on data and information. Then outside only

if material, countless reports similarly contain analysis and investigation mode. long

(formal) report, uncountable short (informal) reports lead to informed results on

substances. Not like the long reports, furthermost short reports need no long preparation,

are fast organized, cover slight or no related data and background and have no obverse or

end matter (title page, table of contents, glossary, etc.). Nonetheless despite their

shortness, short reports organize to provide the information and analysis that requester

desire and needs.

A technical report is a essay that defines the procedure, development, or outcomes of

practical or logical research or the state of a technical or scientific study problematic. It

may likewise incorporate suggestions and finishes of the examination. In contrast to other
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logical writing, for example, logical diaries and the procedures of some scholarly

gatherings, specialized reports occasionally experience exhaustive autonomous

companion audit before distribution. They might be considered as dim writing. Where

there is a survey procedure, it is frequently restricted to inside the beginning association.

So also, there are no conventional distributing strategies for such reports, aside from

where built up locally.

Technical reports are today a noteworthy wellspring of logical and specialized data.

They are set up for inner or more extensive appropriation by numerous associations, a

large portion of which come up short on the broad altering and printing offices of

business distributers.

Technical reports are regularly arranged for backers of research ventures. Another

situation where a specialized report might be delivered is when more data is created for a

scholarly paper than is satisfactory or plausible to distribute in a companion evaluated

production; instances of this incorporate into profundity exploratory subtleties, extra

outcomes, or the design of a PC model. Analysts may likewise distribute work in early

structure as a specialized report to build up curiosity, without hanging tight for the

regularly long creation calendars of scholastic diaries. Specialized reports are considered

"non-chronicled" productions, as are liberated to be distributed somewhere else in friend

looked into settings with or without alteration.

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A technical report is an archive composed by a scientist itemizing the aftereffects of

an undertaking and submitted to the patron of that task. A considerable lot of Georgia

Tech's reports are government supported and are on microfiche. DOE, NASA…

Although technical reports are varied, they will in general have the accompanying

attributes:

 technical reports might be distributed before the involving journal literature writing

 content might be more point by point than the comparing journal writing, in spite of the

fact that there might be less foundation data since the support definitely knows it

 technical reports are normally not companion audited except if the report is

independently distributed as literature writing

 classified and send out controlled reports have confined access.

 obscure abbreviations and codes are every now and again utilized

Some other Difference:

Points Long (Formal) Report Technical Report

A long report is never possible to be A short report is very short in
Length
complete in a page or two. size.
Subject of the long report are not routine A short report deals with the
Nature
type. routing matters.
A long report is always written in aMany short reports are written in
Format
manuscript formal. memorandum and letter formats.
A formal long report is written usingPersonal writing styles are used in
Style
impersonal. writing a short report.
Formality A long report being formal needs a carefulShort reports being informal do

planning before it is written. not require extended planning and

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contain varieties of formats.

A long report is the conclusion of countless weeks of solid effort. It varies from another report in

objective, scope, format and structure, and, number of the time and the audience. A long report

delivers a detailed opinion of a subject and might deliberate not one or two objective current

events but an extended time past. A long report is much comprehensive and compound to be

sufficiently prepared in a memorandum or letter arrangement. It might need weeks or sometimes

can be months to accomplish. The viewers for a long report are usually wider and advanced up in

an establishment's order than the audience for a technical report. Lastly, long reports are written

collectively much more than technical reports are. It needs slightly more research than a short

technical need. however, sometimes a collection of information used for the technical report can

be used in order to start a long report.

The Process of Writing a Long Report

View composing a long report not as a progression of detached undertakings yet as an

advancing venture. Recognize an expansive yet critical point for your report. Hope to deliberate

routinely with your boss and to amend your work frequently. Your corrections might be broad,

contingent upon what your predominant suggests; make certain to impart every single significant

change to your boss. Maintain the control adaptable from the start; a long report isn't written in

the request in which it will at last show up. Utilize both a schedule and an agenda to keep tabs on

your development, confirming significant pieces of the report as you finish them.

Parts of a Long Report

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A long report contains of front matter, the report text, and back matter. The front substance

might contain a letter of transmittal, a title sheet, a table of content, a slope of diagrams, and an

abstract. The report text involves of an introduction, the body, a conclusion, and

recommendations. The introduction contains background info, describes the problematic the

report talks, and defines the report's drive and scope. The body, or discussion, is the lengthiest

part, taking close to 70 percent of the report. It must be cautiously prearranged about a coherent,

distinct strategy. The conclusion draws all organized by giving your answers. The

recommendations express person who reads what must be done about the results designated in

the assumption. The end of the report may contain a dictionary, a slope of references, and

appendices.

4. Briefly explain the different components of research report.

A research report ordinarily includes the following sections:

a) Abstract

   The abstract is often required to be no more than a given maximum number of words,

usually between 100 and 150.  It should describe the most important aspects of the study,

including the problem investigated, the type of subjects (sample) and data collection

method involved, the analytical procedures used, and the major results and conclusions.

b) Introduction 

This segment incorporates exchanges concerning the useful or potentially hypothetical

significance of the theme just as a depiction of the examination issue. It regularly begins

by acquainting the peruse with the subject and presenting a defense for the viable
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noteworthiness of the issues being examined and additionally the commitment that the

investigation could make to our comprehension of the marvel. The announcement of

research problem(s) is planned to show what the universally useful of the examination is.

This is frequently done through comprehensively expressed inquiries or explanations

regarding whether and how the exploration factors are (or are relied upon to be) identified

with (or influenced by) each other. At long last, the presentation area ought to incorporate

the working meanings of those terms utilized in the examination that don't have an

ordinarily known importance or for which a few implications might be utilized.

c) Literature Review

  A few writers present the material included here as a different segment under its very

own heading (as it is appeared here), while others present it as a feature of a more drawn

out introduction segment. In either case, the audit of the related writing portrays and

examines the distributed examinations that are legitimately identified with, or potentially

have some pertinence to, the subject and research inquiries close by. Related writing

ought to be coordinated with, and meshed into, the material in this segment and not be

just recorded. The audit could finish up with a short rundown of the writing and its

suggestions.

The study's theoretical/conceptual model and its hypotheses are developed based on the

researcher's logical reasoning as well as the implications of his/her literature

review.  Note that the study's hypotheses should be stated in a language consistent with
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its proposed conceptual framework and the literature review; they should not be stated in

the null and alternate hypotheses forms.  Also, a well-developed hypothesis is testable;

that is, it can be confirmed or disconfirmed through the collection and analysis of data.

d) Methodology

The methodology section incorporates a depiction of the examination test (subjects),

information accumulation technique, estimation instruments, and information

investigation systems. The portrayal of test/subjects incorporates not just the example

size and insights in regards to the subjects yet in addition a definition and depiction of the

populace from which the example was chosen. This area likewise portrays the technique

utilized in choosing the example or tests. On account of poll overviews, data on reaction

rates likewise ought to be given.

e) Results and Discussion.  

A few writers utilize a solitary segment to both present and talk about the information

investigation results. Others manage the two issues in two separate segments. In either

case, the factual strategies that were applied to the information must be referenced and

the consequences of every examination outlined, classified, and after that talked about.

For each exploration speculation, the measurable trial of hugeness chose and applied to

the information is quickly depicted, trailed by an announcement demonstrating whether

the theory was upheld or not bolstered. Tables and figures are utilized to present

investigations brings about rundown as well as chart structure and to add lucidity to the

introduction. Great tables and figures are uncluttered, plain as day, and non-excess.
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f) Summary and Conclusion 

This area is fundamentally the same as the unique segment aside from that it shows

up toward the finish of the report (going before the reference segment). It outlines the

examination's discoveries in a straightforward way. It additionally clarifies the functional

ramifications of those discoveries and focuses to prescribed bearings for future research

here.

g) References

  The references part, or list of sources, records every one of the sources, one after

another in order by writers' last names, that were legitimately utilized recorded as a hard

copy the report. Each source referred to in the paper must be incorporated into the

references, and each passage recorded in the references must show up in the paper. Style

manuals, for example, the APA (American Psychological Association) manual, will give

you the right methodology for all in-content and reference references. This structure is

generally extraordinary for books, diary articles, and magazine articles. It is prescribed

that you utilize the APA style. It is significant that whatever structure is utilized be

pursued reliably.

h) Appendices

 Appendixes incorporate data and information relevant to the examination that either

are not significant enough to be incorporated into the fundamental body of the report or

are excessively protracted. Appendixes contain such passages as materials particularly

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created for the investigation (e.g., tests, polls, and introductory letters), coding plan, print

out of crude information, and the PC print-out of measurable examinations.

References

Cooper, D. R., Schindler, P. S., & Sun, J. (2006). Business research methods (Vol. 9). New

York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Blake, G., & Bly, R. W. (1993). The elements of technical writing (p. 173). New York, NY:

Macmillan.

Salinetti, S., & De Castro, P. (2006). Guidelines for the production of scientific and technical

reports: how to write and distribute grey literature-Version 1.0.