Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department

Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade – Second Semister – Lecture #1

Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

𝒎𝒈
Example of 𝑩𝑶𝑫𝟐𝟓
𝟒 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 and 𝐾𝑟,30 = 0.23𝑑𝑎𝑦 −1 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑩𝑶𝑫𝟑𝟓
𝟓
𝒍

Answer

𝑲𝒓,𝑻 = 𝑲𝟐𝟎 (𝟏. 𝟎𝟒𝟕)𝑻−𝟐𝟎

𝑲𝒓,𝟑𝟎 = 𝑲𝟐𝟎 (𝟏. 𝟎𝟒𝟕)𝟑𝟎−𝟐𝟎 ⇒ 𝑲𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝑑𝑎𝑦−1

𝑲𝒓,𝟐𝟓 = 𝑲𝟐𝟎 (𝟏. 𝟎𝟒𝟕)𝟐𝟓−𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟓 (𝟏. 𝟎𝟒𝟕)𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟐𝑑𝑎𝑦−1

𝑲𝒓,𝟑𝟓 = 𝑲𝟐𝟎 (𝟏. 𝟎𝟒𝟕)𝟑𝟓−𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟓 (𝟏. 𝟎𝟒𝟕)𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟖𝑑𝑎𝑦−1

𝑩𝑶𝑫𝑻𝒕 = 𝑳𝒐,𝟐𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝒆−𝑲𝒓.𝒕 )

𝑩𝑶𝑫𝟐𝟓
𝟒 = 𝑳𝒐,𝟐𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝒆
−𝑲𝒓 .𝒕
)

𝟐𝟓𝟎 = 𝑳𝒐,𝟐𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝒆−𝟎.𝟏𝟖𝟐×𝟒 ) ⇒ 𝑳𝒐,𝟐𝟎 = 𝟒𝟖𝟑. 𝟓 𝒎𝒈/𝒍

𝑩𝑶𝑫𝟑𝟓 −𝟎.𝟐𝟖𝟖×𝟓 ) = 𝟑𝟔𝟕 𝒎𝒈/𝒍

𝟓 = 𝑳𝒐,𝟐𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝒆

Estimating of 𝑲 & 𝑳𝒐
The BOD curve actually yields the O2 consumed during the reaction.

There for both 𝐾 & 𝐿𝑜 are known. Several procedures have been developed them.

Graphical Method (Thomas 1950)

Thomas recognized the similarity between the series expansion for

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 Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department
Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade – Second Semister – Lecture #1
Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

𝑘.𝑡 −3
(1 − 𝑒 −𝑘.𝑡 ) and 𝑘. 𝑡 [(1 + ( )]
6

𝑘.𝑡 −3
𝐵𝑂𝐷 = 𝐿𝑜 (𝑘. 𝑡) [(1 + ( )]
6

Taking the inverse and cube root and re arranging, we get

2
1 −1
𝑡 𝐾3
( ) = (𝑘. 𝐿𝑜 )
3 3 + 1 𝑡
𝐵𝑂𝐷
6.𝐿𝑜 3

1
𝑡
A plot of ( )3 versus 𝑡 is linear
𝐵𝑂𝐷

𝟐
−𝟏
𝑲𝟑
The intercept 𝑨 = (𝒌. 𝑳𝒐 ) 𝟑 and the slope 𝑩 = 𝟏
𝟔.𝑳𝒐 𝟑

𝑩 𝟏
Then 𝑲 = 𝟔. and 𝑳𝒐 =
𝑨 𝟔𝑨𝟐 .𝑩

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 Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department
Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade – Second Semister – Lecture #1
Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

Example estimate 𝐾 & 𝐿𝑜 from

𝑡 (𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠) 1 2 4 6 8
𝐵𝑂𝐷 (𝑚𝑔/𝑙) 32 57 84 106 111
Answer

𝑡 (𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠) 1 2 4 6 8
𝐵𝑂𝐷 (𝑚𝑔/𝑙) 32 57 84 106 111
𝑡 1 0.315 0.327 0.362 0.384 0.416
( )3
𝐵𝑂𝐷
0.440
0.420
0.400
0.380
(t/BOD)^(1/3)

0.360
0.340
0.320
0.300
0.280
0.260
0.240
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (days)

𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟒

𝑩 𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟒
𝑲 = 𝟔. = 𝟔 × = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟕 𝒅𝒂𝒚−𝟏
𝑨 𝟎.𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟔

𝟏 𝟏
𝑳𝒐 = = = 𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝒎𝒈/𝒍
𝟔𝑨𝟐 . 𝑩 𝟔 × 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟐 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟒

𝑩𝑶𝑫𝑻𝒕 = 𝑳𝒐,𝟐𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝒆−𝑲𝟏.𝒕 ) 𝑩𝑶𝑫𝑻𝒕 = 𝟏𝟐𝟖(𝟏 − 𝒆−𝟎.𝟐𝟖𝟕𝒕 )

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 Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department
Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade – Second Semister – Lecture #1
Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

Example estimate 𝐾 & 𝐿𝑜 from

𝑡 (𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠) 1 2 3 4 5
𝐵𝑂𝐷 (𝑚𝑔/𝑙) 65 109 138 168 172

𝑡 (𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠) 1 2 3 4 5
𝐵𝑂𝐷 (𝑚𝑔 65 109 138 168 172
/𝑙)
𝑡 1 0.2487 0.2638 0.2791 0.2877 0.3075
( )3
𝐵𝑂𝐷
0.320
0.310
0.300
(t/BOD)^(1/3)

0.290
0.280
0.270
0.260
0.250
0.240
0.230
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (days)

𝑩 𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟏
𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐 → 𝑲 = 𝟔. = 𝟔 × = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟏 𝒅𝒂𝒚−𝟏
𝑨 𝟎.𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟗

𝟏 𝟏
𝑳𝒐 = = = 𝟐𝟓𝟐 𝒎𝒈/𝒍
𝟔𝑨 . 𝑩 𝟔 × 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟐 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐
𝟐

𝑩𝑶𝑫𝑻𝒕 = 𝟐𝟓𝟐(𝟏 − 𝒆−𝟎.𝟑𝟔𝟏𝒕 )

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 Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department
Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade – Second Semister – Lecture #1
Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

Storm Sewage

Amount of Storm Sewage

The first step in design of sewers is the estimation of the flow which they will receive.
The primary source of storm flow is rainfall.
The Rational Method
The rational method relates the flow to the the rainfall intensity, the area and runoff
coefficient. 𝑸 = 𝑪. 𝒊. 𝑨
Q= discharge
C= runoff coefficient
i= rainfall intensity (mm/hr)
A= Area (m2)

Example Determine the runoff coefficient for are an area 0.2 km2, 3000 m2 is
covered by buildings, 5000 m2 by paved driveways and walks and 2000 m2 by
Portland cement streets. The remaining are is flat heavy soil covered by grass.
Answer
𝐴 3000
Roofs 𝐶=𝐶× = 0.825 × = 0.012375
𝐴𝑡 200000
𝐴 5000
Driveways 𝐶 = 𝐶 × = 0.8 × = 0.02
𝐴𝑡 200000
𝐴 2000
Streets 𝐶=𝐶× = 0.875 × = 0.00875
𝐴𝑡 200000
𝐴 190000
Grass 𝐶=𝐶× = 0.15 × = 0.1425
𝐴𝑡 200000

∴ 𝐶𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 0.183625

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Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department
Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade – Second Semister – Lecture #1
Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

Figure 1. The value of C

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 Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department
Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade – Second Semister – Lecture #1
Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

Time of Concentration
When a rainfall event occurs upon an area served by storm sewer, the rainfall will flow over
floors and pavements to the gutter and eventually to the sewer inlet. The maximum rate of
runoff for a given rainfall intensity will occur when the rainfall has continued for a period
sufficient to permit flow to reach the inlet from the most remote point of the drainage area.
The time required for the maximum runoff rate to develop is called the time of concentration.
Figure 1 illustrates a rectangular watershed discharge into an inlet (I). it is assumed that it
takes 5 minutes for water to run from the boundary of one zone to the next or to the inlet in
zone A. only zone A will contribute flow after 5 minutes, only A and B after 10 minutes and
all three after 15 minutes. If the rain is lasted only 10 minutes , the water arriving at I from
zone C during the period 10 to 15 minutes after beginning would be offset by decreasing
runoff zone A . For figure 2. The water from A enters the sewer at I1 and that from B at I1.
The time of concentration of I2 is either the time of concentration from area B or the inlet
time plus the time of flow from I1 to I2, whichever is greater. The inlet time is the time of
concentration at I1 while the time of flow is a function of the velocity in the line I 1I2 and its
length. The time of concentration for each line is determined in similar way. At each point
the inlet time to the sewer most remote in time is added to the time of flow in the sewer.

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 Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department
Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade – Second Semister – Lecture #1
Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

Rainfall Intensity
The equations of intensity duration curves are often more convenient. The equations are
𝑨
typically of the form 𝒊 = 𝒕+𝑩
Where A, B are constants, i= rainfall intensity (mm/hr), t= duration

Example A sewer line drains a single family residential area with C=0.35. The
distance of slow from the most remote point 60m over ordinary grass with a slope of
4%. The area drained is 100000 m2 and the intensity duration formula is 𝒊 =
𝟓𝟐𝟑𝟎
𝒕+𝟑𝟎
(𝒎𝒎/𝒉𝒓) and the time of concentration 15 minutes from Fig.1.
Answer
5230 5230
𝑖= = = 116 𝑚𝑚/ℎ𝑟
𝑡 + 30 15 + 30
𝑚𝑚 2 −3
𝑚𝑚 𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑄 = 𝐶. 𝑖. 𝐴 = 0.35 × 116 × 100000𝑚 × 10 = 4060 = 1.13
ℎ𝑟 𝑚 ℎ𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐

Flow in sewers
Figures 15-1, 15-2, 15-3 are monograms for the solution of the manning formula for
various ranges of quantities and pipe sizes and with n=0.013.
For example it is desired to determine the size of pipe required to carry 3.4 m3/min with
available slope of 0.003 Fig. 15-1 is used a straight line is drawn from Q=3.4 m3/min and
slope S=0.003 the diameter is 305mm and the velocity at 0.77 m/sec ( Full flowing).

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Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department
Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade – Second Semister – Lecture #1
Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

9
Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department
Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade – Second Semister – Lecture #1
Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

10
Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department
Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade – Second Semister – Lecture #1
Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

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 Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department
Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade – Second Semister – Lecture #1
Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

Partial Flow Diagrams

It is frequently necessary to determine the velocity and depth of sewage in a pipe which
is flowing only partially full, Using Fig. 15-5

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 Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department
Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade – Second Semister – Lecture #1
Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

Partial Flow Full Flow

Flow Rate q Q
Depth of Flow d D
Velocity v V

1
𝑄 = × 𝑅0.67 × 𝑆 0.5 × 𝐴
𝑛

𝑄 = 0.2784 × 𝐶 × 𝐷2.67 × 𝑆 0.54

𝑄 = 𝑉. 𝐴
Example A 915mm circular sewer is laid in a slope of 0.003, n=0.013 when the sewer
is Full. What will be the velocity and depth of flow be when the sewer is carrying 8.5
m3/min
𝐷 = 0.915𝑚 , 𝑆 = 0.003, 𝑛 = 0.013
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑖𝑔. 15 − 5 → 𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 = 62 𝑚3 / min 𝑉𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 = 1.57 𝑚/ sec
𝑞 8.5 𝑑 𝑑
= = 0.14 𝐹𝑖𝑔. 15 − 5 → = 0.3 → = 0.3 → 𝑑 = 275𝑚𝑚
𝑄 62 𝐷 0.915
𝑑 𝑣 𝑣
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 = 0.3 → = 0.6 → = 0.6 → 𝑣 = 0.94𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐷 𝑉 1.57

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 Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department
Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade – Second Semister – Lecture #1
Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

Example A sewer is to carry 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓 𝒎𝟑 /𝒎𝒊𝒏 waste flow at 𝑺 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 and

𝒅
= 𝟎. 𝟕 . What is the suitable standard size to be used? Standard sizes (305, 380,
𝑫

460, 610, 690mm).

𝑚3 𝑑 𝑞 10.5
𝑞 = 10.5 = 0.7 → = 0.82 → = 0.82
min 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 𝑄 𝑄
→ 𝑄 = 12.8 𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛
1
𝑄= × 𝑅0.67 × 𝑆 0.5 × 𝐴
𝑛
1 𝐷 𝜋
0.1834 = × ( )0.67 × 𝑆 0.5 × × 𝐷2 → 𝐷 = 0.479𝑚 → 𝐷 = 479𝑚𝑚
0.013 4 4
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑫 = 𝟔𝟏𝟎𝒎𝒎

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 Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department
Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade – Second Semister – Lecture #1
Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

2400
Example Use 𝑖 = to find the diametr of the half full clay sewer comong from
𝑡+30

MH1 at full flow velocity 1m/sec and q/Q=0.4

2400 2400
𝑖= = 𝑖= = 50𝑚𝑚/ℎ𝑟
𝑡 + 30 18 + 30

5000 5000 10−3

𝑞 = 𝐶𝑖𝐴 = (0.8 × + 0.4 × ) × 50 × 10000 × = 0.083 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
10000 10000 3600
300
𝑞 = 0.083 + = 0.166 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
3600
𝑞 0.166
= 0.4 → = 0.4 → 𝑄 = 0.4 × 0.166 = 0.417 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑄 𝑄
𝑄 0.417
𝑄 = 𝑉. 𝐴 → 𝐴 = = = 0.417 𝑚2 → 𝐷 = 728𝑚𝑚
𝑉 1

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 Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department
Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade – Second Semister – Lecture #1
Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

5230
Example Find the flow rate (Q) at each collection point use 𝑖 = (𝑚𝑚/ℎ𝑟)
30+𝑡

Ans
For Manhole #1
5230 10−3
𝑞1 = 𝐶𝑖𝐴 = 0.5 × ( ) × 7000 × = 0.127 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
30 + 10 3600
5230 10−3
𝑞2 = 𝐶𝑖𝐴 = 0.6 × ( ) × 8000 × = 0.17 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
30 + 11 3600
𝑞 = 𝑞1 + 𝑞2 = 0.127 + 0.17 = 0.297 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐

Or ( ONE area) This is the BEST solution

0.5 × 7000 + 0.6 × 8000
𝐶𝑎𝑣𝑒 = = 0.553
15000
𝑡1 = 10 𝑚𝑖𝑛
 𝑡2 = 11 𝑚𝑖𝑛
5230 10−3
𝑞 = 𝐶𝑖𝐴 = 0.553 × ( ) × 15000 × = 0.294 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
30 + 11 3600

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 Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department
Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade – Second Semister – Lecture #1
Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

For Manhole #2
𝑡1 = 9 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑡2 = 10 + 4.5 = 14.5 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑡3 = 11 + 4.5 = 15.5 𝑚𝑖𝑛
∴ 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡 = 15.5 𝑚𝑖𝑛
0.5 × 7000 + 0.6 × 8000 + 0.3 × 10000
𝐶𝑎𝑣𝑒 = = 0.452
25000
5230 10−3
𝑞 = 𝐶𝑖𝐴 = 0.452 × ( ) × 25000 × = 0.36 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
15.5 + 30 3600

For Manhole #3
𝑡1 = 16 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑡2 = 9 + 1.5 = 10.5 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑡3 = 10 + 4.5 + 1.5 = 16 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑡4 = 11 + 4.5 + 1.5 = 17 𝑚𝑖𝑛
∴ 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡 = 17 𝑚𝑖𝑛
0.5 × 7000 + 0.6 × 8000 + 0.3 × 10000 + 0.6 × 15000
𝐶𝑎𝑣𝑒 = = 0.5075
40000
5230 10−3
𝑞 = 𝐶𝑖𝐴 = 0.5075 × ( ) × 40000 × = 0.627 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
17 + 30 3600

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 Wasit University – College of Engineering – Civil Engineering Department
Sanitary Engineering – Fourth Grade – Second Semister – Lecture #1
Lecturer: - Assistant Professor Dr. Ali Jwied Jaeel Al Dawery

Corrosion in sewers
Organic matters may accumulate in the sewer pipe as the result of low flowing or and
the accumulation of grease and iol on the surface of the wastewater. The organic matter
will undergo anaerobic decomposition. This will form fatty acids (low pH) and the
reduction of sulphates and will produce H2S then H2S can be oxidized into sulphuric
acid H2SO4 that will lead to the destruction of the crown.
How to control the corrosion
1- Control the flowing velocity
2- Ventilation
3- Flushing the sewer from any depositions
4- Chlorination
5- Lining the crown with protective materials

Type of Sewers
1- Clay sewer pipe
2- Plain concrete sewer pipe
3- Reinforced concrete sewer pipe
4- Asbestos cement pipe
5- Polyvinyl chloride pipe PVC
6- Cast or ductile iron pipe
7- Corrugated metal pipe

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