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Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott: Pharmacognostic and pharmacological review

Article  in  Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry · July 2020

DOI: 10.22271/phyto.2020.v9.i4s.11937

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E-ISSN: 2278-4136
P-ISSN: 2349-8234
www.phytojournal.com
JPP 2020; 9(4): 1382-1386
Received: 13-05-2020
Accepted: 15-06-2020
P Sudhakar
Assistant Professor, Department
of Pharmacology, Swamy
Vivekanandha College of
Pharmacy, Tiruchengode, Tamil
Nadu, India
V Thenmozhi
M.Pharm Scholar, Department
of Pharmacology, Swamy
Vivekanandha College of
Pharmacy, Tiruchengode, Tamil
Nadu, India
S Srivignesh
Assistant Professor, Department
of Horticulture & Floriculture,
Central University of Tamil
Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu,
India
M Dhanalakshmi
M.Pharm Scholar, Department
of Pharmacology, Swamy
Vivekanandha College of
Pharmacy, Tiruchengode, Tamil
Nadu, India
Corresponding Author:
V Thenmozhi
M.Pharm Scholar, Department
of Pharmacology, Swamy
Vivekanandha College of
Pharmacy, Tiruchengode, Tamil
Nadu, India
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2020; 9(4): 1382-1386
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott: Pharmacognostic
and pharmacological review
P Sudhakar, V Thenmozhi, S Srivignesh and M Dhanalakshmi
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22271/phyto.2020.v9.i4s.11937
Abstract
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott (Family: Araceae) is an annual herbaceous plant with a long history of
usage in traditional medicine for several countries, especially in the tropical and subtropical regions. It is
majorly cultivated in Southeast Asia by several common names like Arbi, Arvi, and Eddoe. The young
leaves and roots are rich in Vitamin C as well as starch. It contains calcium, phosphorus, thiamine,
riboflavin, niacin, oxalic acid, calcium oxalate, sapotoxin and flavones, apigenin, and luteolin.
Phytochemical screening also showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids,
saponins, oxalates, phenols. Traditionally it has been used for the treatment of various ailments such as
asthma, arthritis, diarrhea, internal hemorrhage, neurological disorders, and skin disorders. This review
emphasized the updated phytopharmacological profile of C. esculenta such as antimicrobial,
antihepatotoxic, anti-cancer, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic activity, antidiabetic,
hypolipidemic, anti-melanogenic, estrogenic and neuropharmacological effects. It will provide extensive
literate about the Colocasia esculenta in future research towards the acceptability of its clinical
application.
Keywords: Colocasia esculenta, Araceae, phytomedicine, pharmacological activities
Introduction
Nature has a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years and the number of modern
drugs has been isolated from natural sources, many based on their traditional climes. Even
now, approximately 80% of the world populations are almost entirely dependent on traditional
medicines for maintaining general health and combating many diseases. Many medicinal
plants and their isolates have shown a wide spectrum of biological activities and used to treat
major disorders like liver, cardiovascular, central nervous system (CNS), digestive, and
metabolic disorders. Medicinal plants or Herbal drugs, and their extracts containing isolated
compounds have shown a wide spectrum of biological activities [1]. One of such a plant with
wide applications is Colocasia esculenta. It is a tropical plant grown primarily for its edible
corms, a root vegetable more commonly known as taro [2]. Taro is a major root crop belonging
to the family Araceae, sub-family Aroideae. It is a wetland herbaceous perennial plant found
in tropical and subtropical regions most extensively cultivated in Southeast Asia by several
common names like Arbi, Arvi, and Eddode [3]. Moreover, the leaves, leaf stalks, and petioles
are also used as a vegetable. It is known by many local names and often referred to as
“elephant ears” they can reach up to 1-2 m height during the growth period [4]. Taro has
superior nutritional value compared with potato, sweet potato, cassava, and rice. The leaf juice
of the plant is stimulants and rubefacient as well as a styptic. It’s also useful in internal otalgia,
adenitis, hemorrhages, and buboes. The corm juice is demulcent, laxative, and anodyne [5]. The
leaves of C. esculenta have been reported to be rich in nutrients, including minerals and
vitamins such as phosphorus, calcium, vitamin C, iron, riboflavin, thiamine, and niacin. C.
esculenta fresh edible leaves are rich sources of protein, dietary fiber, ascorbic acid, and some
nutritionally important minerals [6]. The corm of taro is relatively low in protein (1.5%) and fat
(0.2%). It is a good source of starch (70–80 g/100 g dry taro), fiber (0.8%), and ash (1.2%).
The corms contain the cyaniding 3- rhamnoside, cyaniding 3-glucoside, and anthocyanins
pelargonidin 3-glucoside. It is used to treat stomach swelling, pain, and fever [7]. The
biological properties as well as chemical constituents of C. esculenta were widely used in folk
medicine. Extracts from this plant have been found to possess various pharmacological
activities such as anticancer, antihyperlipidaemic, anxiolytic, wound healing, antimelanogenic,
anti-inflammatory, probiotic, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-
inflammatory, antimicrobial, hypolipidaemic, antihelminthic [8]. This review intends to provide
recent updates and comprehensive analysis of botanical, phytochemical, and Pharmacological
features of C. esculenta in-depth to improve it further wide therapeutic applications.
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Plant Taxonomy narrowly lanceolate, convolute, acuminate and curved slightly

Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott commonly called taro or
cocoyam (Family: Araceae), is a perennial herbaceous plant,
with large spherical corm from which a few heart-shaped
leaves emerge at the tip on long petiole reaching 1-2m height.
The leaf Peduncle shorter than the petiole, spathe pale yellow,
15- to 35-cm long; tube greenish, oblong; The lamina is
backward in flower. Female inflorescence is short but the
male inflorescence is long, cylindrical, and usually interposed
neuters between the two. Male flowers 3-6 androus, Female
flowers 3-4 gynous; ovary ovoid or oblong. The stem is
slightly swollen at the base of the leaf-sheaths [9].

Fig 1: Various parts of Colacasia ecculenta (L)

Vernacular Names [10]. membranes, skin, vision, and it acts as a good stimulant,
English: Taro expectorant, astringent, appetizer, and otalgia [7]. It also used
Bengali: Alti Kachu, Kachu to protect from lung and oral cavity cancers. A hydroalcoholic
Gujarati: Aalavi, Patarveliya extract of the leaf juice used as an anti-depressant, anxiolytic,
Hindi: Arvi, Kachalu sedative, and smooth muscle relaxant. The Juice of the corm
Kannada: Kesavedantu is used to External- alopecia and body ache. Internally, it acts
Malayalam: Chempu, Madantha, Chempakizhnna as a laxative, demulcent, anodyne, galactagogue, and is used
Marathi: Alluu in cases of piles and congestion of the portal system [12]. The
Sanskrit: Alupam, Alukam pressed juice of the petiole is styptic and may be used to arrest
Tamil: Sempu arterial hemorrhage. The decoction of the peel is used as anti-
diarrheal, increases body weight, prevents excessive secretion
Taxonomy classification [10, 11]. of sputum in asthmatic individuals [13].
Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Tracheobionta Phytochemistry
Superdivision: Spermatophytes Flavonoids and triterpenoids are the two pharmacologically
Division: Magnoliophyta active compounds mainly present in the Colocasia leaf
Class: Liliopsida extracts. The isolated flavonoids contain vicenin- 2, iso-
Subclass: Arecidae vitexin, iso-vitexin 3’-O-glucoside, vitexin X’’-O-glucoside,
Order: Alismatales iso-orientin, orientin, orientin 7- O-glucoside, leteolin 7-O-
Family: Araceae-Arums glucoside. The leaves of the plant also contain fibers, calcium
Genus: Colacasia schott oxalate, minerals and starch, Vitamin A, B, C, etc [14].
Species: Colacasia esculenta(L) Phytochemical investigations on the C. esculenta leaf contain
flavones, apigenin, luteolin, and anthocyanins [Figure 2] [15].
Ethnomedical information: C. esculenta tubers contain globulins accounting for 80% of
Aerial parts & Whole plant parts viz. Leaves, stem, and tubers the total tuber proteins. Taro corm has been reported to have
show different medicinal properties. The entire plant used as 70–80% (dry weight basis) starch with small Granules. The
an antimicrobial, antihepatotoxic, anti-diabetic, anti-lipid high level of carbohydrate content observed in raw taro, taro
peroxidative action, antimetastatic, antifungal, anti- powder, and total amino acids recorded in the tubers are in the
inflammatory. Leaf juice used for maintaining healthy mucus range of 1,380-2,397 mg/100 g [16].

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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
Fig 2: Structure of some flavones derived from Colocasia esculenta Leaves
Pharmacological activities
Antimicrobial activity
The in-vitro antimicrobial activity in aqueous extract of
Colocasia esculenta (AECE) leaves was studied against
gram-positive bacterial strains i.e. Streptococcus mutans
(MTCC-890), Bacillus subtillis (MTCC-121), gram-negative
bacterial strains i.e. Klebsiella pneumoniae (MTCC-109),
Pseudomonas fragi (MTCC-2458), Escherichia coli (MTCC-
483) and fungal strains Aspergillus niger (MTCC-281)
Candida albicans (MTCC-227). AECE showed maximum
activity at low concentration against Streptococcus mutans
among the selected microbes. In this study, the antimicrobial
activity of the AECE was more effective in bacteria than
fungus. Overall the aqueous extract of Colocasia esculenta
showed remarkable antimicrobial activity against all the
tested microbial strains [17].
Antifungal activity
The in vitro antifungal activity of Colocasia esculenta was
assayed by the food poisoning technique method against two
fungal species. The alcoholic leaf extract showed good
antifungal activity than the aqueous extract of Colocasia
esculenta. Alcoholic extract of colocasia esculenta showed
100% antifungal action against Alternaria solani and
Alternaria ricini at the 25% concentration. Aqueous leaf
extract reduced the growth of fungal pathogen at high
concentrations only [18].
Antidiabetic activity
The antidiabetic activity of the ethanol extract of C. esculenta
(EECE) leaves was reported in an alloxan-induced diabetes
model. In this study EECE at the dose level of 100, 200, and
400 mg/kg were administered orally metformin 450 mg/kg
was used as a standard against alloxan (120 mg/kg, i.p.)
induced diabetic rats. The onset of reduction of blood glucose
of EECE was observed at 4 h (96 mg/dl), peak at 6 h (120
mg/dl) but antihyperglycaemic effect waned at 24 h. In the
subacute study, the maximum reduction in blood glucose was
observed (174.34 mg/dl) at a dose of 400 mg/kg on the 14th
day. EECE prevented further loss of body weight. This study
results suggest that EECE (400 mg/kg) showed significant
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anti-hyperglycaemic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
[19]
.
Hepatoprotective activity
An in vitro study liver slice study demonstrated that C.
esculenta leaf juice demonstrated hepatoprotective and anti-
hepatotoxic activity against the paracetamol and CCl4 induced
hepatic damage. Marked elevation of liver toxicity marker
enzymes AST, ALT, and ALP in the medium due the toxins
were remarkably declined at 4th hr in the leaf juice of C.
esculenta treatment [20].
Anthelmintic activity
The anthelmintic activity of Colocasia esculenta aqueous and
ethanolic leaf extract was investigated against earthworm.
Both the extracts exhibited dose-dependent anthelmintic
activity at the concentration range of 10-50 mg/ml. The crude
extracts of C. esculenta not only demonstrated paralysis but
also caused the death of worms especially at higher
concentrations. The ethanol extracts exhibits potent paralysis
and death time than the aqueous extract of C. esculenta
against the earthworm [21].
Anti-inflammatory activity
The anti-inflammatory activity property of C. esculenta leaf
extract was demonstrated on the carrageenan-induced acute
paw edema model and the cotton pellet granuloma method.
The results exhibited that ethanolic C. esculenta leaf extract at
the oral dose of 100 mg/kg produced significant inhibition of
carrageenan-induced edema, and also showed an inhibitory
effect on leukocyte migration and a reduction on the pleural
exudates as well as a reduction in the granuloma weight in the
cotton pellet granuloma method when compared with
standard drug [22].
Anti-Melanogesnic Activity
The isolated fraction from the methanolic extract of the tuber
barks of Colocasia antiquorum var. Esculenta such as
monoglyceride, (2'S)-1-O-(9-oxo-10(E), 12(E)-
octadecadienoyl) glycerol as well as nine fatty acid
derivatives showed inhibitory effects on melanin production
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
in melan-a cells. Hence it could be used as depigmenting
agents and also as good candidates for cosmetic development
[23]
. seeds, glucomannan from Dioscorea esculenta tubers, and
Antioxidant activity
An in vitro antioxidant assay of aqueous extract of C.
esculenta corm extract exhibited strong antioxidant potential
and free radical scavenging capacity. In this study, C.
esculenta corm extract antioxidant potential was assayed by
seven different assays, viz. total phenolic content, total
flavonoid content, total flavonol content, reducing power
estimation as well as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH),
nitric oxide (NO) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-
sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities. The
antioxidant potential of C. esculenta corm is mainly due to the
presence of its phytoconstituents tannins, saponins,
flavonoids, steroids, carbohydrates, proteins, and glycosides
[24]
. Colocasia esculenta whole leaf juice also prevented the
elicit of lipid peroxidative reactions caused due to the
presence of free radicals generated by the hepatotoxins CCl4
and acetaminophen in vitro rat liver slice model [25].
Antimetastatic activity
Kundua M et al. described that the water-soluble root extract
of Colocasia esculenta also known as a water-soluble extract
of taro (TE) potently inhibits lung colonizing ability as well as
spontaneous metastasis from mammary gland-implanted
tumors, in a murine model of highly metastatic ER, PR and
Her-2/neu negative breast cancer. It modestly inhibits
proliferation of some, but not all, breast and prostate cancer
cell lines. Morphological changes including cell rounding
were observed. Tumor cell migration was completely blocked
by TE. TE treatment also inhibited prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)
synthesis and down-regulated cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 and 2
mRNA expression. The isolated compounds protein, tarin,
and lectin derived from taro that potently and specifically
inhibits tumor metastasis [26].
Neuropharmacological activity
C. esculenta is traditionally used for the treatment of anxiety,
depression, and other CNS disorders. A study conducted by
Kalariya M et al. describes the neuropharmacological effect
of hydroalcoholic leaves extract of Colocasia esculenta
(HECE). The effects of HECE at anxiety, depression,
thiopental-induced sleeping time, and rota rod performance
were evaluated. Hydroalcoholic leaves extract of Colocasia
esculenta showed significant dose-dependent anxiolytic, anti-
depression, mild neurosedative, and skeletal muscle relaxant
effect. The presence of flavonoids, β-sitosterol, and steroids in
HECE could be responsible for these observed
neuropharmacological activities [27].
Hypolipidaemic activity
Sakano et al. studied the cholesterol synthesis suppressing
effect of ethanolic extract of C. esculenta along with 130
lyophilized vegetables using recombinant human lanosterol
synthase (hOSC). Out of 130 samples, twelve showed
significant inhibition. Among them, Colocasia esculenta
(taro) showed the highest inhibition (55% inhibition at
300µg/ml). Results of this study described that Mono
galactosyl diacyl glycerols (MGDGs) and digal actosyl diacyl
glycerols (DGDGs), were identified as the active constituents
in C. esculenta responsible for inhibition of human lanosterol
synthase [28].
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Also, Boban et al. studied the hypolipidemic activity of three
different isolated mucilages galactomannan from fenugreek
arabinogalactan from Colocasia esculenta tubers in rats. The
rats fed with these mucilages at a dose of 4mg/kg/day for 8
weeks were significantly decreased the total cholesterol and
triacylglycerols levels in both the serum and organs. Further
studies on the isolated liver from these mucilages fed rats also
showed decreases in the synthesis and secretion of apo B-
containing lipoproteins mainly VLDL in the liver. Among
these isolated mucilages, glucomannan showed maximum
hypolipidemic activity, and arabinogalactan showed minimum
activity [29].
Estrogenic activity
Rodrigues et al., conducted an in vivo pharmacological assays
to determine the estrogenic effects of D. odorate isoflavone
extract, P. angulata physalin-rich extract, and C. esculenta
flavonoid glycoside- rich fraction on endocrine glands and
reproductive organs of female rats at three different stages of
the life cycle. The results indicated that C. esculenta fraction
(80mg/kg) exhibited better estrogenic activity in
prepubescent, pubescent, and adult ovariectomized female
rats, while D. odorate isoflavones only increased the weight
of pituitary gland of prepubescent rats after prolonged
treatment and P. angulata physalins induced the weight of
adrenal glands in ovariectomized rats. Additionally, C.
esculenta exerted a significant effect on the opening of the
vaginal canal in prepubescent rats and on vaginal epithelium.
Colocasia esculenta fraction also induced hypertrophy of the
uterus and pituitary in ovariectomized rats similar to estradiol,
mediated by binding with selective estrogenic receptors
present in each organ. The overall findings of this study
indicated that C. esculenta flavonoid glycoside- rich fraction
mimics the action of estrogens, with reduced harmful effects
on specific tissues [30].
Conclusion
C. esculenta is reported to be used as traditional medicine and
dietary supplement in different parts of the world. Whole
plants as well as separate parts of plants were found to be
utilized for various therapeutic purposes. The present review
focused on botanical description, ethnomedicinal uses,
Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological activity updates of C.
esculenta. Various phytochemicals such as alkaloids,
glycosides, flavonoids, terpenes, saponins, and phenol
steroids have been reported to be present in this plant. The
plant also exhibits several pharmacological properties such as
antidiabetic, hypolipppidddemic, anticancer, antimelanogenic,
anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-
inflammatory, antimicrobial, antihelminthic, estrogenic and
neuropharmacological activities. Further systemic studies are
needed to establish the link between the traditional uses,
bioactive compounds, and reported pharmacological
activities. Clinical studies are also necessary to be conducted
to evaluate the safety and efficacy aspect of C. esculenta to
develop safe and effective dosage forms from this plant.
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