HKDSE Economics Notes SAMPLE

© 2019 M.T.
Education (Hong Kong) Company Limited All Rights Reserved

SAMPLE
CONTENT
2019 3 –
• /
• /
•
• 220
CONTENT.................................................................................. 1
Ch.1 Basic Economic Concepts.................................................. 3
Ch. 2 Basic economic problems ............................................... 10
Ch. 3 Ownership of Firms ........................................................ 12
Ch. 4 Production & Division of Labour ................................... 18
Ch. 5 Factors of Production ...................................................... 22
Ch. 6 Production & costs in the Short Run and Long Run ....... 30
Ch. 7 Objectives and expansion of firms .................................. 39
Ch. 8 Determination of Market Price ....................................... 43
Ch. 9 Change in Market Price................................................... 46
Ch. 10 Price Elasticity .............................................................. 49
Ch. 11 Market intervention ....................................................... 53
Ch.12 Market Structure ............................................................ 69
Ch.13 Efficiency, equity and role of government..................... 73
Ch.13 Efficiency, Equity & Role of Government (I) –
Government intervention .......................................................... 75
Ch.13 Efficiency, Equity & Role of Government (I) –
Externalities .............................................................................. 78
Ch. 14 Efficiency, Equity & Role of Government (II) ............. 88
Ch. 15 - 16 National Income accounting ................................ 101
Ch.17 Aggregate Demand & aggregate supply ...................... 124
2019 3 1 BACK TO CONTENT

© 2019 M.T. Education (Hong Kong) Company Limited All Rights Reserved
SAMPLE
Ch. 18 Determination of Output and Prices............................ 133

Ch.21 Business cycle, changes in general price level and
unemployment ........................................................................ 171
Ch.22 Fiscal Policy & Monetary Policy ................................. 178
Ch.23 Absolute and Comparative Advantage ........................ 196
Ch.24 Trade Barriers .............................................................. 206
Ch.25 Balance of Payments & Exchange rate ........................ 215
Ch.26 Monopoly Pricing ........................................................ 224
Ch.27 Anti-competitive Behaviors ......................................... 229

SAMPLE
Ch.1 Basic Economic Concepts
☆Overview
Limited resources Limited resources
scarcity
choice
competition opportunity cost
discrimination
☆Scarcity
= resources available are not enough to satisfy all people’s
wants
☆Opportunity cost
= Highest valued option forgone
= Money cost + non-money cost (e.g. time cost)
☆Sunk cost
= Cost which has been incurred, cannot be recovered
☆Interest
- To borrowers: Cost of earlier availability of resources
(positive time preference)

SAMPLE
- To lenders: compensation for deferred consumption

*Also exists in barter economy (not necessarily calculated in
money)
☆Free/Economic goods
Free goods Economic goods
Sufficient to satisfy all human not enough to satisfy all human
wants wants
People do not prefer more of it People prefer more of it
No cost involved in production Cost involved in production.
* Free-of-charge goods ≠ free goods

• e.g. free newspaper
① People want more of it
② Not enough to satisfy all human wants
(scarce production resources without any use)
③ Cost involved on production (e.g. printing)
• Free goods = Free of charge (MUST)

9 No one needs to incur a cost
☆Specialization & Exchange

* Specialization

SAMPLE
= increase output of an economy

= person only produces the good at a lower opportunity cost
*Exchange
= Necessary condition for specialization
⸪ Without possibility to exchange, you have to produce
everything by yourself.
☆Circular Flow Model

Factor market Product market
real flow
money flow
☆Positive vs normative statements

Positive Normative
① What is /was /will be ① What should be
② No value judgement ② With value judgement
③ Can be tested with evidence ③ Cannot be tested (irrefutable)

SAMPLE
☆ Ch.1 Questions Remarks

Scarcity implies
(1) limited resources
(2) people need to make choices
(3) unlimited wants
Soln: Only (1) and (2) are correct. Scarcity can still exist when
wants are limited, as long as resources available cannot
satisfy all human wants.
(a) Explain how an increase in traffic congestion in the Cross

Harbour Tunnel would effect the opportunity cost to its
users of crossing the harbour.
(b) Explain whether the opportunity cost of crossing the
harbour would definitely be the same to every tunnel user.
Soln: (a) -Opportunity cost increases.

-They have to spend more time in crossing the tunnel
which has alternative uses. The value of highest-valued
option forgone increases.
(b) -No.
-Different users have different highest-valued
alternative use of time.

SAMPLE
David wants to spend $8 to buy a pack of sandwiches or a

bowl of noodle. Explain the sandwiches if a cockroach is found
inside the noodle soup.
Soln: - The opportunity cost of buying sandwiches is noodles.

- Opportunity cost decreases (value of the noodle with a
cockroach decreases)
☆The existence of scarcity implies that

A. there is no such thing as free goods
B. human wants are unlimited
C. each and every economic good has a positive money price.
D. there is a cost in obtaining some goods.
Soln: When there is scarcity, there are not enough resources to

satisfy all human wants. They have to make choices and it
involves a cost.
∴The answer is D.
9 A is incorrect because there are both economic goods and
free goods. The existence of scarcity does not imply that
there are no free goods.
☆May invites Mary to have high tea together in the afternoon.

Mary will NOT have opportunity cost if
A. May pays the fee for him.

SAMPLE
B. Mary has nothing more worthwhile to do in the afternoon.

C. Mary likes to play tennis with May.
D. None of the above is a correct answer.
Soln: A is incorrect. Mary still has time cost.

B is incorrect. She has ‘nothing more worthwhile to do’
doesn’t mean ‘she has nothing to do’
C is incorrect. She still has time cost /$$ cost.
∴D is the answer.
☆Good X is a ‘free good’ when

A. there is no opportunity cost involved in using it.
B. its quantity supplied is greater than what consumers are
willing to purchase in the market.
C. nobody wants more of it.
D. its supply is so abundant that consumers place no value on it.
Soln: A free good is a good whose quantity is sufficient to

satisfy all human wants, so nobody wants more of it.
∴ The answer is C.
* A is wrong because although there is no O.C. in using the
good, there may be a cost in obtaining it.
☆A department store reduced the price of its television sets but

there was still unsold stock. These television sets are

SAMPLE
A. free goods because the quantity supplied is greater than the

quantity demanded.
B. consumer goods because they are sold at a department of
store.
C. Capital goods because they are man-made.
D. economic good because people have to pay a price for
them.
Soln: Economic goods cannot satisfy all wants so people need to

pay a price to get it.
*C is wrong. Capital ≠ capital goods.
☆In a one-man economy, which of the following may exist?

(1) free good
(2) market price
(3) competition
(4) discrimination
Soln: -Only free good may exist.

9 satisfy all the wants of the person.
-no exchange
∴No Market price
-no other people
9 no competition / discrimination

SAMPLE
Ch. 3 Ownership of Firms
☆Limited Company
① Legal entity:
- Can sue / can be sued
- Can buy properties / sign contracts
- Owner does not have to bear legal responsibilities
② Limited liability: Liability of shareholders is limited to the
amount of investment in the company
③ Lasting continuity
④ Higher Profits tax rate
⑤ Wider source of capital: issuing shares / bonds
⑥ More complicated Set-up procedures
⑦ Separation of ownership / management
Private Public
-owners < 50 -owners: unlimited
-cannot issue shares and bonds -can issue shares and bonds to
to public public
-shares have to be transferred -shares can be transferred freely
under consent of all
shareholders
-need not disclose financial info -need to disclose financial into

SAMPLE
regularly
☆Partnership / Sole proprietorship

① Not a legal entity:
- Owners have to bear responsibilities
- Cannot sue / be sued
② Unlimited liability: Liability is not limited to the amount of
investment in the company
③ Lack of continuity
④ Lower profits tax rate
⑤ Simple set-up procedures
⑥ Financial into kept secret
no upper limit of shareholders.
↓
Sole proprietorship Partnership
-bear all risks / responsibility -collective responsibility
-more prompt decision-making -less prompt decision-making
-narrower source of capital -more sources of capital
-better relationships with -Admission / withdrawal needs
employees consent of all shareholders
-wider scope of specialization
☆Public Enterprise
*Govt. Departments / public corporations

SAMPLE
① Higher average production costs

② Easy access to into & data
→ better business decisions
③ Adequate & stable capital
④ Reliable supply of goods at lower price
→not profit - maximizing.
☆Partnership / Sole proprietorship

① Not a legal entity:
● owners have to bear responsibilities
● cannot sue / be sued
② Unlimited liability: Liability is not limited to the amount of
investment in the company
③ Lack of continuity
④ Lower profits tax rate
⑤ Simple set-up procedures
⑥ Financial into kept secret
no upper limit of shareholders.
↓
Sole proprietorship Partnership
-bear all risks / responsibility -collective responsibility
-more prompt decision-making -less prompt decision-making
-narrower source of capital -more sources of capital

SAMPLE
-better relationships with -Admission / withdrawal needs

employees consent of all shareholders
-wider scope of specialization
☆Public Enterprise
*Govt. Departments / public Advantages of public enterprise
(H-E-A-R) over govt. department:
① Adequate & Stable capital - better control of employees
② Easy access to info data - higher incentive to lower
→better business decisions product cost
③ Reliable supply of goods - more responsive to demand
④ Higher average product - profit - motive
→not profit maximizing. - more flexible operation
- more innovative
☆Bonds vs Shares
Firm’s Perspective:
Bonds Shares
Pros ① Not diluting existing ① No obligation to pay
shareholder’s power of dividend
Control ② No fixed redemption
② No risk of being taken date (no need to buy back
over shares)
Cons ① Obligated to pay fixed ① Dilute existing

SAMPLE
interest shareholder’s power of

② Fixed redemption date control
(pay face value upon ② High risk of being taken
maturity) over (shares are freely
transferable)
Investors’ Perspective:
Bonds Shares
Pros ① Lower risk: higher ① Higher potential return
priority in claiming ② Has voting rights (affect
repayment when the firm management of firm)
liquidates
② More stable return
(interest rate is fixed
regardless of loss)
Cons ① No voting rights ① Higher risk: last in
② Fixed rate of return claiming repayment when
(regardless of profit) the firm liquidates
② Less stable return
* Priority of claiming repayment upon liquidation:

1) employees
2) debenture holders
3) preference shareholders
4) ordinary shareholders

SAMPLE
Ch. 4 Production & Division of Labour
☆Productions vs Consumption
Production = turning inputs into outputs
Consumption = using goods and services to directly satisfy
human wants
☆Types of production
Type Definition Examples
①Primary extracting raw mining, fishery, farming
materials from nature
②Secondary turning raw construction, garment,
materials, in semi - manufacturing
finished / finished
products
③Tertiary providing service transportation, banking,
education

SAMPLE
*A firm can engage in more than one production stage

e.g. Bakery
① Secondary: flour → bread
(raw materials à finished product)
② Tertiary: wholesaling service
☆Producer goods vs Consumer goods

Producer Consumer
- used in production process - used for consumption
e.g. TV at karaoke - directly satisfy wants
e.g. TV at home
☆Private goods vs Public goods

Private: Public:
① Not concurrent (rival) ① Concurrent (non-rival)
→one’s consumption will →one’s consumption will not
reduce its availability to others reduces it availability to others
② Excludable ② Non-excludable
→can exclude people from →cannot exclude people from
using it using it
e.g. economics book e.g. economic theory
an apple lighthouse
a place to view the moon a moon

SAMPLE
* public goods = too costly to charge

∴ easy to free-ride
*The way to derive the market demand curve is horizontal
summation, while that for public good is not.
☆Types of Division of labour

Type Definition Example
① Simple -specializes in producing a teachers &
particular good doctors
-do not depend on each other
② Complex -specialize in a particular cook & waiter
production stage
-interdependent
③ Regional -a region specializes in HK = finance
producing a particular good Thailand = rice
☆Advantages of division of labour

S-M-S-P-R
① Saves tire in training
② Stimulate Mechanization
③ Saves time in moving around tasks
④ Practice makes perfect

SAMPLE
⑤ Right people do the right task

⑥ Efficient use of capital goods (each worker = one set of
capital goods)
⑦ Living standard↑
(output level↑= ↑goods for consumption)
☆Disadvantages of division of labour

M-O-G-E-L
① Monotony
② Over-interdependence
(one stage disrupts = hinders other stages)
③ Greater risk of unemployment
(only specializes in one skill)
④ Excessive standardization
⑤ Loss of craftmanship
☆Limitations of division of labour

① Nature of product
e.g. painting / poetry
→requires creativity
② Size of market
→small amount of output
→small no. of workers

SAMPLE
→X large Scale of division of labour
Ch. 5 Factors of Production
☆Summary
Factor Definition Return
Capital Man-made resources in production Interest
Land Natural resources in production Rent
Labour Human effort used in production Wage
Entrepreneurship Human effort provided by owner Profits
of the firm, including risk bearing
+ decision-making
☆Capital
* Man-made resources in production
* Return = interest
* Change in capital stock

= Capital formation (production / purchase of capital) - Capital
depreciation (reduction of value due to capital consumption /
obsolescence)
Remarks for Capital Formation:

- It cannot be negative

SAMPLE
- It is an investment (sacrificing capital consumption for

more future consumption)
* Net increase in capital stock = capital accumulation (can be

negative)
→ production capacity
→ output level↑
(gives up present consumption for future consumption)
☆Land
* Natural resources in production
* Return = rent
- Emergence of land: no choice à No opportunity cost
(BUT use of land might have opportunity cost!)
Capital Land
man-made resource natural resources
human effort applied no human effort applied
can be artificially increase can increase but cannot be
artificially increased
can be relocated by human cannot be relocated by human
effort effort
production involves cost emergence involves no cost
☆Labour

SAMPLE
* Human effort used in production

* Return = wage
* Labour supply
- (number of worker) × average working hours) × [man-hour]
(unit!!!)
* Factors affecting labour supply

①Size of labour force
-population size
-legal working age
-age and sex distribution
-years of schooling
②Average working hours

-no. of public holidays
-max. legal working hours
*Labour Productivity
= (output) ÷ (man-hour) [output per man-hour]
①Education and training
②Working conditions
③Incentive to work
(e g. bonuses, job prospect)

SAMPLE
④Capital good per worker

⑤Management
(division of labour)
⑥Health of workers
*Wage payment menthod
Producti Cost of Quality Cost of Cost of
vity Supervis quality wage
ion control calculati
(to on
employe
rs)
Time ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ ↓
rate
Piece ↑ ↓ ↓ ↑ ↑
rate
Basic ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑
salary (commis
plus sion
commiss already
ion reflects
(Maintai quality)
ns a
stable
team of
staff.)

SAMPLE
profit- ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑
sharing
(employ
er shares
risk with
employe
e.)
tips ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↓
Risk of income Reward to better

fluctuation work
Time-rate ↓ ×
Piece-rate ↑ √
Basic salary plus depends √
commission
profit sharing ↑ √
tips ↑ √
Payment Method Suitable when

Time rate - Contribution too costly to measure
- High quality is required
Piece rate - Contribution easily measured
- Product quality easy to control
Basic salary plus - Output easily measured but not
commission standardized

SAMPLE
Profit-sharing - Decisive to firm’s profits
*Factor mobility
①Occupational mobility (The ease with which a factor moves
from one occupation to another.)
-monetary / non-monetary rewards
-skill and education requirements
(requirement↑= harder to enter industry)
-trade union restriction
-availability of retraining programmes
-market information
②Geographical mobility
-transportation network & cost
-economic / political / social condition
-immigration / emigration policies
-market information
☆Entrepreneurship
* Human effort provided by owner of the firm, including risk
bearing + decision-making
* Return = profits
- Labour = stable wage / known in advance

- Entrepreneurship = fluctuating (can be negative)

SAMPLE
* Basic salary + commission is better than commission only

→ maintain a team of staff more easily

SAMPLE
☆Question Remarks for Ch. 5

Which of the followings are correct?
(1) The supply of both capital and land can be reduced by
human effort.
(2) There is no cost in producing and using land for production.
(3) Both capital and land can increase the wealth of a society.
(4) Capital formation can be negative.
Soln: (1) and (3) are correct.

(1): Correct. The supply of both capital and land can be reduced
by human effort. For example, the killing of whale and the
demolition of old buildings of humans.
(2): Incorrect. A piece of land has alternative way to be used.
The use of land in one way implies giving up of its use in
another way.
(3): Correct. As factors of production, both capital and land
increase output and help humans accumulate wealth.
(4): Incorrect. Both capital formation and capital consumption
can be either positive or zero. They cannot be negative. Only
capital accumulation can be negative.

SAMPLE
☆Question Remarks – Demand & Supply

☆Point out the difference between ‘quantity demanded’ and
‘quantity bought’.
Soln: ‘Quantity demanded’ is the amount that a consumer is

willing and able to buy. It only shows the consumer’s plan and
does not imply what will be actually bought.
‘Quantity bought’ is the actual amount consumers buy at the
ongoing price. It is determined only after the act of purchase.
☆When the tax on commodity X is doubled, its tax revenue is

also doubled. This indicates that
A. The demand for X is perfectly elastic.
B. The demand for X is unitarily elastic.
C. The supply of X is perfectly elastic.
D. The supply of X is perfectly inelastic.
Soln:
When the supply is perfectly inelastic, the supply curve will not
shift upwards. When per-unit tax doubles, tax revenue doubles.

SAMPLE
☆People tend to consume less live poultry but more canned

food. As a result, the price of the canned food changed by 50%
and its quantity transacted rose from 1000 cans to 1350 cans per
month we can conclude it had
A. an elastic demand
B. An inelastic demand
C. An elastic supply
D. An inelastic supply
Soln: Demand increases.

∴Must be movement along supply curve.
∴A and B are wrong.
Elasticity of supply
∴The answer is D.
☆ Price Qd Qs
$6 60 40
$9 55 45
$12 50 50
$15 45 55
$18 40 60

SAMPLE
(a) If the govt. fixes the production quota at 45 units, the market
price will be
A. $9
B. $12
C. $15
D. $18
(b) If the govt. uses a unit tax instead to fix the output at 45
units, the unit tax imposed will be
A. $3
B. $6
C. $9
D. $12
Soln: (a)
The answer is C.
(b) To make the seller only receive $9 when the price is at $15
(so that the output is 45), an unit tax of $6 should be imposed.
∴The answer is B.

SAMPLE
☆ Price $20 $25 $30 $35 $40
Qd 120 100 80 75 60
Qs 80 80 80 80 80
If the govt. impose a tax of $5, the new equilibrium price
inclusive of tax will be
A. $25
B. $30
C. $35
D. $40
Soln: The supply is perfectly inelastic.

∴Supply curve won’t shift.
∴Equilibrium price remains at $30.
∴The answer is B.
☆The housing authority has offered to sell rental flats in public

housing to the public tenants. However, not many tenants have
expressed a desire to buy the flats they are living in. Which of
the following would make the tenants more willing to buy them?
A. increasing the supply of flats in the private sector.
B. increasing the rents of public housing units.
C. increasing the interest rate on home mortgage loan.
D. increasing the quantity of Home Ownership Scheme flats
allocated to tenants.

SAMPLE
Soln: Renting and buying the flats are substitutes.

When price of rent↑, Qd for rent↓, D of buy↑
∴The answer is B.
☆Suppose there is a technological advancement in the

production of a normal good. In which of the following
situations may the market price of the good remain unchanged?
A. The income of consumers decreases.
B. The government raises the unit sales tax on the good.
C. The demand for the good is perfectly inelastic.
D. The supply of the good is perfectly inelastic.
Soln: Supply increases due to technological advancement.
☆Producer A goes bankrupt and closes down at the beginning of

the year. The price of ball pens of producer B increases from $6
to $8 while the quantity transacted increases by 50%. We can
conclude
A. the price elasticity of demand is greater than 1.
B. the price elasticity of demand is smaller than 1
C. the price elasticity of supply is greater than 1
D. the price elasticity of supply is smaller than 1
Soln: P↑, Q↑ Þdemand increases.

Þmovement along supply curve.

SAMPLE
elasticity=
∴The answer is C.
☆The imposition of a per-unit sales tax on a good will reduce its

equilibrium quantity if
A. the demand is inelastic.
B. the demand is elastic.
C. the demand is unitarily elastic.
D. All of the above is correct.
Soln: The upward shift of the supply curve will reduce the
equilibrium quantity unless there is a perfectly inelastic demand.
∴The answer is D.
A. B. C.
☆HK’s recent economic recession has caused a decline in

people’s income. In view of this, the government decided to
lower the effective minimum wage level of Filipino maids. As a
result of these two changes,
(1) the demand for Filipino maids showed decrease.
(2) the quantity supplied of Filipinos maids should decrease.

SAMPLE
(3) the excess supply of Filipino maids should decrease.

(4) the total expenditure on the employment of Filipino maids
should drop.
Soln: (1) is correct. Income↓ so D↓.

(2) is correct. P↓ So Qs↓.
(3) is incorrect. It depends on the extent of decrease in demand.
(4) is incorrect because TE may ↑/↓/ remains unchanged,

depending on the extent of decrease in demand & decrease in
minimum wage.
☆ If price decreases
from $3 to P, the total
revenue will be
A. equal to $30
B. greater than $30
C. smaller than $30
Soln: it is a movement along lower part of the demand curve, the

demand is inelastic

SAMPLE
∴%decrease in price > % increase in quantity

∴TR↓
∴The answer is C.
☆Suppose the government provides a subsidy to vegetable

suppliers in order to encourage the consumption of vegetables.
In which of the following situations will the subsidy have no
effect on the quantity transacted?
(1) The price elasticity of demand is equal to zero.
(2) The price elasticity of demand is equal to infinity.
(3) The price elasticity of supply is equal to zero.
(4) The price elasticity of supply is equal to infinity.
Soln: elasticity = 0, perfectly inelastic supply/ demand

∴The answer is (1) and (3) only.
☆ Price ($) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Qs 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9
Qd 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Suppose a per-unit fax of $4 is imposed on the supply of Good
X. The total social surplus is maximized without the tax. After
the tax, the deadweight loss is
A. $2
B. $4
C. $6

SAMPLE
D. $8
Soln: -before the tax, price is $4 and quantity is 12

-after the tax, price is $6 and quantity is 10
∴The 11th and 12th output are not produced after the tax.
① For the 12th unit, MB=$4, MC=$4
9 loss in TSS=$0
For the 11th unit, MB=$5, MC=$3
9 loss in TSS=$2
∴The answer is A.
② -Before the tax, marginal costs of 11th and 12th units are $3
and $4 respectively. Total cost = $7.
-Total benefit=MB of 11th & 12th units
=$5+$4
=$9
∴Loss in TSS=$9–$7=$2#
☆ The original market price is at $6 per unit. Suppose the

government imposes an effective price floor at $9 per unit. How
does the consumer surplus change?
Unit price ($) Quantity demanded (unit)
12 0
9 1
6 2

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© 2019 M.T.

Education (Hong Kong) Company Limited All Rights Reserved

2019 3 1 BACK TO CONTENT

Ch. 18 Determination of Output and Prices............................ 133

2019 3 2 BACK TO CONTENT

Ch.1 Basic Economic Concepts

competition opportunity cost

2019 3 3 BACK TO CONTENT

- To lenders: compensation for deferred consumption

* Free-of-charge goods ≠ free goods

• Free goods = Free of charge (MUST)

☆Specialization & Exchange

2019 3 4 BACK TO CONTENT

= increase output of an economy

☆Circular Flow Model

☆Positive vs normative statements

2019 3 5 BACK TO CONTENT

☆ Ch.1 Questions Remarks

(a) Explain how an increase in traffic congestion in the Cross

Soln: (a) -Opportunity cost increases.

2019 3 6 BACK TO CONTENT

David wants to spend $8 to buy a pack of sandwiches or a

Soln: - The opportunity cost of buying sandwiches is noodles.

☆The existence of scarcity implies that

Soln: When there is scarcity, there are not enough resources to

☆May invites Mary to have high tea together in the afternoon.

2019 3 7 BACK TO CONTENT

B. Mary has nothing more worthwhile to do in the afternoon.

Soln: A is incorrect. Mary still has time cost.

☆Good X is a ‘free good’ when

Soln: A free good is a good whose quantity is sufficient to

☆A department store reduced the price of its television sets but

2019 3 8 BACK TO CONTENT

A. free goods because the quantity supplied is greater than the

Soln: Economic goods cannot satisfy all wants so people need to

☆In a one-man economy, which of the following may exist?

Soln: -Only free good may exist.

2019 3 9 BACK TO CONTENT

Ch. 3 Ownership of Firms

2019 3 12 BACK TO CONTENT

☆Partnership / Sole proprietorship

2019 3 13 BACK TO CONTENT

① Higher average production costs

☆Partnership / Sole proprietorship

2019 3 14 BACK TO CONTENT

-better relationships with -Admission / withdrawal needs

2019 3 15 BACK TO CONTENT

interest shareholder’s power of

* Priority of claiming repayment upon liquidation:

2019 3 16 BACK TO CONTENT

Ch. 4 Production & Division of Labour

2019 3 18 BACK TO CONTENT

*A firm can engage in more than one production stage

☆Producer goods vs Consumer goods

☆Private goods vs Public goods

2019 3 19 BACK TO CONTENT

* public goods = too costly to charge

☆Types of Division of labour