9-69

9-94 A simple Brayton cycle with air as the working fluid operates between the specified temperature and pressure limits.
The effects of non-isentropic compressor and turbine on the back-work ratio is to be compared.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 3 Kinetic and potential
energy changes are negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp = 1.005 kJ/kg·K and k = 1.4 (Table A-2a).
Analysis For the compression process,
( k −1) / k T
⎛P ⎞
T2 s = T1 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = (288 K)(12) 0.4/1.4 = 585.8 K 3
873 K
⎝ P1 ⎠ qin

c p (T2 s − T1 ) 2s 2
h −h T −T
η C = 2s 1 = ⎯
⎯→ T2 = T1 + 2 s 1
h2 − h1 c p (T2 − T1 ) ηC 4
585.8 − 288
288 K
1 qout 4s
= 288 + = 618.9 K
0.90 s
For the expansion process,
( k −1) / k
⎛P ⎞
0.4/1.4
⎛1⎞
T4 s = T3 ⎜⎜ 4 ⎟
⎟ = (873 K)⎜ ⎟ = 429.2 K
⎝ P3 ⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎠

h3 − h 4 c p (T3 − T4 )
ηT = = ⎯→ T4 = T3 − η T (T3 − T4 s )
⎯
h3 − h4 s c p (T3 − T4 s )
= 873 − (0.90)(873 − 429.2)
= 473.6 K

The isentropic and actual work of compressor and turbine are

WComp,s = c p (T2 s − T1 ) = (1.005 kJ/kg ⋅ K )(585.8 − 288)K = 299.3 kJ/kg

WComp = c p (T2 − T1 ) = (1.005 kJ/kg ⋅ K )(618.9 − 288)K = 332.6 kJ/kg

WTurb,s = c p (T3 − T4 s ) = (1.005 kJ/kg ⋅ K )(873 − 429.2)K = 446.0 kJ/kg

WTurb = c p (T3 − T4 ) = (1.005 kJ/kg ⋅ K )(873 − 473.6)K = 401.4 kJ/kg

The back work ratio for 90% efficient compressor and isentropic turbine case is
WComp 332.6 kJ/kg
rbw = = = 0.7457
WTurb, s 446.0 kJ/kg

The back work ratio for 90% efficient turbine and isentropic compressor case is
WComp,s 299.3 kJ/kg
rbw = = = 0.7456
WTurb 401.4 kJ/kg

The two results are almost identical.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
 9-75
9-100 A gas-turbine plant operates on the simple Brayton cycle. The net power output, the back work ratio, and the thermal
efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 3 Air is
an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kJ/kg·K (Table A-1).
Analysis (a) For this problem, we use the properties from EES software.
Remember that for an ideal gas, enthalpy is a function of temperature
only whereas entropy is functions of both temperature and pressure. Combustion
chamber
Process 1-2: Compression
3
T1 = 40°C ⎯
⎯→ h1 = 313.6 kJ/kg 2
2 MPa
T1 = 40°C ⎫
⎬s1 = 5.749 kJ/kg ⋅ K
P1 = 100 kPa ⎭ Compress. Turbine

P2 = 2000 kPa ⎫
⎬h2 s = 736.7 kJ/kg 100 kPa 650°C 4
s 2 = s1 = 5.749 kJ/kg.K ⎭ 1
40°C
h2 s − h1 736.7 − 313.6
ηC = ⎯
⎯→ 0.85 = ⎯
⎯→ h2 = 811.4 kJ/kg
h2 − h1 h2 − 313.6
Process 3-4: Expansion
T4 = 650°C ⎯
⎯→ h4 = 959.2 kJ/kg
h3 − h4 h − 959.2
ηT = ⎯
⎯→ 0.88 = 3
h3 − h4 s h3 − h4 s
We cannot find the enthalpy at state 3 directly. However, using the following lines in EES together with the isentropic
efficiency relation, we find h3 = 1873 kJ/kg, T3 = 1421ºC, s3 = 6.736 kJ/kg.K. The solution by hand would require a trial-
error approach.
h_3=enthalpy(Air, T=T_3)
s_3=entropy(Air, T=T_3, P=P_2)
h_4s=enthalpy(Air, P=P_1, s=s_3)
The mass flow rate is determined from
P1V&1 (100 kPa)(700/60 m 3 / s)
m& = = = 12.99 kg/s
RT1 ( )
0.287 kPa ⋅ m 3 /kg ⋅ K (40 + 273 K )
The net power output is
W& C,in = m& (h2 − h1 ) = (12.99 kg/s)(811.4 − 313.6)kJ/kg = 6464 kW

W& T,out = m& (h3 − h4 ) = (12.99 kg/s)(1873 − 959.2)kJ/kg = 11,868 kW

W& net = W& T,out − W& C,in = 11,868 − 6464 = 5404 kW

(b) The back work ratio is
W& C,in 6464 kW
rbw = = = 0.545
&
WT,out 11,868 kW
(c) The rate of heat input and the thermal efficiency are
Q& in = m& (h3 − h2 ) = (12.99 kg/s)(1873 − 811.4)kJ/kg = 13,788 kW
W& net 5404 kW
η th = = = 0.392 = 39.2%
Q& in 13,788 kW

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
 9-80

9-109 A Brayton cycle with regeneration produces 150 kW power. The rates of heat addition and rejection are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 The air standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats at room
temperature. 3 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K and k = 1.4 (Table A-2a).
Analysis According to the isentropic process expressions for an ideal gas,

T2 = T1 r p( k −1) / k = ( 293 K)(8) 0.4/1.4 = 530.8 K

( k −1) / k T
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛1⎞
0.4/1.4
T5 = T4 ⎜ ⎟ = (1073 K)⎜ ⎟ = 592.3 K 4
⎜ rp ⎟ ⎝8⎠ 1073 K qin
⎝ ⎠
When the first law is applied to the heat exchanger, the result is 3
5
2
6
T3 − T2 = T5 − T6
293 K 1 qout
while the regenerator temperature specification gives
s
T3 = T5 − 10 = 592.3 − 10 = 582.3 K

The simultaneous solution of these two results gives

T6 = T5 − (T3 − T2 ) = 592.3 − (582.3 − 530.8) = 540.8 K

Application of the first law to the turbine and compressor gives

wnet = c p (T4 − T5 ) − c p (T2 − T1 )
= (1.005 kJ/kg ⋅ K )(1073 − 592.3) K − (1.005 kJ/kg ⋅ K )(530.8 − 293) K
= 244.1 kJ/kg

Then,

W& net 150 kW

m& = = = 0.6145 kg/s
wnet 244.1 kJ/kg

Applying the first law to the combustion chamber produces

Q& in = m& c p (T4 − T3 ) = (0.6145 kg/s) (1.005 kJ/kg ⋅ K )(1073 − 582.3) K = 303.0 kW

Similarly,

Q& out = m& c p (T6 − T1 ) = (0.6145 kg/s) (1.005 kJ/kg ⋅ K )(540.8 − 293) K = 153.0 kW

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.