Element Continuous Flanged Beam Design (Equal Span)

By MOHD SAMSUDIN ABDUL HAMID

Clause Design Justification

Given; Diameter bar = 12 mm Diameter link = 8 mm

Concrete Grade = C30
Steel Grade = S500
Fire resistance = 1.5 hours
Variable action = 2.5 kN/m2
Finishes = 0.25 kN/m2
Exposure condition = XC1
Slab thickness = 110 mm
Structural Class = S4
Brickwall = 2.6 kN/m2 @ 3m height

1) Preliminary size of beam

Table 5.6
i) Due to fire resistance = 1.5 hours
bmin = 150 mm
Table 7.4N
ii) Due to span over depth ratio
- End-span
(L/d) = 26 ; d = (7500/26) = 288 mm

- Mid span
(L/d) = 30 ; d = (7500/30) = 250 mm

Therefore,
Overall depth, h = 288 + 35 + 8 + (12/2) = 337 mm :- 500 mm
Width, bw = 0.4h = 0.4(500) = 200 mm
Beam size = 200 mm x 500 mm

2) Nominal cover
Cnom = Cmin + C∆dev

i) Due to fire resistance

Cmin = αsd – ølink – (øbar/2)
= (α + 10) - ølink – (øbar/2)
 = (30 + 10) - 8 – (12/2)
= 26 mm

ii) Due to bond requirements

Cmin,b = øbar = 12 mm

iii) Due to exposure condition

Cmin,dur = 10 mm

:- Cnom = 26 + 10 = 36 mm ≈ 40 mm

1) Design action

7.5 m @ span

Action from Slab

Action from Slab

Action on Beam

7.5m 7.5m 7.5m 7.5m 7.5m 7.5m 7.5m 7.5m

i) Load on slab

Permanent action = 25 x 0.110 = 2.75 kN/m2

Finishes = 0.25 kN/m2
Total permanent action, Gk = 3.00 kN/m2

Design action, N = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk = 1.35(3) + 1.5(2.5)

= 7.8 kN/m2

Load transfer from slab to beam, W = nlx/3 = (7.8)(7.5)/3 = 19.5 kN/m

Note: all the load transfer values is assume same in this plan due to same floor
function and load acting on top of the slab.

ii) Load on beam

Permanent action = 25 x 0.20 x 0.50 = 2.75 kN/m
Brickwall = 2.6 x 3 = 7.80 kN/m
Total permanent action, Gk = 10.55 kN/m
 Design action, N = 1.35Gk = 1.35(10.55)
= 14.24 kN/m

53.24 kN/m

- Beam can consider as equal span if the different between shortest and longest
span is not more than 15%.

Shear Force Diagram and Bending Moment Diagram

0.6F 0.6F
0.55F 0.55F 0.55F 0.55F 0.55F
0.45F

0 kN

0.45F
0.55F 0.55F 0.55F 0.55F 0.55F
0.6F 0.6F

0.11FL 0.11FL
0.08FL 0.08FL 0.08FL 0.08FL 0.08FL

kNm
0

0.07FL 0.07FL 0.07FL 0.07FL 0.07FL 0.07FL

0.09FL 0.09FL

F = WL ; W = 53.24 kN/m and L = 7.5m (length of maximum span)

Shear Force

0.45F = 0.45(53.24)(7.5) = 179.69 kN

0.60F = 0.60(53.24)(7.5) = 239.58 kN
0.55F = 0.55(53.24)(7.5) = 219.62 kN

Bending Moment

0.09FL = 0.09(53.24)(7.5)(7.5) = 269.53 kNm

0.11FL = 0.11(53.24)(7.5)(7.5) = 329.42 kNm
0.07FL = 0.07(53.24)(7.5)(7.5) = 209.63 kNm
0.08FL = 0.08(53.24)(7.5)(7.5) = 239.58 kNm
2) Effective width of flange

End-span
beff

beff,1 beff,2

b1 b1 bw b2 b2

beff = bw + beff,1 + beff,2 < b

beff,i = (0.2bi + 0.1l0) ≤ 0.2l0

l0 = 0.85L = 0.85 (7500) = 6375 mm

b1 = b2 = (L - bw)/2 = (7500 – 200)/2 = 3650 mm

beff,1 = (0.2(3650) + 0.1(6375)) ≤ 0.2(6375)

1367.5 ≥ 1275
:- beff,1 = beff,2 = 1275 mm

beff = (200 + 1275 + 1275) < (3650 + 3650 + 200)

2750 < 7500
:- beff = 2750 mm

Mid-span

beff = bw + beff,1 + beff,2 < b

beff,i = (0.2bi + 0.1l0) ≤ 0.2l0

l0 = 0.70L = 0.70 (7500) = 5250 mm

b1 = b2 = (L - bw)/2 = (7500 – 200)/2 = 3650 mm

beff,1 = (0.2(3650) + 0.1(5250)) ≤ 0.2(5250)

1255 ≥ 1050
:- beff,1 = beff,2 = 1050 mm

beff = (200 + 1050 + 1050) < (3650 + 3650 + 200)

2300 < 7500
:- beff = 2300 mm

3) Design main reinforcement

Effective depth, d = h – Cnom – Ølink – Øbar/2

= 500 – 40 – 8 – (12/2)
= 446 mm

End-span
ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑓 = 0.567 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓 ℎ𝑓 (𝑑 − )
2
110
𝑀𝑓 = 0.567(30)(2750)(110)(446 − )
2
= 2012 kNm

𝑀 < 𝑀𝑓 :- Neutral axis lies in flange, design as a rectangular section.

Mid-span
ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑓 = 0.567 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓 ℎ𝑓 (𝑑 − )
2
110
𝑀𝑓 = 0.567(30)(2300)(110)(446 − )
2
= 1683 kNm

𝑀 < 𝑀𝑓 :- Neutral axis lies in flange, design as a rectangular section.

Asmin = 0.26fctmbd/fyk > 0.0013bd

= 151 mm2 < 130 mm2
= 151 mm2

Asmax = 0.04Ac = 0.04(b)(h)

= 0.04 (200) (500)
= 4000 mm2

Near Middle of End Span (M=0.09FL)

M = 269.53 kNm

𝑀
𝐾=
𝑏𝑓𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘
269.53𝑥106
𝐾=
(2750)(446)2 (30)
𝐾 = 0.016 < 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙
:- compression reinforcement is not required (singly reinforced)

𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √0.25 − } ≤ 0.95𝑑
1.134

0.016
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √0.25 − } ≤ 0.95𝑑
1.134
𝑧 = 0.99𝑑 ≥ 0.95𝑑
:- used Z = 0.95d

𝑀
𝐴𝑠 =
0.87 𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧
269.53𝑥106
𝐴𝑠 =
0.87 (500)(0.95)(446)
𝐴𝑠 = 1462𝑚𝑚2

:- provide 2H32 (1610 mm2)

:- Asmin (151 mm2) < Asprov (1610 mm2) < Asmax (4000 mm2) - Ok!

Middle of Interior Span (M=0.07FL)

M = 209.63 kNm

𝑀
𝐾=
𝑏𝑓𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘
209.63𝑥106
𝐾=
(2300)(446)2 (30)
𝐾 = 0.015 < 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙
:- compression reinforcement is not required (singly reinforced)
𝑧 = 0.99𝑑 ≥ 0.95𝑑
:- used Z = 0.95d

𝐴𝑠 = 1137𝑚𝑚2

:- provide 4H20 (1260 mm2)

:- Asmin (151 mm2) < Asprov (1260 mm2) < Asmax (4000 mm2) - Ok!

First Interior Support (M=0.11FL)

M = 329.42 kNm

𝑀
𝐾=
𝑏𝑤𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘
329.40𝑥106
𝐾=
(200)(446)2 (30)
𝐾 = 0.276 > 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙
:- compression reinforcement is required (doubly reinforced)

𝑧 = 0.58𝑑 ≤ 0.95𝑑
:- used Z = 0.58d

d’/x ≤ 0.38 = (h – d /((d-z)/0.4) = (500 - 446)/ ((446 – (0.58x446)/0.4))

= 0.12 < 0.38

(𝐾− 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 )𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2

𝐴𝑠 ′ =
0.87 𝑓𝑦𝑘 (𝑑−𝑑 ′ )
(0.276 − 0.167)(30)(200)(446)2
𝐴𝑠 ′ =
0.87(500)(446 − 54)
𝐴′𝑠 = 763 𝑚𝑚2
:- provide 4H16 (804 mm2)

𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
𝐴𝑠 = + 𝐴′𝑠
0.87 𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧𝑏𝑎𝑙
(0.167)(30)(200)(446)2
𝐴𝑠 = + (763)
0.87 (500)(0.95)(446)
𝐴𝑠 = 1844 𝑚𝑚2
:- provide 4H25 (1960 mm2)

:- Asmin (151 mm2) < Asprov (196 mm2) < Asmax (4000 mm2) - Ok!

Interior Support (M=0.08FL)

M = 239.58 kNm

𝐾 = 0.201 < 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙

:- compression reinforcement is required (doubley reinforced)

𝑧 = 0.77𝑑 ≤ 0.95𝑑
:- used Z = 0.77d

d’/d = 0.121 < 0.171

(𝐾− 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 )𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2

𝐴𝑠 ′ =
0.87 𝑓𝑦𝑘 (𝑑−𝑑 ′ )
(0.201 − 0.167)(30)(200)(446)2
𝐴𝑠 ′ =
0.87(500)(446 − 54)
𝐴′𝑠 = 238 𝑚𝑚2
:- provide 2H16 (402 mm2)
 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
𝐴𝑠 = + 𝐴′𝑠
0.87 𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧𝑏𝑎𝑙
(0.167)(30)(200)(446)2
𝐴𝑠 = + (238)
0.87 (500)(0.95)(446)
𝐴𝑠 = 1319 𝑚𝑚2
:- provide 3H25 (1470 mm2)

:- Asmin (151 mm2) < Asprov (1470 mm2) < Asmax (4000 mm2) - Ok!

4) Design shear reinforcement

VEd = Vmax = 239.58 kN (First interior support)

Reflect to maximum moment of mid-span (near middle of end span)

1
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.12𝑘(100𝜌𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
1
200 𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 3
= 0.12(1 + √( )) (100( )(25)) 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑑 𝑏𝑤𝑑
1
3
200 1610
= 0.12(1 + √( )) (100 ( ) (30)) (200)(446)
446 (200)(446)
= 67.61 kN

3 1
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = [0.035𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2 ] 𝑏𝑤 𝑑}
3 1
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = [0.035(1.67)2 (30)2 ] (200)(446)}
= 36.90 kN

VEd > 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐

:- shear reinforcement is required.

𝑓𝑐𝑘
0.36 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (1 − )𝑓
250 𝑐𝑘
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.0 ≤ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 ≤ 2.5 (22° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 45°)
(𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃)

30
0.36 (200)(446) (1 − ) 30
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 250
(𝑐𝑜𝑡 22 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 22)

𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 294.45 𝑘𝑁

𝑉𝑒𝑑 < 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∶ −𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘

𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝐸𝑑
=
𝑠 0.78𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑑 cot 𝜃
𝐴𝑠𝑤 239.58 𝑥 103
=
𝑠 0.78(500)(446) cot 22
𝐴𝑠𝑤
= 0.556
𝑠
:- provide H8 – 175 c/c (0.575)
5) Deflection check

ρ = Asreq/bwd = 1610 / (200 x 446) = 0.018 ρ’ = 0

ρ₀ = √fck x10-3 = √30 x10-3 = 0.0055

:- ρ₀ < ρ - Equation 7.16(b)

𝑙 𝜌0 1 𝜌′
( ) = 𝐾 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∙ + √𝑓 ∙ √ ]
𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝜌 − 𝜌′ 12 𝑐𝑘 𝜌
𝑙 0.0055
( ) = 1.3 [11 + 1.5√30 ∙ + 0]
𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 0.018 − 0
= 17.56

𝑙 𝑙
( ) = ( ) 𝑥 𝑀𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑥 𝑀𝐹𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑀𝐹𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐
𝑙 1610 7
( ) = 17.56 𝑥 ( ) 𝑥 ( ) 𝑥 0.8
𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑙 1462 7.5
= 14.44

𝑙 𝐿
( ) =( )
𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑
𝑙 7500
( ) =( )
𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 446
= 16.81

𝑙 𝑙
:- ( ) > ( ) - Deflection check fail!
𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑙

Solution:
i) Increase the beam depth (h).
ii) Reduce the beam span (L) by adding column in between the beam.
:- redesign the beam after changing the beam configuration and dimension
from beginning.

6) Cracking Check

fs = __fyk (Gk + 0.3Qk)__

1.15(1.35Gk + 1.5Qk)
= 500 (18.05 + 0.3(6.25))__
1.15(1.35(18.05) + 1.5(6.25))
= 257 N/mm2

Exposure class = XC1 :- Wk = 0.4mm

By interpolation:
2H32

Sall = 229 mm S1

Sact = (b – 2Cnom - 2ølink - 2øbar)/1

= [200 – 2(40) – 2(8) – 2(32)] /1
= 40 mm

Smin(25 mm) < Sact(40 mm) < Sall(190 mm) :- Deflection check pass!
7) Detailing

2H12 1 2H12 2H12

8H-175 8H-175 8H-175

2H32 1 4H20 4H20

2H16 2

8H-175 8H-175 8H-175

3H25 2
3

8H-175 8H-175

1-1 2-2 3-3