Rekayasa Teknologi 4

Dr. Ir. Fermanto Lianto MT.

Joni Chin S.T., M.Ars.
 Wall Structures
Wall structures are of many
various types and may be organized
as exterior and interior, as load-
bearing or non load bearing, and as
pre-fabricated or built in place walls.
 Bearing Wall Structures

The bearing wall is part of the main building structures, it

supports Floor loads & Lateral forces.
Bearing wall construction is mostly used for building types that
require frequent subdivision of space, such as for residential application.
The bearing walls may either be closely spaced, say 12 to 18 ft
and directly define the rooms, or they may be spaced say 30 ft apart and
use long-span floor systems that support the partition walls subdividing
the space.
Bearing-wall building of 15 stories or more in brick, concrete
block, pre-cast large-panel concrete, or cast-in-place reinforced
concrete are common-place today; they have been build in heights up
to the 26-story range1.
1 Wolfgang, Vertical building structure hal. 450.
 Bearing Wall Structures

Some basic wall

layout systems are:
• Cross-wall system
• Long-wall system
• Combination:
- Double-cross-wall
(two-way system)
• Radial system
 Shear Wall
In a building, the vertical structural planes are tied together by
the horizontal floor planes. The lateral forces from wind or earthquake
are distributed along the floor framing, which act as deep horizontal
beams, to the vertical shear walls, which are assumed to be located
parallel to the direction of lateral loads. The shear walls, in turn, carry
the loads to the foundations and ground.

In cross-wall systems, the

shear walls are also bearing walls; In
long-wall systems, the shear walls
may not be load-bearing, similar to
the shear walls that stiffen skeleton
structures.
Combination between frame
and shear wall system
 Core structures
The linear bearing walls structure works quite well for
residential buildings, where functions are fixed and the energy
supply can be easily distributed vertically. In contrast, office and
commercial buildings require maximum flexibility in layout, calling
for large open spaces subdivided by moveable partitions. In this
case, the vertical circulation and the distribution of other services
must be gathered and contained in shafts, and then channeled
horizontally at every floor level. These vertical cores may also act
as lateral stabilizers for the building.
The core(s) should be located so as to generate a
minimum eccentricity for the lateral forces. A typical interior
concrete core is weakened by penetrations for door openings and
holes for service systems. When the total area of penetrations is
below about 30 % of core wall area, and the openings are small
and arranged in a staggered fashion, then the effect of the
openings upon the closed tubular behavior of the whole core may
be ignored for preliminary design purposes
 Core buildings
From a structural point of view, the core or cores may constitute
the sole vertical supporting elements in a building, or they may act
together with other structure systems that either carry only gravity loads
or share the lateral force resistance with the cores. Therefore, the designer
may want to distinguish between the following cases:
• Single core structure: the entire building is supported solely by the core
• Multiple core structure, possibly of the bridge-type: the entire building is
supported solely by cores
• Core in combination with columns and / or shear walls:
– Cores together with wall beams form mega-frames to support
secondary buildings, possibly of the skeleton type or suspension type
– Core(s) act as the stabilizing element(s) to hinged frames such as
pre-cast concrete skeletons
– Cores act together with shear walls, etc.
Core buildings
• Central core structures • The building core
Shear Wall / core - frame structure systems