Quarter 4 – Module 5

Finding the Answers to the Research Questions

(Qualitative)
 What I Know

Multiple Choice: Encircle the letter of the best answer

1. What does quantitative data refer to?
a. graphs and tables.
b. numerical data that could usefully be quantified to help you answer your
search question(s) and to meet your objectives.
c. any data you present in your report.
d. Statistical analysis
2. Which measure of central tendency is obtained using the middle score when all
scores are organized in numerical order?
a. Mean c. Mode
b. Median d. None of these
3. Which measure of central tendency is obtained by calculating the sum of values
and dividing this figure by the number of values there are in the data set?
a. Mean c. Mode
b. Median d. None of these
4. Which measure of central tendency is derived from the most common value?
a. Mean c. Mode
b. Median d. None of these
5. What method is used to compute average or central value of collected data?
a. measures of positive variation
b. measures of central tendency
c. measures of negative skewness
d. measures of negative variation
6. What does standard deviation refers to?
a. a way of measuring the extent of spread of quantifiable data.
b. inappropriate in management and business research.
c. a way of describing those phenomena that are not the norm.
d. a way of illustrating crime statistics.

For question 7 – 9, refer to the following problem

A survey was conducted to know the audience feedback on a dance presentation. It

asked this question:

“In your opinion, the dance presentation was entertaining, boring or neither?”

Respondents Entertaining Boring neither

A 1
B 1
C 1
D 1
 E 1
Total 3 1 1

7. What percentage of the respondents said that the dance presentation is

entertaining?
a.50% c. 70%
b.60% d. 20%
8. What percentage of the respondents said that the dance presentation is boring?
a.50% c. 70%
b.60% d. 20%
9. What percentage of the respondents said that the dance presentation is neither
entertaining or boring?
a.50% c. 70%
b.60% d. 20%
10. The total marks obtained by few students in mathematics exam are 100, 160,
154, 95 and 82. What is the mean?
a.117.2 c. 119.2
b.118.2 d. 120.2
11. The following are the methods use in quantitative data analysis except
a. Data Validation c. Data Coding
b. Data Editing d. Data Correction
12. What are the two commonly used tool in quantitative data analysis
a. Descriptive Statistics c. Measures of Central Tendency
b. Inferential Statistics d. both a and b

For question 13 - 14, refer to the following problem

A study conducted to determine G10 students of ABC National High School to

enroll in ABM strand based on their academic performance and NCAE result. The
following data were given.

Profile of the Participants

Age Frequency Percent
15 5 17.9
16 17 60.7
17 5 17.9
18 1 3.6
Total 28 100.0
Mean 16.07

Gender
Male 6 21.4
Female 22 78.6
 Total 28 100

13. Based on the age of the respondents, what can be inferred?

a. Most of the Grade 10 students were at their correct age level which is grade
10
b. Only 3.6% of the respondent is 18 years old
c. Most of the grade 10 students age is 16 years old
d. All of the above
14. Based on the respondent’s gender, what can be inferred?
a. Most of the Grade 10 students are female
b. Most of the Grade 10 students are male
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above
15. The following are descriptive statistics use in quantitative research except one.
a. Mean c. Feasibility Study
b. Percentage d. Mode

WHAT`S IN

What is Research

Research is a systematic process of inquiry that involves collection of data;

documentation of substantial information; analysis and interpretation of that
data/information, in accordance with the appropriate methodologies set by specific
professional fields of disciplines.

What is Quantitative Research

Quantitative research is defined as a systematic investigation of phenomena

or inquiry by gathering quantifiable data and doing the statistical, mathematical, or
computational strategies.
 WHAT`S NEW

LESSON 1: INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Interpretation of data refers to the implementation of certain procedures

through which data results from surveys is reviewed, analyze for the purpose of
achieving at valid and evident based conclusion. The interpretation of data denotes a
meaning to the information analyzed and determines its significance and implications
to the study.
The first stage of analyzing data is data preparation, where the main goal is to
transform raw data into something meaningful, significant and user friendly. It includes
the following steps:

Step 1: Data Validation

The goal of data validation is to check whether the gathered data was performed
according to the set standards. It is a four-step process, which includes
. Fraud - to ensure whether each respondents was actually interviewed.
. Screening - to check that respondents were chosen according to
the standard research criteria.
. Procedure - to make sure whether the data collection process was
followed
.Completeness - to make sure that the interviewer asked the respondent
all the necessary questions, rather than just choosing a few ones.

To do this, you as a researcher would have to choose a random sample of

completed surveys and validate the data collected rather than have the whole
population as the respondents.
For instance, suppose a survey with 900 respondents divided into 9 barangays.
The researcher can pick a sample of 50 random respondents from each barangay.
Step 2: Data Editing
Usually, many data sets include errors. For example, respondents may fill fields
incompletely or skip them. To ensure that these errors will not occur, the researcher
should conduct the initial data checking and edit the raw research data to identify and
clean out any points that may become the barrier to come up with an accurate results.
For example, an error could be fields in the data information that were left
empty by respondents. While editing and checking the data, it is important to ensure
that empty data/information will be removed or has to be filled in.
Step 3: Data Coding
This is the number one significant process in data preparation. Data coding
refers to grouping and assigning values/codes to responses from the conducted
survey.
For example, if a researcher has interviewed 1000 people and now wants to
find the average daily allowance of the respondents, the researcher will create daily
allowance brackets and categorize the daily allowance of each of the respondent as
per codes. (For example, respondents who has a daily allowance of Php10.00 - below
Php20.00 and Php20.00 – below Php3000 would have their daily allowance coded as
1, Php10.00 – below
Php20.00 as 2, Php20.00 – below Php30.00 as 2, etc.)
Then during analysis, the researcher can come up with simplified daily
allowance, rather than having many ranges of individual daily allowances.
Quantitative data interpretation comprises studying the results taken from
various questions in a survey. The results are commonly shown numerically and by
percentage in the data tables.
After doing the three steps mention above, the data is now ready for the
analysis. The two most widely used quantitative data analysis methods are descriptive
statistics and inferential statistics.

LESSON 2: QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS METHODS

Data collection comprises a major area of the research process. This data
however has to be analyzed to have it` s meaning. There are many methods of
analyzing quantitative data collected in surveys. They are:
Cross-tabulation. This is the most commonly used quantitative data analysis
methods. It is the most preferred method since it uses a basic tabular form to draw
inferences between different data-sets of dependent and independent variable. It
contains data that have some connection with each other.
Steps to conduct Quantitative Data Analysis
For quantitative data, raw data has to showed in a significant manner using
analysis methods. Quantitative data should be analyzed in order to find
evidential/factual data that would help in facilitating the research process.
Relate measurement scales with variables: Associate sacles of
measurement such as Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio with the variables –
dependent and independent variables. This step is of utmost important to arrange the
data in proper sequence/order. Data can be entered/encoded into an excel sheet to
organize it in a specific data format.
Connect descriptive statistics with data: Connect descriptive statistics to
contain available data. It can be hard to establish a pattern in the raw data. Some
commonly used descriptive statistics are:
Mean - An average of values for a specific variable
Median - A midpoint of the value scale for a variable
Mode - For a variable, the most common value
Frequency - Number of times a particular value is observed in the scale
Minimum and Maximum Values - Lowest & highest values for the scale
Percentages - Format to express scores and set of values for variables
Range: the highest and lowest value in a set of values.

Decide a measurement scale: It is important to decide the measurement scale to

conclude a descriptive statistic for the specific variable.
For example, a nominal variable score will never have a mean or median and
so the descriptive statistics will vary. Descriptive statistics will suit in a situation
where the results are not to be generalized to the whole population.

Select appropriate tables to represent data and analyze collected data:

After deciding on a suitable measurement scale, researchers can use a tabular
format to represent data. This data can be analyzed using various techniques such as
Cross-tabulation.
 WHAT IS IT

Descriptive statistics provide absolute/whole numbers. However, they do not

explain the reasoning behind those numbers. Before applying descriptive statistics,
it’s important to think about which one is the most appropriate for your research
question and what you want to present. For instance, a percentage is a good way to
present the age distribution of respondents.
It should be noted that visual presentations of data findings are insignificant
unless a sound decision is made regarding scales of measurement.
Before any data analysis can begin, the scale of measurement must be decided
for the data as this will have a long-term impact on data interpretation. The varying
scales include:
Nominal Scale: non-numeric categories that cannot be ranked or compared
quantitatively. Variables are exclusive and exhaustive.

Ordinal Scale: exclusive categories that are exclusive and exhaustive but with
a logical order. Quality ratings and agreement ratings are examples of ordinal
scales (i.e., good, very good, fair, etc., or agree, strongly agree, disagree, etc.).

Interval: a measurement scale where data is grouped into categories with

orderly and equal distances between the categories. There is always an
arbitrary zero point.

Ratio: contains features of all three.

Quantitative Data Examples

Listed below are some examples of quantitative data that can help understand
exactly what this refers to:

. I updated my laptop 2 times in a year.

. Our youngest sister grew by 5 inches last year.
. 68 people uploaded the latest mobile application.
. My nephew lost his Php500 last week.
. 100 respondents were of the opinion of their product preference. There will be
50% increase in revenue with the inclusion of a new product.
. 200 people attended the seminar.
. 35% people prefer shopping online instead of going to the mall.
. It has 12 holidays in this year.
. Product X costs Php500.

As you can see in the above examples, there is a numerical value assigned to
each are and this is known as quantitative data.

WHAT`S MORE

Descriptive statistics are most helpful when the research is limited to the sample
and does not need to be generalized to a larger population.
For example, if you are comparing the percentage of adults vaccinated in four
different barangays, then descriptive statistics is enough.
Since descriptive analysis is mostly used for analyzing single variable, it is often
called univariate analysis.
The importance of data interpretation is evident and this is why it needs to be done
correctly. Data is very likely to arrive from multiple sources and tends to enter the
analysis process with tapsy turvy ordering. Data analysis tends to be extremely
subjective. While there are several different types of processes that are implemented
based on individual data nature, the two broadest and most common categories are
“quantitative analysis” and “qualitative analysis”.

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

The significant of data interpretation is indisputable. Data analysis and

interpretation are crucial to develop sound conclusions and make better informed
decisions. As such, below is a list-summary of how to interpret data and some tips:

Collect your data and make it as readable as possible.

Choose the type of data analysis to perform: qualitative or quantitative, and

apply the methods respectively.

Qualitative analysis: observe, document and interview notice, collect and

think about things.

Quantitative analysis: research with a lot of numerical data to be analyzed

through various statistical methods such as the descriptive – mean, standard
 deviation or frequency and inferential statistics – Chi square, Pearson Product
moment correlation and the like.

Think: Ponder about your data from various point of views, and what it means
for various respondents.

Reflect: Be aware of the many danger of data analysis and interpretation

brings on. Correlation with causation, subjective ideas and bias, wrong
information and inappropriate data.

WHAT I CAN DO

Suppose a study is conducted to one of the companies in El Salvador city

Misamis Oriental to determine the factors affecting customer preferences among the
residence of one barangays of El Salvador City ages 22 to 60 years old. The following
data were given.

Table 1
Distribution of Respondents by Age

Age Frequency Percent

21 – 30 yrs. old 170 45.33
31 – 40 yrs .old 90 24.00
41 – 50 yrs. old 80 21.33
51 – 60 yrs. old 35 9.33
Total 375 100

Interpretation of Data (Table 1)

Table 2 reveals that almost 45.33 percent of the respondents are in the age
bracket of 21- 30 years old compared to only 9.3 percent in ages 51 – 61 years old
and above and 21.33 percent belonged to the 31- 40 age range.

This age profile is important as it also reflects the current age demographic for
the Filipinos according to Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). There is a much
younger age cohort of teachers entering the workforce.

There is a much younger cohort who has the capacity to purchase product and
services.
Table 2 Distribution of Respondents by Sex

Sex Frequency Percent

Male 230 61.33

Female 145 38.67

Total 375 100

Interpretation of Data (Table 2)

Table 2 shows that 61.33 percent of the respondents are female compared to
38.67 percent males. This is representative of the current gender distribution of the
population in the Philippines.
According to Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) in 2015 of the total population
in the Philippines, 50.40% are males and the rest are females.
This gender distribution is common among most countries where male becomes
more in population than female (Skelton, 2012).
STOP! Now it`s your turn to answer the following questions below

Supposes a study is conducted to one of the stores in your barangay to

determine the factors affecting customer preferences among the residences ages 22
to 60 years old. The following data were given.

Table 3
Distribution of Respondents by Age

Age Frequency Percent

21 – 30 yrs. old 38 42.22
31 – 40 yrs .old 21 23.33
41 – 50 yrs. old 18 20
51 – 60 yrs. old 13 14.44
Total 90 100

Kindly give your interpretation on the given data in table 3.

________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
 Suppose you want to determine the factors affecting customer preferences
among the residence of one of the barangays of El Salvador City ages 22 to 60 years
old. What particular data analysis method will you use?
________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

ASSESSMENT

Multiple Choice: Encircle the letter of the best answer

1. What does quantitative data refers to?

a. graphs and tables.
b. numerical data that could usefully be quantified to help you answer your
search question(s) and to meet your objectives.
c. any data you present in your report.
d. Statistical analysis
2. Which measure of central tendency is obtained using the middle score when all
scores are organized in numerical order?
a. Mean c. Mode
b. Median d. None of these
3. Which measure of central tendency is obtained by calculating the sum of values
and dividing this figure by the number of values there are in the data set?
a. Mean c. Mode
b. Median d. None of these
4. Which measure of central tendency is derived from the most common value?
a. Mean c. Mode
b. Median d. None of these
5. What method is used to compute average or central value of collected data?
a. measures of positive variation
b. measures of central tendency
c. measures of negative skewness
d. measures of negative variation
6. What does standard deviation refers to?
a. a way of measuring the extent of spread of quantifiable data.
b. inappropriate in management and business research.
c. a way of describing those phenomena that are not the norm.
d. a way of illustrating crime statistics.

For question 7 – 9, refer to the following problem

A survey was conducted to know the audience feedback on a dance
presentation. It asked this question:
“In your opinion, the dance presentation was entertaining, boring or neither?”

Respondents Entertaining Boring neither

A 1
B 1
C 1
D 1
E 1
Total 3 1 1

7. What percentage of the respondents said that the dance presentation is

entertaining?
a.50% c. 70%
b.60% d. 20%
8. What percentage of the respondents said that the dance presentation is boring?
a.50% c. 70%
b.60% d. 20%
9. What percentage of the respondents said that the dance presentation is neither
entertaining or boring?
a.50% c. 70%
b.60% d. 20%
10. The total marks obtained by few students in mathematics exam are 100, 160,
154, 95 and 82. What is the mean?
a.117.2 c. 119.2
b.118.2 d. 120.2
11. The following are the methods use in quantitative data analysis except
a. Data Validation c. Data Coding
b. Data Editing Data Coding d. Data Correction
12. What are the two commonly used tool in quantitative data analysis
a. Descriptive Statistics c. Measures of Central Tendency
b. Inferential Statistics d. both a and b

For question 13 - 14, refer to the following problem

A study conducted to determine G10 students of Molugan National High

School to enroll in ABM strand based on their academic performance and NCAE
result. The following data were given.

Profile of the Participants

Age Frequency Percent
15 5 17.9
16 17 60.7
17 5 17.9
 18 1 3.6
Total 28 100.0
Mean 16.07

Gender
Male 6 21.4
Female 22 78.6
Total 28 100

13. Based on the age of the respondents, what can be inferred?

a. Most of the Grade 10 students were at their correct age level which is
grade 10
b. Only 3.6% of the respondent is 18 years old
c. Most of the grade 10 students age is 16 years old
d. All of the above
14. Based on the respondent’s gender, what can be inferred?
a. Most of the Grade 10 students are female
b. Most of the Grade 10 students are male
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above
15. The following are descriptive statistics use in quantitative research except one.
a. Mean c. Feasibility Study
b. Percentage d. Mode
 ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES

Activity 1
Suppose you want to sell your product to of one of the school canteen of El
Salvador city thus you conducted study to one of the schools in El Salvador city
Misamis Oriental to determine the factors affecting consumer preferences of the
students ages 16 to 19 years old. The following data were given.

Table 1
Distribution of Respondents by Age

Age Frequency Percent

16 yrs. old 370 45.12

17 yrs .old 200 24.39

18 yrs. old 150 18.29

19 yrs. old 100 12.20

Total 820 100

Kindly write your interpretation, based on the data given in table 1. Remember
to write first the comparison and contrast of the data given, its implication to the study
and connect it with your review of related literature.

________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

Activity 2

The same research study given in activity 1 was conducted. The following data
were given below

Table 2 Distribution of Respondents by Sex

Sex Frequency Percent

Male 430 52.43

 Female 390 47.56

Total 820 100

Kindly write your interpretation, based on the data given in table 2. Remember
to write first the comparison and contrast of the data given, its implication to the
study and connect it with your review of related literature.

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

Activity 3

The same research study given in activity 1 was conducted. The following data
were given below:

Table 3
Distribution of Respondents by Daily Allowance
Percent

Daily Allowance Frequency

Below Php20 120 14.63

Php20 – below Php30 200 24.39

Php30 – below Php40 150 18.29

Php40 – below Php50 100 12.20

Above Php50 250 30.49

Total 820 100

 Kindly write your interpretation, based on the data given in table 3. Remember
to write first the comparison and contrast of the data given, its implication to the study
and connect it with your review of related literature.

________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

Suppose you want to determine the factors affecting customer preferences

among the residence of barangay Poblacion, El Salvador City ages 22 to 60 years
old. What particular data analysis method will you use?

________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Lesson 2

Inquiries, Investigations, and

Immersion
Finding the Answers to the Research
Questions (Qualitative)
 What I know

As an initial activity, you will be assessed on your prior knowledge about finding
the answers to the research questions. This is to find out what are the things you need
to learn more about the subject matter.
Multiple Choice: Encircle the letter of the best answer
1. Which method of data analyses used to analyze documented information in the
form of texts, media, or even physical items characteristics?
A. Content C. Narrative
B. Grounded Theory D. Thematic
2. Which statement pertains to thematic analysis of data
A. It involves looking at each case narratively
B. It is used in conjunction with other methods
C. It shows the main themes that summarizes all the views collected
D. It enables one to focus on human behavior in an indirect way by analyzing their
communication.
3. It is a conversation between two or more people (the interviewer and the
interviewee) where questions are asked by the interviewer to obtain information
from the interviewee following a structured guidelines or pointers.
A. Individual Interview C. Questionnaires
B. Observation D. Vlog
4. Which of the following best describes qualitative data analysis?
A. It is an awkward, haphazard process.
B. It begins after all data has been collected
C. It builds from abstraction to specific, concrete examples.
D. It is ongoing, cyclic process integrated into all phases of research
5. Which of the following is not included in qualitative data preparation and analysis?
A. Getting familiar with the data
B. Revisiting research objectives
C. Identifying patterns and connection
D. Describing relationship between two variables
6. It refers to using qualitative data to explain why a certain phenomenon happened
by studying a variety of similar cases in different setting and using the data to
derive causal explanations.
A. Content Analysis C. Grounded Theory
B. Discourse Analysis D. Framework Analysis.
7. It is used to analyze content from various sources, such as interviews of
respondents, observations from the field, or surveys. It focuses on using the stories
and experiences shared by people to answer the research questions
A. Content C. Narrative
B. Grounded Theory D. Thematic
8. It a step in qualitative analysis of data which simply means converting all the data
into a text format by either exporting the data into a spreadsheet or manually typing

1
 in the data or choose from any of the computers assisted qualitative data analysis
tools.
A. Arranging data C. Validating Data
B. Coding Data D. Setting a Code to the Data Collected
9. Which of the following is not included in the main stages of thematic analysis?
A. Coding the data C. Identify themes
B. Summarize data D. Develop a coding scheme
10. Which of the following does NOT describe qualitative data interpretation?
A. It must also be remembered that interpretation does not necessarily depends
on the point of view of the researcher
B. Interpretation of findings is making sense of the data collected, and an act to
identify the lessons learned from the study
C. Interpretation of qualitative findings is a process of intellectualizing beyond the
emerging themes to broader perspectives of the data
D. In interpreting results, it is helpful to group similar responses into categories
then identify usual patterns to derive meanings from what may seem unrelated
and wordy responses
11. Which of the following does NOT describe a qualitative data?
A. It uses statistical data
B. Mostly non-numerical data like texts
C. An exploratory way of finding the explanation of “how” and why of a certain
event or phenomenon
D. Collected through methods of observations, one-to-one interview, conducting
focus groups and similar methods.
12. What step should not be followed in data interpretation?
A. Think beyond the data
B. Consider the data from various perspectives
C. Disregard outlying data or data that seems to be exception
D. Make visible the assumptions and beliefs that influence your interpretation
13. These are series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering
information from respondents.
A. Questionnaires B. Blog C. Interview D. Survey

For questions 14-15 Refer to the Table of Responses of Grade 11 Open High Learners in
Bulua National High School when asked about their General Mathematics Subject.
Question Response Theme
“Medyo lisod ang uban excercises wala man gud
lain textbook kami pa mangitauglaing resources.”
“I find some exercises a little
Kumusta harder because we don’t have
man textbook”. LEARNING
“Pwed man ma research online ang mga topic pero RESOURCES
anginyong wala free internet sa school.”
“We can research online but we don’t have internet
General connectivity”
“Wala mi libro sa balay para makareview.”
“We don’t have books to review.”

2
Mathematics “Gusto ko magpatutor kang Mam pero maulaw ko STUDENTS’
mangutana sa klase.” PREFERENCES
“I want my teacher to tutor me but imashame in the TO
Subject? ACHIEVE
class”.
LEARNING
“Unta manghatag si mam ug kopya sa iyang
powerpoint.”
“We want our teacher to give us a copy of
Translation: powerpoint”
How “Naa untay online tutorial.”
do “We want online tutorial”
you
“Kay gatrabaho man ko gamay ra akng time mag SITUATIONS
review sabalay.” THAT HAMPER
find your “I have no time to review at home because im STUDENTS TO
working” ACHIEVE
General LEARNING
“Dugay nako nakaundang mao medyo lisod
Mathematics namakasabot.”
“I find it hard to understand because I stopped
Subject? schooling long time ago.”
“Kulang ra gyud ang isa ka adlaw nga
Discussion sa kadaghan sa module.”
“One day in a week is not enough to handle all the
module”.

14. Which of the following statements does NOT belong to the theme Learning
Resources?
A. “I find some exercises a little harder because we don’t have textbook”.
B. “We can research online but we don’t have internet connectivity”
C. “We don’t have books to review.”
D. “One day in a week is not enough to handle all the module.”

15. Which of the following is not among the theme of the Responses of Grade 11 Open
High Learners in Bulua National High School when asked about their General
Mathematics Subject?
A. Learning Resources
B. Students Preferences to achieve learning
C. General Mathematics
D. Situations that Hamper Students to Achieve Learning

3
 Lesson Qualitative Data
Interpretation
1 Analysis Method

Wh a t ’ s I n

A research following a qualitative approach is an exploratory way of finding

the explanation of “how” and why of a certain event or phenomenon. Qualitative data
is using mostly non-numerical data like texts, videos, and peoples written or spoken
words. We can gather data from simple interviews transcripts, documents, blogs,
observations, survey, and focused group discussion using a specific structure or
unstructured guides.

Terms to remember:

Individual interview is a conversation between two or more people (the

interviewer and the interviewee) where questions are asked by the interviewer to
obtain information from the interviewee following a structured guidelines or pointers.
As a researcher you can ask simple to complex questions which are useful for
exploring an individual’s beliefs, values, understandings, feelings, experiences and
perspective of an issue.

Questionnaires are series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of
gathering information from respondents.

In Observation, a group or single participants are manipulated by the researcher, for

example, asked to perform a specific task or action. Observations are then used made
for their user behavior, user processes, workflow, etc. either in a controlled situation
example in the laboratory or in a real world situation example in the classroom. It deals
with actual encounter with respondent particular activities of the day.

Surveys can be open or close-ended questions.

Themes are idea or categories that emerge from grouping of lower level data
points

Coding are process of attaching labels to lines of text so that the researcher
can group and compare similar or related pieces of information

Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) is the range of process and procedures

whereby we move from the qualitative day that have been collected and procedures

4
whereby we move from the qualitative data that have been collected in to some form
of explanation, understanding or
interpretation of the people and situations we are investigating

Review on Qualitative and Quantitative Data

Read the following statement and decide if it is an example of Qualitative or

Quantitative data. Write your answer on the line before each number.

____________ 1. The cake recipe requires 3 cups of flour.

____________ 2. The shelf life of the Papaya Pickle is 3 days.
____________ 3. The temperature of the oven increased by 8 0C.
____________ 4. The cloth of our table napkin feels rough.
____________ 5. The fish ball tastes sour.
____________ 6. One of the welding rod measures 9 cm long.
____________ 7. The mass of the computes is 2.5 kg.
____________ 8. Opening the wine bottle makes a loud pop sound.
____________ 9. Leonora earned 95% on her Math quiz.
____________ 10. The pastry in the canteen smells sweet.
!

Review of Qualitative Data

List 10 qualitative data that you use in your research paper or that might be used in a
research paper.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

5
 There are some common ways to analyze qualitative data. These are content
analysis, discourse analysis, grounded theory, narrative, and thematic analysis. But in
this module you will just focused on thematic analysis which will deal with how to
develop a coding theme.

Content analysis
This is one of the most common methods to analyze qualitative data. It is used
to analyze documented information in the form of texts, media, or even physical items.
When to use this method depends on the research questions. Content analysis is
usually used to analyze response from interviewees.

Discourse analysis
Like narrative analysis, discourse analysis is used to analyze interactions with
people. However, it focuses on analyzing the social context in which the
communication between the researcher and the respondent occurred. Discourse
analysis also looks at the respondent’s day-to-day environment and uses that
information during analysis.

Grounded theory
This refers to using qualitative data to explain why a certain phenomenon
happened. It does this by studying a variety of similar cases in different settings and
using the data to derive causal explanations. Researchers may alter the explanations
or create new ones as they study more cases until they arrive at an explanation that
fits all cases.

Narrative analysis
This method is used to analyze content from various sources, such as
interviews of respondents, observations from the field, or surveys. It focuses on using
the stories and experiences shared by people to answer the research questions.

Thematic Analysis
In a thematic analysis of qualitative data, the researcher looks across all the
data to identify some recurring issues. Main themes that summarize all the views
collected can be derived from these issues. The main stages of thematic analysis are
as follows:
A. Read and annotate transcript.
B. Identify themes
C. Develop a coding scheme
D. Coding the data

6
Read and annotate transcript.
In this stage, as a researcher youcan have a feel for the data because primary
observations are provided. However, an overview of the data cannot be achieved in
this early stage.

Identify themes.
In this stage, you can look at the data in details to identify themes. In each
transcript, you may note at the outset what the interviewee is trying to impart in his/her
responses. It is suggested that these themes must be enumerated and notes be made
as abstract as possible.

What i s I t

Here is an example of a transcribed result of an interview conducted in Bulua

National High School to displaced learners during the Marawi siege. They were able
to come up with varied theme depending on the questions asked. This is a result based
on one on one interview

INFORMANT 1

VERBATIM TRANSLATION THEME

I: Paano ka nakarecover sa
nangyari sa Marawi
P: Para sa akin, nakarecove
rako sa nangyari sa Marawi.
Magmula nung tumira kami dito
sa Auntie ko, mas napalapit
kami sa isa’t isa at nasanay din
ako sa pamumuhay dito.
I: May nagbago ba sa pamilya
ninyo magmula nung nangyari
yun?
I: How did you recover after
the siege?
RECOVERED
P: For me, I have recovered
from what happened in
Marawi ever since we
started to live in my auntie
because we became closer
and we started to get used
to the way of living here
I: Is there any changes in SEPARATION
your family ever since that
happened?

P: Oo, kasi nagkahiwa hiwalay P: Yes, my family got

kaming pamilya nang dahil separated because of what
doon. happened

7
 I: Na apektuhan ba ang culture
ng mga Maranao?
P: Oo, kasi unti-unti nang
nagagay ng mga maranao yung
gawain ng mga Christian tulad
ng pakikipagrelasyon at hindi
narin pagsuot ng kumbong
VERBATIM
I: Para sayo, may nagbago
ba?
P: Para sa akin hindi. Kasi
mas lumakas yung
pananampalataya ko sa
panginoon.
I: Anong natutunan mo
matapos ang nangyari?
P: Yung natutunan ko ay,
kahit nasa Christian area ka,
wag mo dapat kalimutan
ang relihiyon mo at ang mga
practice niyo sa relihiyon
I: Paano mo matutulungan
yung mga katulad mong
nakaranas ng hirap?
P: Gusto kong tulungan sila
sa pamamaraan natulungan
silang maghanap ngtrabaho
para makapagsimula ulit sa
pamumuhay nila.
What’s M ore
Using the ideas presented above, you can now start working with your
research questions by using thematic analysis. You may start with one informant only.
Using five questions. You may use this format.
I: Did it affect the cultural GETTING
practice of the Maranaos? INFLUENCED
BY
P: Yes, because the CHRISTIAN
maranaos are starting to
adopt the things that
Christians do like getting in
a relationship and not
wearing a veil
INFORMANT 1
VERBATIM VERBATIM
I: How about you, is there STRONG FAITH
any changes?
P: For me, no. Because
my faith in God became
even stronger
I: What have you learned NOT
after what happened? NEGLECTING
THE
P: I have learned that, CULTURAL
even though you’re in a PRACTICES
non-muslim area, you
shouldn’t neglect the
practive of your religion
I: How would you help OFFER THEM A JOB
those people who are also
experienced the same?
P: I want to help them find
a job so that they can
start their life over again.
8
Verbatim Translation Theme
Interviewees Question
(I)

Participants Answer
(P)

What’s More

Identifying Theme

If your research topic is using qualitative data, utilize the data you gather to
develop and identify theme. Otherwise, choose a topic relevant to your research and
conduct an interview using the interview protocol you learned in Practical Research 1.
Follow the format of transcript of informant below. You may limit your questions up to
5 or depending on the need of your research.

Develop a coding scheme.

Initial themes can be collected to develop a coding scheme. This includes the
enumerated themes and the codes applicable to the data. Each broad code have a
number of sub codes. It is recommended to use a coding scheme as soon as initial
data have been gathered.

Coding the data.

The next step is applying these codes to the whole data set. This can be done
on either the margins of the transcripts or the statements in line. In an ideal setting,
the whole set of data should be coded to ensure honest and exhaustive analysis.

There are six basic steps in coding data:

a. Get an idea of the entire set.

After reading the transcriptions carefully, write down some ideas as they arise
in the margins and transcription
b. Select one interesting document.
Choose the shortest and perhaps the most interesting transcript, reread it and
ask questions, “What is the respondent talking about?” Discern the underlying
meaning and jot down in the margins of the transcript.
c. Start the document coding process.
Divide the transcript into segments, put brackets in each of the segments, and
give specific code to each phrase or word that exactly explains or describes
the meaning of the text segment.
d. List all the code words.
After coding the whole text, look for redundant codes by grouping the similar
ones. Through this process, the list of codes can be reduced into a more

9
 manageable number. It is recommended to limit the number of codes from the
start of the process, so that it is easier to manage the reduction of code
number.
e. Review the list against the data.
Apply this preliminary organizing process to the same transcripts and find out if
the new codes appear.
f. Categorize the codes for emerging themes or descriptions of the subject or
setting.
Themes or categories are the same codes combined together to identify major
ideas in the data. Identify five to seven categories representing the most
discussed responses of the subjects. These few themes will enable the
researcher to write an in-depth information about a few themes, rather than a
broad description about many themes

Complete the table.

Think of possible preset codes/categories/themes for the given questions

Area of Focus Codes/Categories/Themes

1. What is the consumers and vendors
perception on the NO PLASTIC POLICY
in Cagayan de Oro City?

2. What is the response of chain smokers

on the No Smoking Ordinance in the
Province?

3. How do you deal with bullies?

4. How effective is the Policy on Wearing

School Uniform

5. What is the most common reason for

Students who enrolled in the Open High
School?

10
 Additional Activities

Developing a Coding Theme

Using the questions in your research data use the following steps in developing a
coding theme. Use the “How to Analyze Data and Use Codes or Categories”
steps(Taylor-Powell and Renner 2003).

1. Get to know your data.

Read your data very well and have a good grasp of the meaning that each
statement tries to convey. Open-coding, the initial coding, is the process of examining
data and finding themes that are apparent (Strauss and Corbin 1990).

2. Focus the analysis.

Your participants might be giving pieces of information that are not related or
significant to your present study. Be sure to identify and disregard them.

3. Review the purpose and go back to the research question.

Always go back to the purpose of your study and your research questions. They
will guide and help you identify what is important and they are your main guides in
analyzing your data.

4. Identify themes or patterns.

Use codes or labels, such as the one in the example given, during this process.
Basically, we use labels or highlighter to identify themes or patterns. Your thorough
understanding of your data will facilitate this process.

E. Ask team to analyze

You can ask another person (your teammates) to reanalyze the data to make
sure nothing is missed during the open-coding.

F. Organize themes into categories: preset or emergent

Once codes have been identified, you can now organize them in tabular form

7. Identify patterns within and among categories.

This is when you categorize patterns and themes that you have identified in
your data. This is the final step. You can further streamline your categories by looking
at those that you think could be combined to form just one category. Go back to your
research questions. Those themes and patterns that your have identified are the
answers to your research questions.

11
 What ’ s Mo r e

Extracted from an unpublished research paper conducted by Ms. Cristy G.

Dablo of the Division of Misamis Oriental are the narrated experiences of teenagers
realizing the inevitable pregnancy. The research is entitled, “TEENAGE
PREGNANCY AND ITS INTERVENTIONS: MINIMIZING FUTURE RISKS AMONG
HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS”
There were three central themes which emerged based on the interviews with
the five (5) respondents’ experiences that cherished relationships as substantial and
tough acquisition of love (C.R.Y.S.T.A.L) in the acceptance of being pregnant at an
early age towards successful adjustment.
The three central themes are the following:
(1) life’s turning point: a baby bump, (2) role changing: new set of
responsibilities, and (3) glint of hope: a blessing in disguise.

Choose which theme best fit each table.

Table 1. Experiences knowing that you are pregnant

Theme:_____________________________
R1 “Kanang nahadlok ko kay basin dili ko panagutan sa akong uyab, pero mas nahadlok
ko nga basin dili madawat sa akong ginikanan samot na nga dili sila ganahan sa akong
uyab”
{I’m afraid that my boyfriend won’t carry the responsibility, but I am more afraid of my
parents not accepting me for they don’t like my boyfriend}
R2 “Nahadlok ko gayon ga to the point nga nagplano ko nga ipalaglag ang bata nga naa
sa ako tiyan tungod ky wala nay ginikanan na akong maduolan sa akong pagburos og
nag plano pod ko maghikog nalang.”
{I am so afraid and reach to the point aborting the the baby’s life inside my tummy,
since I don’’t have the parents to turn to. With that, I planned to commit suicide.}

R3 “Kada gabii ko mag hilak ky gahuna-huna kung unsaon nako pagsulbad ani nga
problema. Gusto nako ipalaglag ang bata ky dili pa ko ready nga mahimong inahan.”
{I cried every night, thinking on how to solve the problem. I wanted to abort the child for
I am not ready to become a mother}

R4 “Pagkabalo nako na buros mura kog na down og ayo tungod kay ga overthink kog ayo
sa mga possible nga mahitabo og wala pod ko kabalo unsa akong buhaton. Mas
samot ko na hadlok unsaon pag atubang sa problema nga na buros ko sa sayo
ngapangidad.”
{As soon as I know that I’m pregnant, I felt so down because I overthink of possibilities
and do not know what to do}

12
 R5 “Nahadlok ko… kay maulawan akong pamilya. Naghunahuna ko nga dili ipadayun ang akong gidala.
Ug siguro magpalayu nalang, mu undang ug eskwela. Nawad-an kog paglaum sa akong
kinabuhi tungud ani nga bata.”
{I’m afraid… because I put shame on my family. I thought of aborting my baby inside my tummy.
I want to stay away from them, I want to stop schooling. I lost hope in my life because of the
baby.}

Choose which theme that best fit Table 2.

(1) life’s turning point: a baby bump, (2) role changing: new set of
responsibilities, and (3) glint of hope: a blessing in disguise.

Table 2. Adopting your life knowing that you are pregnant

! Theme:______________________________
R1 “Dako gayod kayo ang kabag ohan labi na maglaag kay buntis bya, sige ra
katulgon and tapulan na maglakawlakaw, na ana laing obligasyon ang baby sa
tyan”
{A lot of changes happened especially roaming around oppps I’m pregnant,
always sleepy and lazy to walk around, have an obligation on the baby in my
tummy}
R2 “Nag attempt ko palaglag sa bata kay naglibog ko unsaon ni but a friend nag ingon na
ayaw kay bunga na sa inyong love and a blessing kay dili tanan makaanak”
{I attempted to abort the baby for I got confused on this but a friend told me not to doit
for this is the fruit of your love and a blessing since not all are capable of bearing a
child}

R3 “Dili ko gusto na ilang hunahunaon na desperado na kayo ko nga babae so I

tried to abort na nga sa akoa na part nga wala koy parents living alone og naa
pa ni bata naaahhh I am not ready mahimong mama huhuhu pwede
maghikog?”
{I don’t want them to think that I am desperate woman, so itried to have an
abortion for in my part living alone with no parents with this additional burden
of naahhh I am not ready mom huhuhu can I commit suicide?}

R4 “Naglisod gyud ko og adjust tungod sa akong sitwasyon karon halos kada gabii
maghilak pero gikaya nako nga ginbugaton sa problem ani tungod gadala ko
kinabuhi nga naa sa akong tyan, ginamotivate nako ang akong kaugalingon
nga kaya nako ni malampasan ang tanan.”
{I have difficulty adjusting because of this situation that I cried almost
everynight but I bear the weight of such burden ‘coz I’m carrying life in my
tummy, I motivated myself to surpass all}.

13
 R5 “Karon galisod gyud ko labi na nga nagbulag mi sa akong partner in crime,
unsaon nako pagpadako sa umalabot nga bata, labina walay financial support
from the said partner plus nieskwela pa ko og dili sapat ang financial na gihatag
sa akong ginikanan.”
{I am in difficulty since we just broke up with my partner in crime, how am I
going raise my coming child more so that there’s no financial support from the
said partner plus I am still in school and not enough financial support given by
my parents).

Choose which theme best fit Table 3.

(1) life’s turning point: a baby bump, (2) role changing: new set of
responsibilities, and (3) glint of hope: a blessing in disguise.

Table 3. The present condition Theme:______________________________

R1 “Karon ky ok na kayo ko, naa akong pamilya nga nagsupport og gaalaga sa

akoa.”

{Today I am much okay. I have my family that supports and takes care of me}.

R2 “Karon na feel nako ang support sa akong pamilya.Ila kong gialagaan .Kay
unsaon pa man daw nila og kasuko kung naana. Karon ginatabangan ko nila
mama kon unsaon pag maanak na baby.”

{I now felt the support of my family they take care of me., coz how are they going
to get angry when it’s there already. For now, they’re helping me to prepare for
the coming of the baby}.
R3 “Nagbasol ko? Oo kay ayha ra nako na realize nga sayop tong akong gihimo
nga humana. Nasoko ko sa akong kaugalingon kay nagpaapekto ko”.

{I regretted my decision? Yes coz I just realize that what I did is wrong and it’s
done. I got angry to myself for I am affected of}.

R4 “Karon ky kontento nako sa akong kinabuhi kay naa sila mama para sa akoa,
naa akong supportive na mga amigo.”

{For now I am contented for what I have because parents were just there for me,
and the presence of supportive friends}.
R5 “Karon ky maingon nakon ga dili pa gyud ko stable, financially ky wala
gasustento akong uyab og parents, pero gapaningkamot ko para healthy si
baby paggawas.”

{Now I can say that I’m still not stable financially, since there’s no support from
my boyfriend and parents. Though I tried so hard that my baby will be delivered
healthy}.

14
 INTERPRETATION OF QUALITATIVE DATA

Interpretation of qualitative findings is a process of

intellectualizing beyond the emerging themes to broader perspectives of the data. In
simple terms, interpretation of findings is making sense of the data collected, and an
act to identify the lessons learned from the study. In interpreting results, it is helpful to
group similar responses into categories then identify usual patterns to derive
meanings from what may seem unrelated and wordy responses. This strategy is very
important in making sense of the outcomes of focus group discussions and interviews.
It must also be remembered that interpretation depends on the point of view of the
researcher.

Some Qualitative Data Analysis and Interpretation

Tips

The following are some tips in analyzing and interpreting qualitative data that
can be helpful to beginning researchers:

¥ Consider the data from various perspectives. What ever the research may be or
whatever data have been collected, it is always best to ask what that data mean
for readers.
¥ Think beyond the data. Make the most out of the data, neither too much nor too
little. Ensure that the connection between or among the data sets and their
interpretation are clear. Anchor all data interpretations on the research
objectives.
¥ Make visible personal assumptions and beliefs or models that influence the
interpretation, representing personal views of the world. These model are
usually not carefully analyzed and may be below the level of understanding. If
left unexamined, the assumptions and beliefs might lead to wrong
interpretations. Think and reason our carefully. Individual or collective listing of
assumptions about inquiry can be done.
¥ In some cases, outlying data or data that is different from others may be
encountered and regarded accordingly. Consider to incorporate them in the
analysis and interpretation data.
¥ Watch out for some data may come in surprise, contradictory or puzzling,
because they usually lead to useful insights. They must also be given attention
for an holistic interpretation of data.

15
 W hat ’ s Mo r e

Sample interpretation of data using the extracted table from the unpublished
research paper of Ms. Cristy G. Dablo, entitled, “TEENAGE PREGNANCY AND ITS
INTERVENTIONS: MINIMIZING FUTURE RISKS
AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS.”

Table 1. Experiences knowing that you are pregnant

R1 “Kanang nahadlok ko kay basin dili ko panagutan sa akong uyab, pero mas nahadlok
ko nga basin dili madawat sa akong ginikanan samot na nga dili sila ganahan sa akong
uyab”
{I’m afraid that my boyfriend won’t carry the responsibility, but I am more afraid of my
parents not accepting me for they don’t like my boyfriend}
R2 “Nahadlok kog ayo nga to the point nga nag plano ko nga ipalaglag ang bata nga naa
sa ako tiyan tungod ky wala nay ginikanan na akong maduolan sa akong pagburos og
nag plano pod ko maghikog nalang.”
{I am so afraid and reach to the point aborting the the baby’s life inside my tummy,
since I don’’t have the parents to turn to. With that, I planned to commit suicide.}

R3 “Kada gabii ko maghilak ky gahuna-huna kung unsaon nako pagsulbad ani

ngaproblema. Gusto nako ipalaglag ang bata ky dili pa ko ready nga mahimong
inahan.”
{I cried every night, thinking on how to solve the problem. I wanted to abort the child for
I am not ready to become a mother}
R4 “Pagkabalo nako naburos mura kog na down og ayo tungod kay ga overthink kog ayo
sa mga possible nga mahitabo og wala pod ko kabalo unsa akong buhaton. Mas samot
ko nahadlok unsaon pag atubang sa problema nga na buros ko sa sayo nga pangidad.”
{As soon as I know that I’m pregnant, I felt so down because I overthink of possibilities
and do not know what to do}

R5 “Nahadlok ko… kay maulawan akong pamilya. Naghunahuna ko nga dilii padayun ang
akong gidala. Ug siguro magpalayu nalang, mu undang ug eskwela. Nawad-an kog
paglaum sa akong kinabuhi tungud ani nga bata.” {I’m afraid… because I put shame
on my family. I thought of aborting my baby inside my tummy. I want to stay away from
them, I want to stop schooling. I lost hope in my life because of the baby.}

Interpretation for Table 1:

All of the respondents’ responses were about fear, worries, and apprehensions.
Table 1 showed the emotions that respondents felt knowing that they were pregnant
at an early age. Three (3) directly blurted out the feeling of fear and the rest indirectly
said. Fear on how the parents reacted to the shame they brought up, fear of
hopelessness that the baby shuttered their future dreams, fear on how they raise the
child knowing that they are incapable of supporting themselves. The fear felt push to
worry, apprehend and think of worst deed to abort the child.

16
 According to Enyegue (2004) teenagers raised in a culture where parents are
really afraid to broach the topic to their kids are at risk of early pregnancy. With this,
many teens worry about what their families will say when they find out that they are
pregnant. So, they avoid telling their parents or someone else who might be able to
help them find support. This delays their prenatal care, making the pregnancy even
more risky for themselves and their baby. With that fear, abortion came to their thinking
trying to solve the problem, facing the grim realities of teen pregnancy is not pleasant.

Using the same data extracted table from the unpublished research paper
identify the table which the following interpretation best describe.
Interpretation A: Table #____________
Most (3 out of 5) of the respondents were worried much for they do not know
what to do with the situation. The role changing happened due to physical changes of
the body and the thought of having another life put themselves in a dilemma of
additional responsibility yet they are too young, incapable of supporting oneself and
financially dependent from parents for their studies. Since the partner also do not have
the capability to handle the responsibility, for they are still young to think of, some got
separated leaving the teenage mother to take all the responsibilities. Though parents
felt bad, they still accepted and no other choice but to help the teenage pregnant
mother.

According to Bandura as stated by Cherry (2011) acceptance is an important

stage in the process to reach the goal of successful adjustment. People with a strong
sense of self-efficacy: view challenging problems as tasks to be mastered, develop
deeper interest in the activities in which they participate, form a stronger sense of
commitment to their interests and activities, and recover quickly from setbacks and
disappointments.

Interpretation B: Table #______________

Majority (3 out of 5) of the respondents felt much better as their parents

accepted the fact of being pregnant at an early age despite the drama of the situation.
Table 3 showed that acceptance of having a baby, role changes to self and new
responsibilities made the respondents happy towards adjustment with the help and
support of parents and friends. Excitement of the coming of the baby is a blessing in
disguise for the family and friends that somehow gave encouragement to the teenage
mother to continue to take care and love and determined to continue their studies in
preparation for the future of oneself and the baby.

A different way or process of adjustment, that starts with the sense of self of
having an impact on life experiences, which somehow relationships of family, and
friends have the influenced on how to undergo the process of adjustment. According
to Aňonuevo, C.A as stated by Natividad et.al, (2005), family is still the primary source

17
of care. The family is very important in the care of adolescents. Though the family is
facing many changes and challenges, it continues to have the responsibility of taking
care of each member’s needs. Such relationships of close family ties cherished older
person to adjust situations of life successfully.

What I have Learned

1. Thematic, narrative, content, discourse and grounded theory are ways in analyzing
qualitative data.
2. Data can be interpreted through extending the analysis by asking questions, linking
results to personal experiences, asking for advice from teachers, contextualizing
in the literature, and directing data interpretation using theory.
3. In interpreting data, it is important to group similar responses into categories and
identify common patterns for easier analysis.

ASSESSMENT

Multiple Choice: Encircle the letter of the best answer

1. It is used to analyze content from various sources, such as interviews of

respondents, observations from the field, or surveys. It focuses on using the stories
and experiences shared by people to answer the research questions
A. Content C. Narrative
B. Grounded Theory D. Thematic
2. It a step in qualitative analysis of data which simply means converting all the data
into a text format by either exporting the data into a spreadsheet or manually typing
in the data or choose from any of the computers assisted qualitative data analysis
tools.
A. Arranging data C. Validating Data
B. Coding Data D. Setting a Code to the Data Collected
3. Which of the following is not included in the main stages of thematic analysis?
A. Coding the data C. Identify themes
B. Summarize data D. Develop a coding scheme
4. These are series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering
information from respondents.
A. Questionnaires B. Blog C. Interview D. Survey.

5. Which of the following does NOT describe qualitative data interpretation?

A. It must also be remembered that interpretation does not necessarily depends
on the point of view of the researcher
B. Interpretation of findings is making sense of the data collected, and an act to
identify the lessons learned from the study
C. Interpretation of qualitative findings is a process of intellectualizing beyond the
emerging themes to broader perspectives of the data

18
 D. In interpreting results, it is helpful to group similar responses into categories
then identify usual patterns to derive meanings from what may seem unrelated
and wordy responses

6. Which of the following does NOT describe a qualitative data?

A. It uses statistical data
B. Mostly non-numerical data like texts
C. An exploratory way of finding the explanation of “how” and why of a certain
event or phenomenon
D. Collected through methods of observations, one-to-one interview, conducting
focus groups and similar methods.
7. What step should not be followed in data interpretation?
A. Think beyond the data
B. Consider the data from various perspectives
C. Disregard outlying data or data that seems to be exception
D. Make visible the assumptions and beliefs that influence your interpretation
8. It refers to using qualitative data to explain why a certain phenomenon happened
by studying a variety of similar cases in different setting and using the data to derive
causal explanations.
A. Content Analysis C. Grounded Theory
B. Discourse Analysis D. Framework Analysis
9. Which of the following is not included in qualitative data preparation and analysis?
A. Getting familiar with the data
B. Revisiting research objectives
C. Identifying patterns and connection
D. Describing relationship between two variables
10. Which method of data analyses used to analyze documented information in the
form of texts, media, or even physical items characteristics?
A. Content C. Narrative
B. Grounded Theory D. Thematic
11. It is a conversation between two or more people (the interviewer and the
interviewee) where questions are asked by the interviewer to obtain information
from the interviewee following a structured guidelines or pointers.
A. Individual Interview C. Questionnaires
B. Observation D. Vlog
12. Which statement pertains to thematic analysis of data
A. It involves looking at each case narratively
B. It is used in conjunction with other methods
C. It shows the main themes that summarizes all the views collected
D. It enables one to focus on human behavior in an indirect way by analyzing their
communication.
13. Which of the following best describes qualitative data analysis?
A. It is an awkward, haphazard process.
B. It begins after all data has been collected
C. It builds from abstraction to specific, concrete examples.
D. It is ongoing, cyclic process integrated into all phases of research

19
14. Which of the following theme will best fit to the question “What is the most common
reason for Students who enrolled in the Open High School?
A. No Smoking Policy C. Working Student
B. No plastics Policy D. No wearing of uniform
15. It is the range of process and procedures whereby we move from the qualitative
day that have been collected and procedures whereby we move from the
qualitative data that have been collected in to some form of explanation,
understanding or interpretation of the people and situations we are investigating.
A. Qualitative Data Analysis
B. Quantitative Data Analysis
C. Interpretation of Data
D. Data Gathering Method

20