Hawassa University Institute of Technology Faculty of Manufacturing Department of Mechanical Engineering

DESIGN MODIFICATION OF GROUNDNUT SHELLER MACHINE 2011E.
HAWASSA UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Design Modification of Groundnut Sheller Machine

A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering of Hawassa University
Institute of Technology
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Science in
Mechanical Engineering
By
Name ID NO
1. AREGA DAMITIE …………………………….…….1097/07
2. BAZEZEW DERSO………………..………………….0653/07
3. BEDLU TENAW………………….……………………1036/07
June, 2019
Hawassa
HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 1

DESIGN MODIFICATION OF GROUNDNUT SHELLER MACHINE 2011E.C
HAWASSA UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Design Modification of Groundnut Sheller Machine
A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering of Hawassa University

Institute of Technology
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Science in
Mechanical Engineering
By
Name ID NO
1. AREGA DAMITIE …………………………….…….1097/07
2. BAZEZEW DERSO………………..………………….0653/07
3. BEDLU TENAW………………….….…………………1036/07
Approved by Board of Examiners
Mr._______________________ _____________ _____________
Chairman, Signature Date
Mr._______________________ _____________ _____________
Advisor Signature Date
Mr._______________________ _____________ _____________

Examiner Signature Date
June, 2019
Hawassa


CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled “Design modification of Groundnut Sheller
Machine” is a work done by Arega Damitie (Tech/1097/07), Bazezew Derso (Tech/0653/07),
Bedlu Tenaw (Tech/1036/07) under the guidance and supervision of Mr. Lijalem Mulugeta
(Msc) in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Bachelor Degree in Mechanical
Engineering submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Technology,
Hawassa University, Hawassa.
Advisor
Mr. Lijalem Mulugeta (Msc.)
June 2019
HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY I

DECLARATION
First, we declare that this thesis is own work and that all sources of the materials used for this thesis
have been duly acknowledged. This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for BSc Degree at Hawassa University. We declare that this thesis has not been
submitted to any other institution anywhere for the award of any academic degree, diploma or
certificate. Brief quotations from this thesis may be used without special permission provided that
accurate and complete acknowledgement of the source is made. In such a way that we highly
declare our original work and preparation of the thesis with use of all resources and material
required for this thesis we have been considerably and appropriately acknowledged.
We hereby declare the
1. Arega Damitie _________________ Date_________________
2. Bazezew Derso _________________ Date _________________
3. Bedlu Tenaw _________________ Date _________________
On behalf our thesis work the above declaration made by the candidate is to certify the best of
our contribution and knowledge that we have:
Advisor Date
Mr. Lijalem Mulugeta(Msc) _________________ _________________
HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to Almighty God for giving our health, and strength to bring this work to end. This thesis
would not have been possible without the assistance of many people who gave their support in
different ways.
First of all, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our wonderful advisor Mr. Lijalem
Mulugeta (MSc) for his invaluable guidance and timely support in checking, commenting and
giving constructive advice all along our research work. Next, thanks to staff of the Mechanical
Engineering Department, that helped us in many ways and providing information sources that
assisted our studies and thesis.
Last but not the least, we would like to acknowledge the support and encouragement we obtained
and enjoyed from our family and also, to all our friends and classmates, thanks for the comments
and suggestions given for the successful of this project.
HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY III

NOMENCLATURE
Dg = geometric mean diameter of pod or kernel

L = length
W = width
t = thickness
E = energy required to shell
L1= average length of pod
L2 = average length of kernel
Wi = work index of groundnut pod for shell
Sc = shelling capacity
T = torque of shaft
D = diameter
Mc = mass of cylinder
G = gravitational acceleration
N = speed
Ps = power required to drive the shaft
Pf = power required to drive the fan
Pp = power required to the shell groundnut pod
Ptc = total power required to shell the groundnut pod
Q = air follow rate
Ht = theoretical total pressure
Hd = dynamic pressure head
Hs = static pressure head
A = area
Tt= tension on the tight side
Ts = tension on the slack side
Mb = bending moment
Mt = torsional moment
HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY IV

Kb = combined shock and fatigue factor for bending moment

Kt = combined shock and fatigue factor for torsional moment
Cmean = velocity of air at exit of fan
V = volume
⍴ = density of the material
m = mass of the material
n = factor of safety
σal = allowable stress
σt = ultimate tensile strength
τ = shear stress
σc = crushing stress
I = moment of inertia
G = modules of rigidity
Co = basic static load rating
Fo = factor depending upon the types of bending
Z = number of ball per row
HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY V

ABSTRACT
Groundnut shelling, in Ethiopia, at present is predominantly traditional, manual method, using a

short wooden stick to beat it, or by pounding with pestle in mortar. These methods of shelling
consume high man-power with the associated fatigue and low output. The better way to improve
this process is a motorized groundnut pods Sheller machine to be designed.
The shelling machine was developed for the shelling, and separation kernel from husk. The main
components of the machine are, shelling unit with shaft supporting it gridded concave with a set
of series bars, fan for the cleaning unit, belts and pulleys as power train components.
Some physical dimension of the pods and kernels are considered to the design of the Sheller, such
as, the mean major diameters of 27.13 and 14.14 mm, intermediate diameters of 12.78 and 8.57
mm, minor diameters of 12.06 and 8.11 mm for pods and kernel respectively.
The shelling operation is achieved by rotational motion of shelling unit or drum fitted with shaft
and the stationary concave. The pods should feed through the inclined feed table or hopper and the
shelling unit is rotate to separate the pod with in impact, collusion and friction and pass through
the concave clearance. Finally, the kernel and husk separate by the air blowing of fan with in
weight deference then the kernel pass through in the delivery unit and the husk pass through the
chaff outlet.
The maximum shelling capacity of the machine is 210kg/hr when the shelling unit speeds of 178
rpm, moisture content of 13.50%, and feed rate of 4.50 kg/min within 3 kW power use.
Key words: Groundnut, Sheller.
HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY VI

CONTENT
CERTIFICATE ................................................................................................................................ I
DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................ II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... III
NOMENCLATURE ..................................................................................................................... IV
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. VI
LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... X
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... XI
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Background of the study ............................................................................................... 1
1.2. Statement of problem .................................................................................................... 3
1.3. Objective ....................................................................................................................... 3
1.3.1. General Objective ................................................................................................... 3
1.3.2. Specific Objective. ................................................................................................. 3
1.4. Significance of the Research ......................................................................................... 4
1.5. Scope of the Research ................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER TWO......................................................................................................................... 5
LITRETURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 5
2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 5
2.2. Groundnut shelled by hand operated ............................................................................ 5
2.3. Manual operated groundnut Sheller .............................................................................. 6
2.4. Motor operated shelling machine.................................................................................. 8
CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................... 10
METHDOLOGY OF RESEARCH ....................................................................................... 10
3.1. Research methods ....................................................................................................... 10
3.2. Design procedure of the machine ............................................................................... 11
3.2.1. Identifying the need .............................................................................................. 12
3.2.2. Selecting the possible mechanism ........................................................................ 12
3.2.3. selection of materials ............................................................................................ 13
3.2.4. Force analysis ....................................................................................................... 13
3.2.5. Modification ......................................................................................................... 13
HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY VII

3.2.6. Detailed drawing .................................................................................................. 13

3.2.7. Animation ............................................................................................................. 13
CHAPTER FOUR ..................................................................................................................... 14
DESIGN SPECIFICATION AND ANALYSIS.................................................................... 14
4.1. Design specification .................................................................................................... 14
4.2. Conceptual design ....................................................................................................... 14
4.3. Material selection ........................................................................................................ 15
4.3.1 Material selection for fan blade ............................................................................. 19
4.3.2. Material selection for shaft ................................................................................... 20
4.3.3. Material selection for feed table ........................................................................... 22
4.3.4. Material selection for concave ............................................................................. 22
4.3.5. Material selection for frame ................................................................................ 22
4.3.6 Material selection for sheller unit.......................................................................... 22
4.3.7 Material selection for delivery unit ....................................................................... 23
4.3.8 Material selection for pulleys ................................................................................ 23
4.3.9. Material selection for belts ................................................................................... 23
4.3.10 Material selection for key.................................................................................... 23
4.4. Geometrical analysis of kernel and pod ...................................................................... 26
4.5. Design and analysis of shelling machine part ............................................................. 27
4.5.1. Design and analysis of shelling unit ..................................................................... 27
4.5.2. Design and analysis of concave ........................................................................... 28
4.5.3. Design and analysis of feed table ......................................................................... 30
4.5.4. Design of delivery unit and analysis .................................................................... 31
4.5.5. Selection of pulley and force analysis .................................................................. 32
4.5.6. Selection of belt and force analysis ...................................................................... 35
4.5.6.1. Belt for shelling unit ...................................................................................... 35
4.5.6.2. Belt for fan shaft ............................................................................................ 38
4.5.7. Determination of power requirement ................................................................... 40
4.5.7.1. Shaft power requirement ............................................................................... 40
4.5.7.2. Power required to Shell groundnut pod ......................................................... 41
4.5.7.3. Fan power requirement .................................................................................. 42
HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY VIII

4.5.8.1. Fan blade design specification ....................................................................... 46

4.5.9. Design of shaft and strength analysis ................................................................... 47
4.5.9.1. Design of shaft and strength analysis for shelling unit .................................. 48
4.5.9.2. Design of shaft and strength analysis for fan ................................................ 53
4.5.10. Selection of bearing for shelling unit shaft and fan shaft ................................... 56
4.5.11. Selection of key and analysis ............................................................................. 59
4.5.12. Selection of bolt and nut and analysis ................................................................ 61
4.5.13. Design of motor support ..................................................................................... 63
4.5.14. Design of frame and force analysis .................................................................... 65
4.6. Working Principle of the machine .............................................................................. 67
4.7. Assembling procedure ................................................................................................ 68
CHAPTER FIVE ....................................................................................................................... 69
COST ESTIMATION............................................................................................................ 69
5.1. Cost of Production ...................................................................................................... 69
CHAPTER SIX ......................................................................................................................... 70
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS ............................................................................................ 70
6.1. Frame .......................................................................................................................... 70
6.2. Shelling unit (drum) .................................................................................................... 70
6.3. Concave....................................................................................................................... 71
6.4. Fan housing ................................................................................................................. 71
6.6. Belt for fan .................................................................................................................. 72
6.7. Selection of pulley ...................................................................................................... 73
6.8. Shaft for shelling unit.................................................................................................. 73
6.9. Selection of bolt .......................................................................................................... 74
6.10. Selection of bearing .................................................................................................. 74
6.11. Key ............................................................................................................................ 74
6.12. Delivery unit ............................................................................................................. 74
6.13. Fan blade ................................................................................................................... 75
6.14 Feed table ................................................................................................................... 75
CHAPTER SEVEN ................................................................................................................... 76
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................ 76
HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY IX

7.1. Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 76

7.2. Recommendation ........................................................................................................ 77
Reference ................................................................................................................................... 78
Appendix 1: Dimensions of groundnut kernels at 10% moisture content (db). ....................... 79
Appendix 2: Dimensions of groundnut pods at 10% moisture content (db) ............................ 82
Appendix 3: Thousand kernels weight at 10% moisture content (db). .................................... 84
Appendix 4: Thousand pods weight at 10% moisture content (db) ......................................... 85
Appendix 5: Assembly of the machine with belt cover and without belt cover ...................... 86
Appendix 6: Detail drawings ................................................................................................... 88
HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY X

LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1. Properties of aluminum................................................................................................ 20

Table 4.2. Mechanical properties of steels used for shafts ........................................................... 23
Table 4.3. Decision matrix for shaft material ............................................................................... 21
Table 4.4. Property of selection material ...................................................................................... 24
Table 4.5. Decision matrix for material selection ..........................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 4.6. Material selection criteria ............................................................................................ 25
Table 4.7. components of groundnut Sheller machine ................................................................. 25
Table 4.8. Minimum pulley diameters recommended for standard V-Belts Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Table 4.9. Standard lengths of V-Belts ......................................................................................... 36
Table 4.10. Terminal velocity of exit fan ..................................................................................... 43
Table 4.11. bearing selection from standard (Khurmi and Guptha) ............................................. 57
Table 4.12 Design dimension of screw thread bolt and nut according to SI;4218 ....................... 61
Table 5.1 Cost of material ............................................................................................................. 69
HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY XI

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Groundnut shelled by hand operated ............................................................................. 7
Figure 2.2 Groundnut shelled by manual operated machine .......................................................... 7
Figure 2.3 Groundnut shelled by concrete constructed system .......................................................8
Figure 2.4 Groundnut shelled by manually operated with rubber tire mounted. .............................9
Figure 2.5 Motor operated shelling machine. ................................................................................ 10
Figure 4.1 sheller machine without fan ......................................................................................... 15
Figure 4.2 Sheller machine with fan ............................................................................................. 16
Figure 4.3 shelling unit(drum) ...................................................................................................... 29
Figure 4.4. concave ....................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 4.5 feed table. .....................................................................................................................32
HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY XII

Figure 4.6 delivery unit ................................................................................................................ 33
Figure 4.7 pulley for shelling unit shaft ....................................................................................... 35
Figure 4.8 pulley for fan shaft ...................................................................................................... 35
Figure 4.9 belt for shelling unit .................................................................................................... 39

Figure 4.10 belt for fan ................................................................................................................ 41
Figure 4.11 fan cover(housing) .....................................................................................................47
Figure 4.12 fan blade ................................................................................................................... 47
Figure 4.13 shaft for shelling unit................................................................................................ 53
Figure 4.14 shaft for fan……………………………………………………………………. ......56
Figure 4.15 frame......................................................................................................................... 68
Figure 6.1 frame………………………………………………………………………………….
Figure 6.2 shelling unit ………………………………………………………………………....
Figure 6.3 concave ………………………………………………………………………………
Figure 6.4 Fan housing …………………………………………………………………………...
Figure 6.5 belt for shelling unit …………………………………………………………………..
Figure 6.6 belt for fan …………………………………………………………………………….
Figure 6.7 selection of pulley for belt………………………………………………….
Figure 6.8 selection of pulley for shelling unit …………………………………………
Figure 6.9 shaft for shelling unit …………………………………………………………
Figure 6.10 delivery unit …………………………………………………………………
Figure 6.11 fan blade …………………………………………………………………….
Figure 6.12 feed table …………………………………………………………………
HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY XIII

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the study
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a monoecious annual legume grown as oilseed, food and feed,
and is the chief crop rotation crop in many sub Saharan countries [1]. The world average yield of
groundnut is 1690 kg ha-1, though the yield in Africa is much lower 980 kg ha-1. Groundnut is
cultivated on 26.4 million hectares with production of 37.10 million metric tons in the worldwide.
Developing countries constitute 97% of the global area and 94% of the global production of this
crop [2].
Groundnut is one of the five widely cultivated oilseed crops in Ethiopia. According to the Central
Statistical Agency (CSA) of Ethiopia 2009, groundnut cover about 0.86 million hectares and
produce 1.24 million quintals, involving close to small holder producers in Oromia, Amhara,
Tigray, and Benishangul- Gumuz Regional States [3].
Moreover, groundnut generates considerable cash income for several small-scale producers and
foreign exchange earnings through export for the country [4]. Even though, groundnut is the most
produced oilseed in Ethiopia, the potential and prospect as source of income and its capacity to
generating household income is constrained due to lack of appropriate shelling machine.
Shelling, the first major postharvest operation, involves application of mechanical forces to open
pods and recover kernels. The applied forces fall on the pod at random, breaking the pods
stochastically, to free the enclosed kernels. The physical phenomena involved in shelling of
groundnut include breakage of the pod which depends on the intensity of the applied force, the
orientation of the pods, moisture content, freedom of the kernel from the pods and the passage of
the kernels and broken pods through the concave openings.
Groundnut shelling, in Ethiopia, at present is predominantly traditional, manual method, using a

short wooden stick to beat it, or by pounding with pestle in mortar. These methods of shelling
consume high man-power with the associated fatigue and low output.

According to studies made by different locations in 1997 E. c up to today, farmers’ loss substantial
amount of the kernel produced during harvesting, shelling, transporting and storage due to use of
obsolete practices. The total loss has been estimated at about 20-40% of the total production. Out
of the total estimated loss 20-30% is due to poor land preparation, 30-40% is due to weeding
infestation, 20-25% is harvesting and 20-30% is during postharvest operation.
Traditional shelling methods do not support large-scale shelling of groundnut, especially for
commercial purposes. The largest amount of groundnut is produce in the Oromia Region in east
and west Wellega, Horoguduru Zones, and Awi zone, Benishangul gumz, in Amhara region it was
observed that most shelling of groundnut was done manually using simple tools (i.e. wooden stick,
pestle in mortar etc.). This practice usually takes a lot of time, causes great damage to the
groundnut kernel and does not separates kernels from the husks and broken stone. Hence, this
study was initiated to design modification and modelling of groundnut Sheller machine that would
be affordable by farmers and decrease damage and loss of groundnut kernel during shelling.

1.2. Statement of problem
Groundnut shelling, in Ethiopia, at present is predominantly traditional, manual method,

using a short wooden stick to beat it, and by their hands remove kernels from husks or by
pounding with pestle in mortar. These methods of shelling consume high man-power with
the associated fatigue and low output. This traditional system also takes; a lot of time,
causes great damage to the groundnut kernel and does not completely separates kernels
from the husks.
On the other hand, the motor operated (existing) shelling machine are now used in the large
industries. These machines are used in the industries where the large production is required.
These machines are costly in order to purchase by the farmers, it needs skilled person, it
has complex components and heaver machine, difficult to maintain, and it need large space.
So, by considering the above causes we initiated to design and modelling of groundnut
Sheller machine that would be affordable by farmers (i.e. low price, simple structure, less
skill is required and easy in maintenance), decrease damage and loss of groundnut kernel
during shelling, and thereby increase productivity.
1.3. Objective
1.3.1. General Objective
The general objective of this project is to modify the design of groundnut Sheller machine.
1.3.2. Specific Objective.
 Design and material selection of groundnut Sheller machine, to calculate the force analysis
for different part of groundnut Sheller machine, to analyze the power consumption, to
predict the capacity of the groundnut Sheller machine, and modeling the shelling machine
by solid works.
 To increase the productivity by reducing, time used for shelling, and kernel damage.
 To reduce human power consumption for shelling by hand and eliminate fatigue.
 To make the machine acceptable to consumer by reducing price, making machine simple
structure and easy in maintenance.

1.4. Significance of the Research
After the designs of this research it uses for all farmers that produce groundnut and a small Sheller
shop to shell and separate kernel from the pods. The groundnut shelling process will become
simple and fast thus improvement in the Sheller shop performance can be available through less
time and effort and more productive work can be undertaken.
 Additional significance of the machine:

 It is easy in maintains.
 It requires less skill for its operation being performed.
 It can be used in small industries.
 It used in farms where large amount of groundnut is to be shelled
 Low price
 Simple structure, easy operation
 Small weight and move easily
1.5. Scope of the Research
The scopes of this research are including literature review and design every component of a Sheller
machine such as frame, concave, feed table, delivery unit, cylinder unit, belt and detail drawing
for each part by using solid work, assembling of each part of the machine using solid work and we
did the modelling and animation of the groundnut sheller machine.

CHAPTER TWO
LITRETURE REVIEW
2.1. Introduction
Groundnuts are one of the most important crops. They currently are the largest export crop and
provide small holder farmers with more than a quarter of their annual agricultural cash income,
while supplying about half of domestic oil needs. Both confectionery and peanut oil varieties re
produced in the country. Several shelling machines based on different techniques have been
developed over the years. Among these machines are hand-operated groundnut Sheller, baby
groundnut Sheller, and powered rubber groundnut Sheller. Due to custom charges, these machines
are very expensive and are not affordable by the small-scale producers and farmers. Different
groundnut shelling machines are currently in use around the world, as reviewed by Carruthers and
Rodriquez in 1985. These include the Dandekar groundnut Sheller (50-60 kg/h), baby groundnut-
decorticating machine (0.75 kW single-phase electric motor and 40 kg/h), Cayor rotary groundnut
Sheller (100 kg/h capacity and breakage of 12-14 %), hand operated groundnut Sheller, power-
rubber groundnut Sheller (shelling efficiency 99.5 %, power requirement 1.50 kW electric and
output = 300 kg/h), foot-operated decorticator (Output = 25 kg/h), rubber-type groundnut Sheller
(40-60 kg/h), and mobile groundnut decorticator (power = 5.5 kW and capacity 100 = kg/h).
2.2. Groundnut shelled by hand operated
Groundnut shelling in different smallholder sector is predominantly done by hand. While hand
shelling keeps the rate of kernel breakage low, it is labor-intensive and leads to “sore thumb
syndrome” when large quantities of groundnuts are handled. The low productivity (1-3 kg/ hour)
of hand shelling puts enormous pressure on farmers, as they need to shell their groundnuts before
the marketing season (June-September) ends. At the same time, they are processing and marketing
other crops. The hand operated groundnut shelling machine in Ethiopia is similar to that, therefore
it important to search for a simple, efficient, low-cost machine to replace hand shelling.

Figure 2.1. Groundnuts shelled by hand operated
2.3. Manual operated groundnut Sheller
The Sheller was later adapted to work with two other common groundnut varieties - one
confectionery and one-oil. On-site development and testing established optimal factors such as the
size of the grid gaps. Depending on the variety, the Sheller attained (whole kernel efficiency)
WKEs of 92-96% with shelling rates of 21-42 kg/hour. A larger model of the Sheller (twice as
wide) more than doubled the shelling rate of the smaller Sheller, while achieving similar WKE.
Figure 2.2. Groundnut shelled by manual operated machine [6]

The traditional way of removing peanut from groundnut is to crack it with hand but when a large
amount of nuts have to be work on this method is of time consuming so the first sheller made was
revolving stone Sheller which had many disadvantages so a rubber tire Sheller was made rubbing
action, between a rubber tire and a wire mesh, was used as the shelling principle, for the Rubber
Tire groundnut Sheller. The prototype consists mainly of a main frame, a rubber tire, a concave,
and a hopper. The rubber tire used was a worn-out rubber tire to avoid slip during operation.
The Malian peanut Sheller (Universal Nut Sheller) is also a good low-cost alternative, but it
requires the builder to have molds to make the concrete components. If the builder has access to
fiber glass materials to make molds out of, it is easy for him to build the device. If he does not
have access to such technologies, he must contact the designers and buy the molds at through the
United States, which may be very expensive.
Figure 2.3. Groundnut shelled by concrete constructed system [7]
The above groundnut Sheller is modified by the other groundnut Sheller because their limitations.
Working Principle of the next groundnut Sheller is made of a used rubber tire mounted in a metal
housing with a concave wire screen bottom. As the wheel is cranked, the nuts enter the space
between the tire and the screen. In operation, groundnut in the hopper is fed into the clearance
between the rubber tire and the concave while the rubber tire is turning. The groundnut is then
shelled by rubbing action between the rubber tire and the wire mesh.

After the groundnut has been shelled, the kernel and the shell fall through the wire mesh into a
collecting pan. Separation of the shell from the kernel has to be done separately. This machine has
the advantages of, it requires no power for its operation, it is easy in maintains, it requires no skill
for its operation being perform. But it has a limitation of; the groundnuts break into pieces, and
manually operated so no fluctuation speed of tire resulting into stacking of groundnuts in wire
mesh so, modified by others.
Figure 2.4. Groundnut shelled by manually operated with rubber tire mounted [8]
2.4. Motor operated shelling machine
Motor operation shelling machine are now use in the large machinery. These machines are used in
the industries where the large production is required. They are having a shelling capacity of 400
to 3300kg/hr but, these machines are costly in order to purchase by the farmers. This project
involves the process of designing the different parts of this shelling machine.

Figure 2.5. Motor operated shelling machine [9]
The above four mechanisms are mostly operated manually but the fifth one is modernized,
worked automatically, and also to produce large amount of kernels but there is a limitation, from
these;
It needs skilled person.

It has complex components and heavy machine. Due to heaviness does not distribute for
the rural areas because there are so money locations that does not have enough
transportation system so in some rural area not available.
It has high cost. So, the low level and medium level farmers not use these machines.
 To overcome the above problems; design groundnut Sheller machine. These machines
different from by most causes listed from the above. These are;
These machine is does not have complicated parts.
It is simple and comfortable for all farmers that have low, medium, and high-income
level, because it produces 210kg/hr.
It uses many alternatives means the farmers buy our machine by the form of group or by
individual because it has low cost to compare the above one.
These machine uses in the rural area by using diesel engine but in the urban you can use
electric power so these are available for all locations.
These machine also simple and does not complicated so any people to understand how to
work this machine because it does not require qualified or knowledgeable person.

CHAPTER THREE
METHDOLOGY OF RESEARCH
3.1. Research methods
In designing progress of the groundnut Sheller machine, we begin from scanning the literature
reviews of the paper that are designed before and we also visualize the problems in our country
context and we going to formulate the problems statement. After the visualization and inspection
of problems from predesigned thesis work and to consider different rural areas, we intensified to
find solutions to problems by performing the following progresses.
Data collection
Data collection is a process of collecting information from all the relevant sources to find answers
to the research problem. Data collection in this project we collect data with two perspectives of
data collection method, primary data collections and secondary data collection.
I. Primary data
Primary data is data that is collected by a researcher from first hand sources, using methods like
surveys, interviews, or experiments.
 Interview with concerned body

 Observation
Interview with concerned body:
We have asked the farmer at farm place and in their homes specially the place i.e. in the Amhara
region at Awi zone particularly district of Jawi and the merchants that purchase the nut to distribute
to other places at the town of Fendika.
Observation
We have observed that the farmer during shelling the groundnut by using their hands and by using
short wooden stick to beat it. The farmers add the groundnut to the bucket that contains water to
make little moisture is hold by the nut because the dry groundnut with husk is difficult to separate
it causes damage of their hands.

II. Secondary data

Secondary data is a type of data that has already been published in books, newspapers,
magazines, journals online portals etc. And the sources previously done by another person’s.
 Different exercise book
 Internet
 Literature review
Different exercise book
We have been used different text books to analysis the parts concerned with the stress analysis,
force analysis, the load applied to the machine and power required to the parts. The text books we
used i.e. khurimi, shiegly, and mechanics of engineering for shear stress diagrams.
Internet
The internet was used to know the meaning and function of some parts and definition of the new
word to relate the operations.
3.2. Design procedure of the machine
In mechanical engineering, machine design is subjected to creating new or advanced machines.

This involves improving the existing machines to better machines. There are several procedures
involved in designing a machine either it is new machine or an existing one or it can be the
development of the existing machine. The design procedure of the machine includes, identifying
the need, select the possible mechanism, selection of material, force analysis, modification, detail
drawing, and animation.

Flow chart for design procedure
Identifying the need
Select the possible mechanism
Selection of material
Force analysis
Modification (if there is error)
Detailed drawing (2D and 3D)
Animation
3.2.1. Identifying the need
Recognizing the solution for a problem by giving a complete statement of the problem by
identifying the aim and purpose of why the machine is needed to be designed.
3.2.2. Selecting the possible mechanism
Synthesis the different mechanism and choose the best mechanism for the required motions among
the different mechanisms.

3.2.3. selection of materials
Select the best suited materials for the different components in the machine and we should keep
an eye on the availability of the materials as well. Material selection is the act of choosing the
material best suited to achieve the requirements of a given application.
3.2.4. Force analysis

Analyses the different system of forces in the motion of the machine members and power
transmissions among the different machine elements.
3.2.5. Modification
To reduce the overall cost the production and due to the availability of the resources, we should
make some considerations to accommodate the changes. we should modify the size or any other
modification needs to happen. This is the case we need to be ready to do modification in the design.
3.2.6. Detailed drawing
We can say this is the final stage of for determining what kind of machine we are going to build.
3.2.7. Animation
Animation is a method in which picture are manipulated to appear as moving images.

CHAPTER FOUR
DESIGN SPECIFICATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1. Design specification
 The maximum shelling capacity of these machine is 210kg/hour

 The moisture content and the feed rate also 13.5%&4.5kg/min respectively.
 The total height of the machine is 1200mm-1500mm.
4.2. Conceptual design
These designs consider to overcome the traditional system of groundnut shelling in to modernized
it means Groundnut shelling, in Ethiopia, at present is predominantly traditional, manual method,
using a short wooden stick to beat it, and by their hands remove kernels from husks or by pounding
with pestle in mortar, these methods of shelling consume high man-power with the associated
fatigue and low output. This traditional system also takes; A lot of time, so to overcome these
problems we design groundnut Sheller machine. So, in our assumption the above problem can be
solved by two methods these are:
For these problem there is the machine that contains, feed table, cylinder unit, concave, deliver
unit, and also it has motor ,pulley, belt, but these does not contain fan, because to shell the
groundnut and remove the kernels and chaff at the same delivery unit these means the husks and
the kernels removes by the atmospheric pressure, but there is no enough atmospheric pressure does
not perform these activities perfectly and in addition of these it takes a lot of time ,high human
power, and does not produce enough products.

Figure 4.1. Sheller machine without fan
To solve the above problems, use fans that is driven by motor to remove husks from kernels at
different ways, means by use delivery unit and outlet of the concave gaps respectively. These
methods help to produce large product by short period of time without requirement of atmospheric
pressure.in addition to these to reduce the human power, so we select the second method for our
design.
Figure 4.2. Sheller machine with fan
4.3. Material selection
The selection of these materials was based on durability, cost and availability, strength and rigidity,
weight and friction.

Material selection based on Mechanical properties of material:

 Tensile strength
 Toughness
 Hardness
 Fatigue
 Creep
 Ductility
 Machinability
 Cast ability
 Weld ability
 Workability
Tensile Strength
Strength is a measure of how a material withstands a heavy load without breaking. Material
strength information is used in engineering design in order to prevent the failure of a product
component by rapture.
Toughness
Toughness is a mechanical term that is used in several contexts; basically, it is measure of the
ability of a material to absorb energy up to fracture. Specimen geometry as well as the manner of
load application are important in toughness determinations. A related property is fracture
toughness which is indicative of a material’s resistance to fracture when a crack is present.
Hardness
Another mechanical property that may be important to consider is hardness, which is measure of
a material’s resistance to localized plastic deformation (e.g., a small dent or scratch. Quantitative
hardness techniques have been developed over the years in which a small indenter is forced into
the surface of a material to be tested, under controlled conditions of load and rate of application.
The depth or size of the resulting indentation is measured, which in turn is related to a hardness
number; the softer the material, the larger and deeper the indentation, and the lower the hardness
index number.

Fatigue
Fatigue is the progressive and localized structural damage that occurs when a material is subjected
to cyclic loading. It occurs when a material is subjected to repeated loading and unloading. If the
loads are above a certain threshold, microscopic cracks will begin to form at the surface.
Eventually a crack will reach a critical size, and the structure will suddenly fracture.
Creep
Creep is a slow or progressive deformation of a material with time under constant stress. It is
triggered via thermal activation and is more severe in materials that are subjected to heat for long
periods near the melting point.
Ductility
Ductility is a measure of the degree of plastic deformation that has been sustained at fracture. A
material that experiences very little or no plastic deformation upon fracture is termed brittle
 Properties and use of some materials
Mild steel
 It has high tensile& impact strength

 These are easily weldable, machinable
 These are also strong and available material
 It has tensile strength, yield strength and young’s modulus of 440mpa, 250mpa & 205gpa
respectively.
Carbon steel
 Are used in the throughout the world for the reason of their cost, ease fabrication properties,
availability, weld ability, high ductile properties.
 It has high machinability
 Heat treatable /change properties without chemical compassion/
 It has density, specific gravity, and melting point of 7850kg/m3,
85, and 1425respectivly.
 It also has tensile strength of 275-690mpa.

Stainless steel
 Excellent corrosion resistance.

 Increase resistance to chloride attack.
 Good resistance to stress corrosion cracking.
 Tensile and yield strength higher than austenitic or terrific grades.
 Good weld ability
 Good formability
 Stainless steel has tensile strength, yield strength and young’s modulus of .580mpa,
290mpa and193Gpa respectively.
Cast iron
 Tends to brittle
 Low melting point
 Good fluidity
 Cast ability
 Excellent machinability
 Resistance to deformation and wear resistance
 Used in a wide range for pipe, machines and automobile industry parts cylinder heads and
cylinder blocks
 It has tensile strength, yield strength and young’s modulus of 414Mpa, 276Mpa and
140Gpa respectively.
Low alloy steel
 This has greater resistance to corrosion than carbon steel.
 It used to cars, trucks, cranes, bridges, rollers, and casters,
Aluminum
Is one of the lightest engineering metals, having a strength to weight ratio superior to steel by
utilizing various combinations of its advantageous properties such as strength, lightness, corrosion
resistance, recyclability and formability, aluminum is being used in a number of applications.

4.3.1 Material selection for fan blade
For these components we select aluminum, but there are different grades of aluminum. These are;
1. Alloy 1100
2. Alloy2011
3. Alloy2014
4. Alloy2024
5. Alloy3003
6. Alloy5052
7. Alloy6061
The above six alloys have their own properties and applications but these does not select, because
the first and the second one is commonly used in the chemical and food processing industries. The
fourth alloy is commonly used in many aerospace structural applications due to its resistance, so
it has high cost.
The fifth alloy has low corrosion resistance but most of the time this part seat near to the ground
so detected by corrosion. The sixth alloy also used for marine applications and high corrosion
resistance for salt waters.
Alloy 6061: The most versatile of the heat-treatable aluminum alloys, while keeping most of the
good qualities of aluminum.
 This grade has a great range of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.
 It can be fabricated by most of the commonly used techniques.
 It has good workability in the annealed condition.
 It is welded easily.
 As a result, it is used in a wide variety of products and applications where appearance and
better corrosion resistance with good strength are required.
 The Tube and Angle shapes in this grade typically have rounded corners.

Table 4.1. Properties of aluminum

A6061
Physical Mechanical properties Thermal properties
properties
Young's modulus (E) Melting temperature (Tm)
Density (ρ)= 68.9 Gpa 585°C (1,085 °F)
2.70 g/cm3 Tensile strength (σt) Thermal conductivity (k)
124–290 MPa 151–202 W/ (m. K)
Elongation (ε) at break

12–25%
Poisson's ratio (ν) =0.33
To consider the above explanations we select alloy 6061 from aluminum grades for fan.
4.3.2. Material selection for shaft
Some of the common ferrous materials used for shaft are discussed below.
 Hot-rolled plain carbon steel: These materials are least expensive. Since it is hot rolled,
scaling is always present on the surface and machining is required to make the surface
smooth. Cold-drawn plain carbon/alloy composition since it is cold drawn it has got its
inherent characteristics of smooth bright finish. Amount of machining therefore is minimal.
Better yield strength is also obtained. This is widely used for general purpose transmission
shaft.
 Alloy steels: Alloy steel as one can understand is a mixture of various elements with the
parent steel to improve certain physical properties. To retain the total advantage of alloying
materials one requires heat treatment of the machine components after it has been
manufactured. Nickel, chromium and vanadium are some of the common alloying
materials. However, alloy steel is expensive. These materials are used for relatively severe
conditions. When the situation demands great strength then alloy steels are used. They have
fewer tendencies to crack, warp or distort in heat treatment.

Residual stresses are also less compared to CS (Carbon Steel). In certain cases, the shaft
needs to be wear resistant, and then more attention has to be paid to make the surface of
the shaft to be wear resistant. The common types of surface hardening methods are,
hardening of surface, Case hardening and carburizing and Cyaniding and nitriding.
The material used for shafts should have the following properties:
 It should have high strength.

 It should have good machinability.
 It should have low notch sensitivity factor.
 It should have good heat treatment properties.
 It should have high wear resistant properties.
The material used for ordinary shaft is carbon steel of grade 40C8, 45C8, 50C4 and
50C12.
The mechanical properties of these grades of carbon steel are given in the table below.
Table 4.2. Mechanical properties of steels used for shafts
Designation Tensile Yield strength, Elongation, Hardness,
strength, MPa MPa mm BHN
40C8 660 560 18 217
45C8 660 560 15 229
50C4 1080 930 13 241
50C12 720 460 13 265
Table 4.3. Decision matrix for shaft material

Designation Tensile Yield Elongation Hardness Machine ductility toughness Weld- TOTAL
strength strength s - ability ability
40C8 2 2 4 2 4 4 3 4 25
45C8 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 20
50C4 4 4 2 2 3 2 3 4 24
50C12 3 3 2 4 3 2 2 3 22
Values, 4= excellent; 3=very good; 2=good; 1=poor.

From the above matrix table, we see that 40c8 carbon steel has highest result, so that we select this
material for our shaft design purpose.
4.3.3. Material selection for feed table
It contains the unshelled groundnut before and during the shelling operation. It must be able to
withstand the vibration loads and stresses, have good strength and good corrosion resistance.
Hence, the material is mild steel sheet metal is selected because of the following re-seasons.
 They are easily weldable, machinable
 These are also strong and available material
 It has tensile strength, yield strength and young’s modulus of 440mpa, 250mpa & 205gpa
respectively.
4.3.4. Material selection for concave
Concave is one of the part of the machine that is used to passes the shelled groundnut to the delivery
unit and that keeps or stores the husks that comes with the kernel in some extent. It is surround the
cylinder unit and half of the part is sieve part that is bottom part and the upper part is blind and
covers the cylinder unit. Material selected for this part is mild steel because the task of the part is
simple due to this mild steel because it is available, good yield strength, weldable, machinable and
strong compared to other materials.
4.3.5. Material selection for frame
The function of the frame holds the feed table, cylinder unit, concave, fan or most components of
the groundnut Sheller machine. Being the main support for the machine, it must be able to
withstand stresses and loads and have good welding properties. So, the whole machine load is
applied to this part and it needs strongest and high yield strength of the material to resist this load.
Due to the above tasks the mild steel is selected because it fulfills the properties listed above but
to compare with another material. Hence, mild steel in form of angle bar was used.
4.3.6 Material selection for sheller unit
The shelling operation is done by sheller unit. Therefore, it must be able to withstand load, and
stresses, good weld ability and corrosion resistance due to this re-season.
This part of the machine is the sheller which is the main function of the machine i.e. shelling the
groundnut is done so it has heavy task is performed on it So, mild steel was selected.

4.3.7 Material selection for delivery unit
The function of delivery unit is used to store the shelled groundnut that comes from the concave.
The shelled groundnut seed is collected through the delivery unit. The seeds fall under gravity
from the cylinder unit into its tray. It must have good strength and high resistance to impact loads.
So, mild steel sheet metal was used.
4.3.8 Material selection for pulleys
Pulleys are used to change the speed, direction of rotation, or turning force or torque. A pulley
system consists of two pulley wheels each on shaft, connected by a belt. This transmits rotary
motion and force from the input, or driver shaft, to the output, or driven shaft. For pulley aluminum
is the preferred material because it has light weight, corrosion resistant. The other materials are
difficult to make the pulley because of their weights are heavy.
4.3.9. Material selection for belts
A belt is a loop of flexible material used to link two or more rotating shafts mechanically, most
often parallel. Belts may be used as a source of motion, to transmit power efficiently or to track
relative movement. The material selected for belts are artificial leather. Because of the
characteristics of it are colorful, good water resistance, lower price and so on.
4.3.10 Material selection for key
Key is one the part of the machine that is used to fit or tight the elements for the purpose of rotating
the elements move together to perform the operation. For the key we select the material is mild
steel because simply available and lower prices compared to other materials and resistance of wear
during the machine is operated.

Material selection for feed table, concave, shelling unit, frame, delivery unit, key
Table 4.4. Property of selection material
Properties
Density Tensile Yield strength Elastic modulus Poisons ratio
Material (kg/m )3 strength (MPa) (GPa)
(MPa)
High Carbon steel 7850 550 – 1640 400 – 1155 200-215 0.27-0.3
Medium carbon steel 7850 410-1200 305-900 200-216 0.27-0.3

Low carbon steel 7850 345-580 250-395 200-215 0.27-0.3
(mild steel)
Alloy steel 7850 758 – 1882 366 – 1793 200 0.27
Stainless steel 7850 515 – 827 207 – 552 200
Cast iron 7150 350-1000 215-790 165-180
Tool steel 7850 640-2000 380-440 190-210
AISI 1020 7800 35 280 210 0.33
AISI 4130 7800 195 1520 212 0.33
Table 4.5. Decision matrix for material selection

Type of material Strength Availability Hardness Machinability Cost
Cast iron Medium Not efficient Medium Excellent Medium
Mild High Available High Good Low
steel(A36steel)
Carbon steel High Available Medium Very good Medium
Stainless steel High Not-available High Good High
Aluminum High Available High Excellent Medium

Table 4.6. Material selection criteria

Material weldability Formability toughness ductility hardness Total
High carbon 2 2 3 2 4 13
steel
Medium 2 3 3 2 4 14
carbon steel
Low carbon 4 4 4 4 3 19
steel(A36steel)
or mild steel
Where; 4=excellent, 3=very good, 2=good, 1=poor so from the above properties we select low
carbon steel (A36steel) for many components of this machine from these part for frame, feed table,
cylinder unit, concave, delivery unit and also A36 carbon steel is used in many different industries
for a variety of applications because of its relatively low cost.
Summery table for selected part
Table 4.7. components of groundnut Sheller machine
Name Material Quantity

Feed table Mild steel 1
Cylinder unit Mild steel 1

Concave Mild steel 1
Fan blade Aluminum 1
Delivery unit Mild steel 1
Frame Mild steel 1
Shaft Carbon steel(40c8) 2
Pulley Aluminum 4

4.4. Geometrical analysis of kernel and pod
Geometrical analysis is given the approximating dimension of the machine components by

understood the existing design and other data. The geometric mean diameter of pod and kernel
can be estimated using the following equation as per Galedar et al. (2008) and Mohsenin, (1980).
Dg = (WLT)1/3
Where: Dg = geometric mean diameter, mm
L = length mm
W = width mm and
T = thickness mm
 Mean geometric dimension of pod, L=27.13mm, W=12.78mm and T=12.06mm.

Dg = (12.7827.1312.06)1/3
Dg = 16.11mm
The surface area S (mm2) can be estimated using
S = Dg2 = (16.11)2 = 815.34mm2
 Mean geometric dimension of kernel, L= 14.14mm, W= 8.57mm and T= 8.11mm.
Dg = (8.5714.148.11)1/3
Dg = 9.94mm
The surface area S (mm2) can be estimated using
S = Dg2 = (9.94)2 = 310.4mm
NB: Based on the mean diameter of kernel we can design escape(exit) of kernel in concave and
based on the mean diameter of pod we ca design clearance between concave and shelling unit.

4.5. Design and analysis of shelling machine part
4.5.1. Design and analysis of shelling unit

This component is responsible to shell the groundnut crops due to the direction of the shelling
shaft mounted on it. Once a groundnut crop manually feed in to the feed table and insert to the
shelling unit. By this mechanism both separated parts or kernel and hull are loose. Ten rows, 25
bars are weld seriously on the drum which have height and diameter 15mm and 5mm respectively.
The length of the drum is 468mm and diameter of the drum is 280mm.
Total weight of shelling unit
The total weight of shelling unit is sum of weight of all bars, circular part, and cylinder part.
Density of mild steel is 7800 Kg/m3.
 Mass of unit bar:

V= hR2 =0.0150.00252 = 2.9410-7m3
We have 25 bars,10 row then total volume
V= 25102.94×10-7m3 = 7.35×10-4m3
m= ⍴v = 7800 Kg/m37.35×10-4m3 =5.73kg
 Mass of two circular part, with 2mm thickness and 280 mm diameter
V= 2t (r22r12) = 20.002 (0.1420.01752) =2.4210-4m3
m= ⍴v = 7800 Kg/m32.42×10-4m3 =1.9kg
 Mass of cylinder part

We have height, radius, and thickness of 468mm, 140mm, and 2mm respectively.
v(r22r12)h (0.1420.1382)0.468 8.17×10-4m3
m= ⍴v = 7800 Kg/m38.17×10-4m3 =6.37kg

Then the total weight of cylinder unit with additional weight of 0.1kg for welding
mt = 5.73kg+1.9kg+6.37kg+0.1kg = 14.1kg
Wt= m*g = 14.1kg*9.81m/s2 =138.32N
Figure 4.3. shelling unit(drum)
4.5.2. Design and analysis of concave
The concave is stationary parts that are the cylinder or drum works shelling action on it the
separated part or kernel and hull pass through it. It is round bars which are perpendicular to the
flow of crop. The material it is mild metal. There are 35 round bars with diameter of 8mm on the
half circular concave.
The weight of concave; it is a half circular cylinder radiance=210mm, length = 488mm and
thickness=2mm.
 Mass of the two-half circular part

1
V= 𝜋𝑡(𝑅 2 ) = (𝜋 × 2 × (210)2 ) = 138.5cm3
2
m = 𝜌 × 𝑣 = = 0.0078 × 138.5cm3 = 1.08kg

 Mass of the bars;

Mass of unit bar
V= 𝜋ℎ(𝑅 2) = 𝜋488(52) = 38.3cm3
m = 𝜌 × 𝑣 = 0.0078 × 24.37 = 0.3kg

The total mass of round bar;
m = 35 × 0.19𝑘𝑔 = 10.5𝑘𝑔
Then the total mass of half two circle and 35 round bars;
mt= 0.3kg + 10.5kg = 10.8kg
Then total weight of half two cylinder and 35 round bars;
w= mg = 9.81𝑚/𝑠 2 × 10.8kg = 106N
Figure 4.4. concave

4.5.3. Design and analysis of feed table
The feed table (hopper) should be an inclined to supply crop to the shelling unit, according to the
following specifications. The required grain output to be shelled or capacity of shelling is 210kg/hr
with 4.5kg/min feed rate. This crop capacity is conveyed by sliding on the smooth inclined hopper,
at an angle of 35° So as to achieve fast flow due to gravity.
calculate the weight of feed table;
There are two parts in feed table these are, the half circular part and the rectangular part.
 Mass of rectangular part:

The three parts of for the rectangular parts of feed table, but two have the same dimension. The
feed table is mild steel (⍴=0.0078kg/cm3)
The lower parts of feed table, thickness =1.5mm, length=490mm and width= 480mm
V= l  w  t = 4904801.5 = 352.8cm3
m= ⍴v = 0.0078kg/cm3352.8cm3 =2.75kg
The two side parts with length=490mm, thickness =1.5mm, and width =115mm
V=2 l  w  t =24901151.5 = 169cm3
m= ⍴v = 0.0078kg/cm3169cm3 = 1.3kg
 Weight of half hollow cylinder

V= l (r22r12), where r1 = 212mm, r2 = 210.5mm, l=495mm and thickness t= 1.5
V= 495 (2122210.52) = 985.5cm3
m= ⍴v = 0.0078kg/cm3985.5cm3 =7.69kg (for half 3.8kg)
Therefore, the total weight of feed table is;
mT= 2.75kg+1.3kg+3.8kg = 7.85kg
wt = mg = 7.85kg9.81m/s2 = 77N

Figure 4.5. feed table
4.5.4. Design of delivery unit and analysis

Delivery unit contains feed rate outlet, and chaff outlet, it constructed from hollow rectangular part
and half circular part.
 The mass of half cylindrical part:

𝜋(𝑟22 −𝑟12 )𝑙
v= −𝑏 × 𝑤 × 𝑙
2
𝜋(21.42 −21.252 )×49.5

v1 = −(30 × 0.15 × 49.5) = 497.4cm3 220.5cm3 = 277cm3
2
v2(bottom side of rectangular) = 30.0× 0.15 × 49 = 220.5cm3
v3(front side) = 2(49 × 0.15 ×49.5) −2(30×49.3 ×0.15) = 284cm3
V4 = 2(30.0 × 49 ×0.15) −(30 ×0.15 ×7.0) = 437.9cm3
Vt = 277 + 220.5 + 284 + 437.9 = 1219.4cm3
m = 𝜌 × 𝑣 = 0.0078𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 × 1219.4𝑐𝑚3= 9.51kg

w = 15.55kg×9.81m/s2 = 93.3N

Figure 4.6. delivery unit
4.5.5. Selection of pulley and force analysis
The machine required four pulleys; two driving pulleys were mounted on the shaft of the motor or
engine and the driven pulleys were mounted on fan shaft and cylinder shafts. Due to its availability
and cost aluminum pulleys were selected. The diameter of the pulleys used on the motor shaft of
the motor was 70 and 120 mm to drive cylinder and fan shaft, respectively.
From khurmi (2005), the desired revolution per minute the diameter of driving and driven pulley
was determined as follow.
N1D1= N2D2
Take; the motor speed is 800rpm@ 3kw and take velocity ratio or velocity reduction the motor
speed and shelling cylinder speed is 4.5.
𝑁1 800
= 4.5  𝑁2 = = 178𝑟𝑝𝑚, for shelling cylinder speed.
𝑁2 4.5
178 D2 = 80070  D2 = 315mm, (For cylinder shaft) purchased from market.
Take the velocity ratio of motor speed and fan speed is 0.6

800
N1/N3 = 0.6  N3 = N1/0.6 = = 1333rpm, (for standard terminal velocity it
0.6
approximately 1635rpm).
N1D1 = N3D3  800120 =1635D3
D3 = 58.7 60mm (for fan shaft). Where: - N1 = maximum speed of
the motor, rpm
N2 = speed of driven pulley for shelling, rpm
N3=speed of driven pulley of the fan, rpm
D1=diameter of driving pulley.
D2 = diameter of driven pulley for shelling, mm
D3 = diameter of driven pulley for fan, mm

Weight of driven pulley for shelling unit
 The standard pulley thickness t=13mm and width w =30mm

Volume of pulley
v = l(R22R12) = 0.03(0.157520.01752)
v 2.3×10-3m3
Density of aluminum is 2700kg/m3
m= ⍴v =2700 kg/m3 2.3 × 10-3m3 = 6.2kg (estimated bore weight for cylinder
pulley is 2.2kg)
m=4kg
w= mg = 4kg9.81m/s2 = 39.24N

Figure 4.7. pulley for shelling unit shaft.
Weight driven of pulley for fan
The pulley thickness t=10mm and width w=20mm
V=l(R22R12) = 0.02(0.0320.012) =5×10-5m3
m= v⍴=510-5m3×2700kg/m3=0.14kg
w= mg =0.162kg9.81m/s2 =1.33N
Figure 4.8. pulley for fan shaft.

4.5.6. Selection of belt and force analysis

Since the belt is connect to the motor or engine pulley and cylinder unit shaft and fan shaft pulley
which are the tensions on the two portions of the pulley are equal. The procedure used to select a
belt type depends on the motor power and speed. A v-belt is best having the following advantages
over other belt types.
 It can easily install and removed

 It can smoothly start and running.
 The operation of the belt and pulley is quite
 It improves longer life 3 to 5 year and etc.
Length of open belt can be calculated by equations (Khurmi and Gupta, 2004) given below: Two
belts were used to transmit power from motor to the cylinder and fan shaft. The length of belt
was calculated using Eqns.
Where: Lp = effective length of belt, mm
C = center distance, mm
Dp = pitch diameter of driven pulley, mm
dp = pitch diameter of driving pulley, mm
The center distance was determined according to the following equation and designed distance
between driving and driven pulley center of the machine
4.5.6.1. Belt for shelling unit
First determine the center distance:
𝐷𝑝−𝑑𝑝
+ 𝑑𝑝 ≤ 𝐶 ≤ 2(𝐷𝑝 + 𝑑𝑝), but Dp=315mm, dp=70mm, so
2
31570
+70≤ 𝐶 ≤ 2(315 + 70) = 192.5𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝐶 ≤ 770𝑚𝑚
2
Take center distance 526mm

Lp= 2526+1.57(315+70) + (31570)2/ (4526)
Lp= 1685.45mm
Table 4.8. Minimum pulley diameters recommended for standard V-Belts

Cross section A B C D
Minimum pitch 75 137 229 330

diameter
So, we select minimum pitch diameter of 75mm for A-type V-belt
Table 4.9. Standard lengths of V-Belts
Std length Belt Cross section

designation length(mm) A B C D
49 1245
50 1270
53 1346
54 1372
55 1397
58 1473
59 1499
60 1524
64 1626
65 1651
66 1676
From above table standard lengths of V-Belts indicating cross sections of belts A to D.
(Available sizes shown as shaded bar, Source: www.drbworld.com)
From the above Table 4.9, the nearest standard pitch length is 1676 mm. So, based on minimum
pulley diameters (70 mm) recommended for standard V-belts and the nearest standard pitch length
(1676 mm) A -66 was selected. Further consideration for A66-V-belt based on standard, the inside
length or length of belt is 1676mm, the outside length is 1726mm, and the upper belt
width(thickness), belt height(deep) is also 20mm &9mm respectively.

 Determine the tension
Where: P = belt power, W
V = belt speed, m/s
T1 = tension on the tight side, N
T2 = tensions on the slack or loosen side,
From the above section the power transmitted by the belt is 2.6KW, (i.e. power required to shell
the pod + power required to drive the cylinder).
 Determine peripheral velocity

𝑁𝐷𝑝 1780.315
𝑣= = = 2.9m/s2
60 60
2.6kw = (TtTs)2.9m/s2 TtTs902.78N………………. (1)
Where, P = power transmitted by the belt to cylinder during shelling, W
V = belt speed, m/s
Tt and Ts are tensions on the tight and slack sides respectively, N
Using belt ratio for an open belt as recommended by khurmi (2005), tensions can be estimated
using the equation:
Where: = 0.42 (coefficient of friction between rubber belt and aluminum pulley, Khurmi and
Gupta, 2005)
α = angle of wrap for driving pulley, rad
so, wrap angle can be determined using the equations given below for small and larger pulley,
respectively.

𝐷2𝐷1 31570
1=1802sin-1( ) =1802sin-1( 2526 ) = 153.060 =2.67rad
2𝐶
𝐷2𝐷1 31570
2=180+2sin-1( ) =180+2sin-1( 2526 ) =2070 = 3.61rad
2𝐶
Where: α1 = angle of wrap for small pulley, rad
α2 = angle of wrap for large pulley, rad
C = center to center distance between small and large pulley, mm)
𝑇𝑡 𝑇1
= 𝑇2 = e =e0.422.67 =3.07 Tt =3.07Ts………………………………(2)
𝑇𝑠
From the above two equation we calculated as:
Tt = 1338.4N
Ts = 436.12N
Figure 4.9. belt for shelling unit
4.5.6.2. Belt for fan shaft
Dp = 120 mm and dp = 60 mm and dp=diameter of fan shaft pulley

𝐷𝑝−𝑑𝑝
+ 𝑑𝑝 ≤ 𝐶 ≤ 2(𝐷𝑝 + 𝑑𝑝), but Dp=120mm, dp=60mm, so
2
12060
+60≤ 𝐶 ≤ 2(120 + 60) = 90𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝐶 ≤ 360𝑚𝑚
2

Take center distance C = 350mm
(𝐷𝑝𝑑𝑝)
Lp = 2C +1.57(Dp +dp) + 4𝑐
12060
Lp = 2350 1.57(12060) ( 4350 ) = 794.2mm
From table 4.2, the nearest standard pitch length is 1245mm. So, based on minimum pulley
diameters (65 mm) recommended for standard V-belts (from table 4.2) and the nearest standard
pitch length (1245 mm) was selected.
Additional consideration for A49-V-belt on standard the inside length is 1245mm, the outside
length also 1291mm, and the width, deep length is 20mm&9mm respectively
 Determination of belt tensions was done by Eqns.
From the above sections the power transmitted by the belt is 77.6W, (i.e. power required to drive
the fan). The fan speed at cylinder speed of 175rpm is 1635rpm
 Determine peripheral velocity

𝑁𝐷𝑝 16350.065
𝑣= = = 5.56m/s2
60 60
77.6w = (TtTs)5.56m/s2 TtTs13.96N………………. (1)
Where: P = power transmitted by the belt to fan, W

V = belt speed (m/s
Tt and Ts are tensions on the tight and slack sides respectively, N
𝑇1
= e
𝑇2
𝐷2𝐷1 12065
1=1802sin-1( ) =1802sin-1( 2350 ) = 1710 =3rad
2𝐶
𝐷2𝐷1 12065
2=180+2sin-1( ) =180+2sin-1( 2350 ) = 1890 = 3.3rad
2𝐶
𝑇𝑡 𝑇1
= 𝑇2 = e =e0.423 =3.5  Tt = 3.5Ts………………………………(2)
𝑇𝑠
From the above two equation we gate:
Tt =19.54N and Ts = 5.6N

Figure 4.10. belt for fan
4.5.7. Determination of power requirement
The power required to operate the shelling machine can be divided in to three parts;
1. Power required shelling groundnut pod
2. Power required to drive the cylinder shaft and
3. Power required driving the fan
4.5.7.1. Shaft power requirement
The torque required to run the cylinder (i.e. torque required to drive the shaft of the machine
since the shaft is fixed with the cylinder) was calculated using Eqns.
Where: T= is the Torque, Nm
Mc = total mass of cylinder, kg
R = radius of the driven pulley of the cylinder, m
d = effective diameter of the cylinder, m

V = peripheral velocity of the cylinder, m/s
g = acceleration due to gravity, m/s
But Mc= 14.1Kg from the shelling analysis value; R = 0.1575 m, D= 0.315 m
𝑁𝐷𝑝 1780.315
𝑣= = = 2.9m/s2
60 60
T=14.1kg0.1575m(9.81m/s2(23.32m/s2)/0.315m) =140.4Nm
60×𝑉 60×2.9
Power required to drive the shaft was calculated by 𝑁 =  = 178𝑟𝑝𝑚
×𝐷𝑝 ×0.315
2𝑁𝑇 2×178×140.4
𝑃𝑠 = = = 2.6kw
60 60
Considering 10% power loss due to friction, the total power required to drive the shaft was
computed as 2.86KW.
Where: Ps = power required to drive the shaft (i.e. power required to drive the cylinder of the
machine since the shaft is fixed with the cylinder), W
N = maximum speed of the cylinder, rev/min
4.5.7.2. Power required to Shell groundnut pod
According to Bond’s relation (Bond, 1952), the energy required to shell groundnut pods was
given as:
Where: E = energy required to shell, J/kg

Wi = the work index of groundnut pod for shelling (9 – 14KWh/tone)
L1 = is the average length of unshelled groundnut (pod), mm
L2 = is the average length of shelled groundnut (kernel), mm
From Table A1, L2=dx =14.14mm, Table A2, L1=dx = 27.13mm and Wi = 12KWhr/tone.
12𝑘𝑤×3600𝑠
12Kwhr/tone= = 43.2𝐾𝑤𝑠/𝑘𝑔
1000𝑘𝑔

1 1
E=0.316243.2(√14.14 − √27.13) = 1.04kj/kg
The combined effect of cylinder speed and feed rate was also significant at the same level. The
maximum shelling capacity is 210 kg/hr. at the cylinder speed of 178 rpm, the moisture content
and the feed rate also13.50% & 4.50 kg/min respectively. Generally, shelling capacity increased
by increasing the cylinder speed, feed rate and pod moisture content.
The power required to shell groundnut pods was calculated based on the maximum mean
shelling capacity,
SC = 210Kg/hr. = 0.058Kg/s was used to determine the power
Where: Pp = power required to shell groundnut pod,

1 1
Pp=0.31620.058kg/s43.2(√14.14 − √27.13) =0.0603kw = 60.3w
4.5.7.3. Fan power requirement
The power required to drive the fan was calculated by the given Equns. Q and HT were from fan
design so. Q=0.64, and HT=115
Where: Pf= power to drive the fan, watt;
Q =f, m3/s
HT = theoretical total pressure head developed, Pa
Ƞ=Transmission efficiency (0.95-0.98)
0.64×115
Pf= = 76𝑤
0.97
Total power requirement was the sum of power required to shell groundnut pod, power required
to drive the cylinder shaft and power required to drive the fan which is 2.9 kW. So, an electric
motor of 3 kW was used to operate the machine, where electrical power is available.

4.5.8. Design of fan and force analysis
The initial data required for the design of a fan are the mean velocity of air stream flow at its exit,
Cmean the volume flow rate (Q) and the overall pressure head. The flow rate of the air is determined
from the following.
Q = ACmean
Where: - Q = air flow rate at fan discharge, m3/s
A = area of fan discharge, m2 Cmean = mean velocity of flow of the air stream at exit of
fan discharge, m/s. The dynamic pressure head (pressure change)
Cmean 2
hd= 𝜌 ∗ 2
where; hd- is dynamic pressure head in Pa,

𝜌 -is density of air, kg/m3
The static pressure head depends upon the resistance of the air current, which is characterized the
coefficient. So, area of discharge,
A = Height of out let X width of cover
A= 0.102mX0.4855m = 0.05m2and
Cmean = 11m/s of air stream at exit of fan at cylinder speed of 1635 rpm.
Table 4.10. Terminal velocity of exit fan

Motor speed(rpm) Fan exit velocity
1140rpm 8m/s
1283rpm 9.5m/s
1635rpm 11m/s
The fan at angular speed of 1333 rpm or air current velocity approximately 9.5 m/s. This air
current velocity was quite adequate to lift all husk particles.

Finally, the velocity of the fan was increased to 1635 rpm generating air velocity of 11m/s, which
blew away all husk particles and allowed small kernels to be lifted. This value was taken as
terminal velocity of groundnut kernel and used to effect separation and cleaning of kernels
The diameter Do at the entrance section of the inlet duct of the fan was determined by Eqns.
√(∆𝐶𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛)
Do = 2.57 (1−)𝑛
Where: -
∆ =0.55 to 0.85 utilization coefficient of the entrance sections
𝜇 = 0.8 to 1. Compressibility coefficient
𝐷𝑂
= ≈ 1.45, ratio of diameters of the entrance section and the impeller
𝐷𝑖
n = the rotational speed of the fan, rpm

Di = inside diameter of the impeller, mm
𝐷𝑂
𝜑=0.42 to 0.46, ∆ = 0.66,  = ≈ 1.45, 𝜇 = 1, 𝜑=0.42 and Cmean = 11m/s
𝐷1
0.66×1.45×11
Di = √1(1−0.42)1635 = 270.8mm
A = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋𝑟0.13542 =0.058m2
Q = 0.058m2×11m/s = 0.64m3/s
(11m/s)2
The dynamic pressure heads, hd = 1.28𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 ∗ = 77.44pa
2
The static pressure head depends upon the resistance of the air current, which is characterized the
coefficient.
𝜋𝐷 2 𝜋×0.272
Aeq = = = = 0.057m2
4 4
Area of the rectangular part of fan or outlet (A)

A = w× 𝑙 = 0.102 × 0.4855 = 0.05m2
𝐴 0.05
So, k = 𝐴𝑒𝑞 = 0.057 = 0.88

Where: A = area of cross section at the exit of the fan discharge, m2

Aeq = equivalent area of cross section at the inlet of the fan, m2
Static pressure head was determined by Eqns. given below
The static pressure head (hs)
(1−𝑘 2 )ℎ𝑑 (1−0.882 )77.4
Hs = == = 22.5pa
𝑘2 0.882
The total pressure h = hs +hd = 22.5 + 77.4 = 100pa

ℎ 100
HT = = 0.87 = 115paWhere: HT = theoretical total pressure head developed, Pa
= 0.87 is fan efficiency assumed.
The weight of fan

Length =485mm, outer radius=185mm and inside radius=135mm. There are two parts which are
cylindrical parts and rectangular parts.
For circular parts of fan,
V = 𝜋 ∗ 𝑙(𝑅12 − 𝑅22 ) = 𝜋 ∗ 0.4855(0.1852 − 0.18352 ) = 8.4× 10−4m3
Density of aluminum is 2700kg/ m3
2700𝑘𝑔
m=𝜌×𝑣 = × 8.4 × 10−4 m3 = 2.27kg
m3
For the two covers of fan thickness =1.5mm

V = 𝜋 ∗ ℎ(𝑅12 − 𝑅22 ) = 𝜋 ∗ 0.0015(0.1852 − 0.1352 ) = 7.536× 10−5m3
V = 2× 7.536 × 10−5 m3 = 1.5072 × 10−4 𝑚3
2700𝑘𝑔
m=𝜌×𝑣 = × 1.5072 × 10−4 m3 = 0.41kg
m3
For rectangular parts of fan length=485.5mm, base=114mm, thickness=1.5mm and

width=102mm.
V = 2( 𝑡 × 𝑙 × 𝑏)+2(b× 𝑙 × 𝑡)= 2( 1.5 × 485.5 × 114)+2(114× 102 × 1.5) =2× 10−4 m3
2700𝑘𝑔
m=𝜌×𝑣 = × 2 × 10−4 m3 = 0.54kg
m3
The total mass of fan,

mt = 2.27kg +0.41kg +0.54kg = 3.22kg
w = 3.22kg×9.81m/s2 = 31.6N

Figure 4.11. fan cover(housing)
4.5.8.1. Fan blade design specification
Length, height, thickness of the blade,384mm,130mm, 1.5mm, respectively. The radius of the
blade by considering the length is 310mm.
V = 4× (𝑙 ∗ 𝑤 ∗ ℎ) = 4× (0.384 ∗ 0.13 ∗ 0.0015) = 2.995× 10−4 𝑚3
2700𝑘𝑔
m=𝜌×𝑣 = × 2.995 × 10−4 m3 = 0.808kg
m3
w = 0.808kg×9.81m/s2 = 7.93N
Volume for circular part,
V = 𝜋 ∗ 𝑙(𝑅12 − 𝑅22 ) = 𝜋 ∗ 0.384(0.01252 − 0.0102 ) = 6.78× 10−5 𝑚3
2700𝑘𝑔
m=𝜌×𝑣 = × 6.78 × 10−5 m3 = 0.52kg
m3
w = 0.52kg×9.81m/s2 = 13.13N
Figure 4.12. fan blade

4.5.9. Design of shaft and strength analysis
Design of shafts of ductile material based on strength is controlled by maximum shear theory.
Shaft is usually subjected to torsion, bending and axial loads. For a solid shaft having little or no
axial loading, the diameter of the shaft will be calculated as the ASME code equation is given as
(ASME 1995), assuming axial load is zero.
16
d3 = ×𝑚𝑎𝑥 [(KbMb)2 + (KtMt)2]1/2
Where: d = diameter of the shaft, m
T= torsional moment, Nm
Mb = bending moment, Nm
Kb = combined shock and fatigue factor applied to bending moment
Kt = combined shock and fatigue factor applied to torsional moment
max = Allowable Stress, MN/m2

For rotating shafts, when load is suddenly applied (minor shock):
Kb = 1.5 to 2.0; Kt = 1.0 to 1.5.
The maximum bending moment was calculated by:
Mb = (Mv2 + Mh2)1/2
Where: Mv = vertical bending momentum, Nm
Mh = horizontal bending momentum, Nm

4.5.9.1. Design of shaft and strength analysis for shelling unit

The maximum torsional moment is calculated by
𝑃 2𝑁
T=,= 60
60×𝑃
T= 2𝑁
Where: T= torque on the shaft, Nm
 =angular velocity
P = power required and transmitted during shelling
N= cylinder speed (rev/min)
Bending and twisting momentum occur on shaft as a result of applied loads and belt tensions. All
applied load and tensions in the belt were acting on the shaft in vertical direction only. The bending
and twisting moments of the shaft were determined using the above equations. Respectively. From
the above section the required transmitted power was the sum of the result of (i.e. power required
to shell the pod + power required to drive the cylinder). It is 2.66KW.
60×2.66𝑘𝑤
T= = 140.77Nm
2×178
From the above section the tight and slack sides tensions in the belt was 1338.4 and 436.12N,
Respectively and weight of cylinder = 138.32N,
𝑊𝑐 𝑊𝑐
= 69.16 = 69.16
2 2
B C
70 470 70
A D 127 E
Ra Rd Tt+Ts = 1774.5N

From the above diagram, the cylinder shaft showing forces acting on it (all dimensions are in
millimeter). Where: WC = cylinder weight from the above section.
Tt = tension in the belt of tight side
Ts = tension in the belt of slack side.
∑MA = 0,  69.16x70 + 69.16x540 – RDx610 + 1774.5x737 = 0
RD = 2213N
∑FY = 0 RA + RD = 69.16 + 69.16 + 1774.5
RA = 1912.82 – RD
RA = -300N (-ve sign shows the direction of action is down ward)
 Then calculate the shear force:

300 69.16 69.16
v1 v2 v3 2213 v4 1774.5
+ ∑FY = 0
+ ∑M = 0
From section one; From section two;
300 300 69.16
v1 v2
-300N-V1=0  V1= -300N -69.16+V1-V2 = 0
-69.16-300-V2=0 V2= -369.16N

From section three;
300 69.16 69.19
V3
-69.16N+V2-V3=0
-69.16N-369.16N-V3=0 V3 = -438.32N
From section four;
300 69.16 69.19
V4
2213
2213+V3-V4=0
2213N-438.32N-V4 = 0  V4 = 1774.7N
 Moment at each point

The resultant bending moments on the shaft are as follows;
∑MA = 69.16x0.07 + 69.16x0.54 – 2213Jx0.61 + 1774.5x0.737 = 0Nm
∑MB = 300x0.07 = 21Nm
∑MC = 300x0.54 + 69.16x0.47 = 194.5Nm
∑MD = 300x0.61 + 69.16x0.54 + 69.16x0.07 = 225.2Nm
∑ME = 300x0.737 + 69.16x0.667 +69.16x0.197 – 2213x0.127 = 0Nm

 By using the above point, we can draw shear and bending moment diagram.
1774.7N
A B C D E
-300N
-369.16N
-438.32N
D, 225.5Nm
194.5Nm, C
21Nm, B
A E
Shear and bending moment diagrams on the shaft
The diameter of the shaft was calculated using above Eqns. From the above results the maximum
bending moment was 225.5Nm at point D. Assume Kb = 1.5 and Kt= 1
16
d3 = ×𝑚𝑎𝑥 [(KbMb)2 + (KtMt)2]1/2
max = Allowable Stress, 40MPa (for steel shaft with keyway)
16
d3 = ×40𝑀𝑝𝑎 [(1.5225.5Nm)2 + (1140.77Nm)2]1/2  d3 = 46.48×10-6
d= 35.95mm 35mm (for standard of shaft)

 Permissible angle of twist caused by a torque on the solid shaft, from torsion
equation, is given by:
𝑇×𝐿 
θ= 𝐽×𝐺 , but, J= 32 ∗ 𝑑 4
Where: θ = Angle of twist, degree
T= torsional moment, Nm
L = length of shaft, m
G = modules of rigidity 89 × 109N/m2
d = diameter of shaft, m
32×𝑇×𝐿 32×140.77×0.85
θ= ×𝐺×𝑑4  θ = ×89×109 ×0.0354 = 0.00911rad =0.52°/m
Note that the maximum permissible angle of twist = 1˚/m., hence the shaft with in safe limit. The
calculated angle of twist was less than the permissible angle of twist (1˚/m). Hence, torsional
deflection was satisfied.
Weight of shaft for shelling unit
V= 𝑟 2 × 𝑙 V= 17.52 × 800 = 769.7𝑐𝑚3
The density of shaft material mild steel is 0.00785kg/cm3
m= ⍴×v = 0.00785kg/cm3×769.7𝑐𝑚3 = 6kg
w= mg =6×9.81m/s2 =59.3N
Figure 4.13. shaft for shelling unit

4.5.9.2. Design of shaft and strength analysis for fan
The maximum torsional moment on fan shaft is calculated by;
𝑃 2𝑁
T=,= 60
60×𝑃
T= 2𝑁
Bending and twisting momentum occur on shaft as a result of applied loads and belt tensions. All
applied load and tensions in the belt were acting on the shaft in vertical direction only. The bending
and twisting moments of the shaft were determined using the above equations respectively. From
the above section the required transmitted power to fan shaft was 0.076kw and shaft speed of
1635rpm.
60×0,076𝑘𝑤
T = 2×1635𝑟𝑝𝑚 = 0.44Nm
From the above section the tight and slack sides tensions in the belt was 19.54 and 5.6N,
respectively and weight of fan blade = 6.1N.
Wc= 6.1N
A 305mm C 305mm B 127mm D
Ra Rb Tt +Ts =25.14N
Where: Wc = weight of fan blade.
Tt = tension in the belt of tight side
Ts = tension in the belt of slack side
∑MA = 0,  6.1x305 – Rbx610 + 25.14x737 = 0
Rb = 33.4N
∑Fy =0, Ra + Rb  6.1  25.14 = 0
Ra = 31.24  Rb = -2.16N

Wc= 6.1N
2.16N v1 33.4N Tt +Ts =25.14N
Shear force on section one:
2.16N v1 ∑Fy =0, v1+2.16 = 0  v1 = -2.16N
Shear force on section two:
∑Fy =0, v2+2.16+6.1= 0
2.16 6.1 V2 V2 = -8.26N
Shear force on section three:
∑Fy =0, v3+2.16+6.1 33.4= 0
2.16 6.1 33.4 V2 V3 = 25.14N
 Moment at each point

Wc= 6.1N
2.16N v1 v2 33.4N v3 Tt +Ts =25.14N

The resultant bending moments on the shaft are as follows;
+∑MA = 6.1x0.305 33.4x0.61 25.14x0.737 = 0Nm
∑MB = 2.16×0.616.1×0.305 = 3.18Nm
∑MC = 2.16×0.305 = 0.66Nm
∑MD = 2.16x0.737 + 6.1x0.432  33.4x0.127 = 0Nm

The diameter of the shaft was calculated using above Eqns. From the above results the maximum
bending moment was 3.18Nm at point B. Assume Kb = 1.5 and Kt= 1, Mt=0.44Nm
16
d3 = ×𝑚𝑎𝑥 [(KbMb)2 + (KtMt)2]1/2
max = Allowable Stress, 40MPa (for steel shaft with keyway)
16
d3 = ×40𝑀𝑝𝑎 [(1.53.18Nm)2 + (10.44Nm)2]1/2
d= 16.87mm 20mm (for standard of shaft)
Weight of shaft for fan
V= 𝑟 2 × 𝑙
V= 102 × 800 = 251.3𝑐𝑚3
The density of shaft material mild steel is 0.00785kg/cm3
m= ⍴×v = 0.00785kg/cm3×251.3𝑐𝑚3 = 2kg
w= mg =2×9.81m/s2 =19.62N
Figure 4.14. shaft for fan

4.5.10. Selection of bearing for shelling unit shaft and fan shaft
A bearing is a machine element which supports another moving machine element (known as
journal). It permits a relative motion between the contact surfaces of the members, while carrying
the load. A little consideration will show that due to the relative motion between the contact
surfaces, a certain amount of power is wasted in overcoming frictional resistance and if the rubbing
surfaces are in direct contact, there will be rapid wear. In order to reduce frictional resistance and
wear and in some cases to carry away the heat generated, a layer of fluid (known as lubricant) may
be provided. Bearing is divided in to two depending up on the direction of load.
Thrust bearing: - it is support axial load
Radial bearing: -it is support radial load
In this groundnut shelling machine, the bearing is used to allow the horizontal shaft to rotate and
support. The bearing type is selected a rolling contract bearing of radial ball bearing because
radial bearing can support radial load.
Also, the roller bearing has the following merits
 Accuracy of shaft alignment

 Reliability of service
 Ability to with stand momentary shock loads.
 Low starting and running friction.
 Low cost of maintenances, as no lubrication required

Principal dimensions for radial ball bearings.

Table 4.11. bearing selection from standard (Khurmi and Guptha)
Bearing number Bore (mm) Outside diameter Width (mm)
(mm)
203 17 40 12
303 17 47 14
403 17 62 17
204 20 47 14
304 20 52 14
404 20 72 19
205 25 52 15
305 25 62 17
405 25 80 21
206 30 62 16
306 30 72 19
406 30 90 23
207 35 72 17
307 35 80 21
407 35 100 25
208 40 80 18
308 40 90 23
408 40 110 27
209 45 85 19
309 45 100 25
409 45 120 29

Co = [foiz𝑑 2 cos]
Where, i = number of rows of ball, take, i=1
D=diameter of ball.
ἁ= nominal angle of contact a between the line of action ball a plane perpendicular to the
axis of bearing, = 15° ,
Z = number of balls per row
Fo = factor depending up on the type of bearing =12.3, for radial contact and angular
contact groove ball bearing.
 Bearing selected for shelling unit shaft with 35 diameters.
Bearing number-207
Bore =35mm
Outside diameter =72mm
Width=17mm
 For fan shaft, bearing number -204
Bore =20mm
Outside diameter=47mm
Width=14mm
Life, basic load (dynamic axial and dynamic radial loads) carrying capacity will calculated as
follow.
Co = [foiz𝑑 2 cos] = 12.311717.52cos15°
Co =61.85kw
 Static equivalent load for roller or ball radial bearing under combined
radial and axial load.
Wseq = WRXo + WaYo
Where, WR=radial load, xo= radial load factor
Wa= axial load, y0= axial load factor
But, the shaft is not subjected to axial load. So, neglect it
W = xo*wr, where. FB= 69.16N=WR
For deep groove ball bearing, x=0.56, e= 0.31
Wseq = 0.5669.16 =38.73

Life of bearing
The life of an individual ball bearing may be defined as the number of revolution (or hour at
same given constant speed which the bearing runs before the first evidence of fatigue develop in
the material of one of ring or any of the rolling element.
W = x*v*+WR, WR=69.16N Where, V= rotation factor=1 for inner race rotating bearing
Hence W= 1*1*69.16N= 69.16N
The life from the standard table of the bearing hours is (12000_20000) range
Take, LH= 20000 hrs.
Life of bearing on revolutions,
L = 60NLH =6017820000 L =2.064×108rev
4.5.11. Selection of key and analysis
A key is a piece of mild steel inserted between the shaft and hub or boss of the pulley to connect
these together in order to prevent relative motion between them. It is always inserted parallel to
the axis of the shaft. Keys are used as temporary fastenings and are subjected to considerable
crushing and shearing stresses. A keyway is a slot or recess in a shaft and hub of the pulley to
accommodate a key.
There are deferent types of key:
Round key; it is usually considered to be most appropriate for very low power drives.
Tangent key; it is withstanding torsion in one direction only. But, used to large heavy duty shaft.
Saddle key; it is used to a temporary fastening and light load.
Sunk key; are provided half in the keyway of the shaft and half in the keyway of the hub or boss
of the pulley.
Sunk-key is selected stand from the above definition. The usual proportions of this rectangular
𝑑
sunk key are; W= 4
l= 1.571d
𝑑
𝑡= Where; w – width of key
6

L=length of key
t= thickness of key
d= diameter of shaft
For shelling unit shaft diameter is 35mm.
35
W= =8.75
4
l= 1.57135 =54.985
35
𝑡= =5.83
6
For fan shaft diameter is 20mm,

20
W= =5
4
l= 1.57120 =31.42
20
𝑡= =3.33
6
In designing a key, forces due to fit of the key are neglected and it is assumed that the distribution
of forces along the length of key is uniform. Consider shearing stress on the shelling unit shaft
diameter and the key of yield strength is 560Mpa.
= 0.5y =0.5×560Mpa =280Mpa
Where, τ - Permissible shear stress
σy - yield strength
 280𝑀𝑝𝑎
Allowable stress, 𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑛 = = 140𝑀𝑝𝑎
2
The shelling unit pulley has a tension force of the slack and the tight on the above calculation.
The total tension force is 1774.5N. Crushing stress on the key is
𝑃
c= 𝐴 ,but A= l × w, Where, p – (load) tension force
A – area of key
l – length of key
w – width of key
A= 54.985 × 5.833 = 320.727mm2
1774.5
c= 320.727 = 5.53𝑀𝑝𝑎

The allowable shear stress greater than crushing shear stress of the key this means 140 Mpa
5.069Mpa, so the design is safe.
4.5.12. Selection of bolt and nut and analysis
Bolts and nuts are non – permanent joint which is used to joint one machine element with another
machine element. They are used widely where the machine parts are required to assemble or
disassembled without damage to the machine the purpose of holding in assembly reason is less
strength of bolt and nut. We select it from other non - permanent joint the reason for the selection
of bolts and nuts are: -
 It is easily assembled and disassembled
 It has less strength with low cost
 It is the most available than others
 It is the reliable
Bolt is a component of cylindrical road with a head at one end and threads at the other end the
cylindrical portion is called shank. The shank passes through holes in the parts to be fastened the
threaded portion of the bolt is screwed in to the nut the heads of the bolts and nuts are hexagonal
or square.
Table 4.12 Design dimension of screw thread bolt and nut according to SI;4218
Designation Pitch Nominal Depth of Core of Depth of Stress Core of
diameter the diameter bolt diameter thread area nut diameter
M8 2.25 8 7.188 6.466 0.767 36.6 6.647

M14 2 14 12.701 11.564 1.227 115 11.835
M20 2.5 20 18.376 16.933 1.534 192 17.294
M30 3.5 30 27.727 25.706 2.147 561 26.211
Take the diameter of bolt is 14mm. so, we select M14, d=14mm, dp=13mm, bolt dc=12mm, bolt
tread=1.227mm and nut dc=11.835mm. The material is mild steel the tensile stress is 440Mpa.
Bolts are designed on the basis of direct tensile stress.
Stress area, A = dp × dc = 1311.835= 153.855mm2

Where, dP= Pitch diameter, and

dc= Core or minor diameter
Safe tensile load, Pst = Stress area × σt
Pst =153.855mm2440N/mm2 = 67.7kw
Shear stress across the threads:
The average threads shearing stress for the thread (τs) is obtained by using the relation
𝑃𝑠𝑡
c =𝑑𝑐𝑛𝑏 n =4, b= 2.147
67700
c =11.835𝑚𝑚42.147𝑚𝑚 =212.02Mpa
Compression or crushing stress on threads:

The compression or crushing stress between the threads (σc ) may be obtained by using the
relation.
𝑝
𝑐 =
 (𝑑2 − 𝑑𝑐 2 )𝑛
Where, d = Major diameter,
dc= Minor diameter, and
n = Number of threads in engagement.
67700
𝑐 =
 (142 − 11.8352 )4
𝑐 = 96.3𝑀𝑝𝑎

4.5.13. Design of motor support
Motor support is carry and supports the motor when the motor assembles. The yield stress of the
material is 440Mpa.Take a factor of safety is 2.
𝑆𝑡 440
𝜎𝑎 = = = 220𝑀𝑃𝑎 Where, St - yields tress
𝑛 2
σall - allowable stress

The weight the motor 26.4kg for 3Kw.
Driving pulley weight: -diameter, 120mm, 70mm for fan and shelling unit respectively.
@ D=70mm, (for motor shaft diameter d=25)
V= 𝜋 × 𝑤 × (𝑟12 − 𝑟22 )
V= 𝜋 × 0.03 × (0.0352 − 0.01252 ) = 1.004×10-4m3
7800𝑘𝑔
m=𝜌×𝑣 = × 1.004 × 10−4 m3
m3
= 0.783kg
@ D=120mm
V= 𝜋 × 𝑤 × (𝑟12 − 𝑟22 )
V= 𝜋 × 0.04 × (0.062 − 0.01252 ) = 4.32×10-4m3
7800𝑘𝑔
m=𝜌×𝑣 = × 4.32 × 10−4 m3 =3.37kg
m3
mt= 3.37kg +0.783kg = 4.153kg

w= mg = 4.153× 9.81m/s2 = 40.74N
Bending stress analysis (σb)
𝑀∗𝑌
𝜎𝑏 = 𝐼
First calculates bending moment

Wt
550
RA RB

wt= weight of motor + weight of driving pulley

= 26.49.81m/s2 + 40.7=299.7N  300N
∑ 𝑀𝐴= 0
RA × 550 − 𝑤𝑡 × 275 = RA × 550 − 300 × 275
RB = 150N
∑ 𝐹𝑦 =0
RA + RB –wt = 0
RA = wt – RB = 300N – 150N = 150N
Mc = 275× 150𝑁 − 275 × 150𝑁 = 0
MA = 550× 150 − 275 × 150 = 41250Nm
𝑤𝑡∗𝑙2 150∗0.552
Mmax = = = 3.78Nm
12 12
𝑙𝑏 3
Moment of inertia for rectangular, I = 12
B=150mm, width=5mm, length=550mm

5501503
I= =154687500mm4
12
𝑏 150
y=2= =75mm
2
𝑀∗𝑌 3.78𝑁𝑚𝑚1000∗75𝑚𝑚
𝜎𝑏 = = = 1.8 × 10-3 N/mm2
𝐼 154687500
The maximum bending stress less than allowable stress 1.8*10-3 220MPa therefore the design
is safe.
Deflection is the degree to which structural element is displaced under load it may refer to an
angle or distance. The deflection distance of a member under a load is directly related to the
slope of the deflected shape of the member under that load.
𝑝𝑙3 150𝑁𝑚𝑚1000∗5503
𝛿= = = 2.6∗10-7
3𝐸𝐼 3205∗109 ∗1.546∗108
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 2.6×10−7 𝑙
𝛿index = = = 4.7∗10-10, 𝛿index for the material is ≤ 240 the design is safe.
𝑙 550

4.5.14. Design of frame and force analysis
The machine required four pulleys; two driving pulleys were mounted on the crank shaft of the
engine and the driven pulleys were mounted on fan shaft and cylinder shafts. Due to its availability
and cost aluminum pulleys were selected. The diameter of the pulleys used on the motor shaft of
the engine was 70 and 120 mm to drive cylinder and fan shaft, respectively.
According to Aaron (1975), the desired revolution per minute the diameter of driving and driven
pulley was determined as follow.
Design of frame that supports cylinder unit shaft
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙= 𝑠𝑡 Where; σall =allowable stress
𝑛
n =facture of safety, take2

440
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙= 𝑠𝑡 = = 220Mpa
𝑛 2
Permissible stress (𝜏𝑦 ), 𝜏𝑦 = 0.5× 𝑆𝑦 = 0.5× 250 = 125Mpa

𝑠2 250
Allowable shear stress (𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 ) , 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = = 125Mpa
2 2
Bending stress (𝜎𝑏 )

𝑀∗𝑌
𝜎𝑏 ) = 𝑙
First calculate bending moment (M)

Wt
C
A B
600 250
RA RB
Wt=weight of feed table + weight of concave + weight of pulley for cylinder +

weight of shaft for cylinder + weight of shelling unit
Wt = 77N+106N+39.24+59.3N +138.32N
=419.9N
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0
RB×850−𝑊𝑡 × 600 = 0

RB×850−419.9 × 600 =0
RB =296.4N
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
RA + RB = 419.9N
RA = 123.5N
∑ 𝑀𝐶 = 0
Mc = Rb×250 −RA×600 = = 296.4N×250 −123.5×60 = 0Nm
MA = RB×850 −Wt×600 =0
= 296.4N ×850 −419.9𝑁 ×600 =0
= -2.9Nm
MB = Wt ×250−RA× 850
= 419.9 ×250−123.5× 850 =0N
The maximum bending moment is 2.9N
Moment of inertia for rectangular part
𝑙𝑏 3
𝐼= , width w=40mm, base b=40mm and length l=850mm
12
850×403
𝐼= =4.5× 106 mm4 and y = b/2 = 40/2 = 20mm
12
𝑀∗𝑌 30𝑁𝑚𝑚∗20𝑚𝑚
Bending stress (𝜎𝑏 ) = = =1.33× 10−4 𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑙 4.5×106 mm4
The maximum bending stress less than allowable stress

1.33× 10−4 𝑀𝑝𝑎 < 22𝑀𝑝𝑎, Therefore, the design is safe.
Deflection is the degree to which structural element is displaced under load it may refer to an angle or
distance. The deflection distance of a member under a load is directly related to the slope of the deflected
shape of the member under that load.
𝑝𝑙3
б= 3𝐸𝐼
Where, б=deflection
I=moment of inertia
L=length
E=young’uns modulus
P=load

419.9𝑁𝑚𝑚1000×8503
б= 6 = 9.3 × 10−5 m =8.43× 10−2 mm
3×205𝐺𝑝×4.5×10 mm4
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 9.3×10−2 mm
𝛿index = = =1.09× 10−4
𝑙 850𝑚𝑚
бindex for the material is L/240.

850
1.09× 10−4 < 240 = 3.54, Therefore the design is safe
Figure 4.15. frame
4.6. Working Principle of the machine
Groundnut Sheller Machine is used to shelling a groundnut (i.e. separating kernel from the husks
or pod), with characteristics of a simple structure, easy operation, low power consumption, low
noise in the production process.
1. The groundnut Sheller machine has frame, fan, shelling unit, motor, concave, feed table,
v-belt, delivery unit, chaff outlet and power transmission pulley and shaft.
2. After the machine runs or start, the groundnuts are put into the feed table quantitatively,
and continuously, and the groundnuts pod are broken under the shelling unit with repeated
impact and collisions of groundnut when the shelling unit is rotate. And pass through the
concave gap.
3. Groundnut chaff and kernel (the shells and grains of groundnuts) are separated by the
rotating fan pressure due to weight deference.

4. The light weight groundnut shells are blown out of the machine through the chaff outlet.
But, the heavy weight kernels are passing through the inclined delivery unit. It is repeated
a continues action.
4.7. Assembling procedure
The arrangement of various component of “Groundnut Sheller” is being done are as follows:
1. The foundation frame is being selected which carry the entire load of the machine.
2. Insert the shelling unit from the middle of the shelling shaft and welded. Then the shelling shaft
is mounted on the top face of the foundation frame with the help of radial ball bearing.
3. The blade of the fan is mounted from the fan shaft by welding mechanism and the fan shaft is
mounted at the back face of the foundation frame with the help of radial ball bearing.
4. Fan cover fastened by welding, to back side of foundation frame, which cover fan shaft
5. The semi-circular concave mounted on the support provided at inner side of the foundation
frame that fit with delivery unit.
6. The delivery unit is mounted on the inside of the frame that fitted with feed table.
7. The feeding table is mounted on foundation frame covering shelling unit, and
germanely(appropriately) fastened at one side using bolt and nut and other side is temporary fasten
for time to time change of semi-circular concave.
8. The support of motor is assembled from the bottom of foundation frame to carry the electric
motor, which provides necessary power. In addition of this driving pulley of fan and cylinder unit
also mounted from this motor
9. By using key, 60mm and 315mm pulley is mounted on the shaft of, fan and shelling unit
respectively, over which belt is mounted for transmission of power from motor to shelling unit and
fan.
10. The above arrangement ensure that all element of the machine is balanced and also center of
gravity of the assembly is on axis as that of the center of gravity.

CHAPTER FIVE
COST ESTIMATION
5.1. Cost of Production
The costing of the machine is based on material costs.
Table 5.1 Cost of material

No Name of material Quantity Unit cost(birr) Total
cost(birr)
1 Square hollow section 14 70 980
2 Sheet metal by the Different length and base for 250+650+700+400 2000
thickness of 1.5mm feed table cover of concave,
and 2mm delivery unit, and shelling
unit.
3 Motor 1 3000 3000
4 Pulley 4 80+100++150+200 530
6 Belt 2 80+100 180
7 Bearing with housing 4 120 480
8 Shaft 2 450+600 1050
9 Bolt and nut 4 10 40
10 Key 4 20 80
Total = 8340 birr.
Based on the above data the total cost of the machine material = 8340 birr.

CHAPTER SIX
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

In our design process we seen to possibility of groundnut sheller machine, machine without fan
and with fan. The groundnut machine without fan has less cost but requires high fatigues to
separate kernel from chaff. So, by considering the above cause we select groundnut sheller
machine with fan.
Some parts of groundnut sheller machine analysis results:
6.1. Frame
The frame holds all the components and the main support of the machine. Based on calculated
value the dimension for the frame looks as illustrated below. The frame has the length, width and
thickness of 850mm, 40mm, and 40mm respectively in our design analysis.
Figure 6.1. frame
6.2. Shelling unit (drum)
The main function of the shelling unit or drum is used to shell the groundnut that separates the
husk from the kernel and gets the power from the motor connected through the shelling shaft. So,
based on the calculated value the dimension for the shelling unit or drum looks as illustrated below.
The shelling unit or the drum have been the outer diameter, the thickness, length and hole diameter
of 280mm, 2mm, 468mm and 35mm respectively in our design analysis.

Figure 6.2. shelling unit
6.3. Concave
The function of the concave mainly to allow pass of the kernel that shelled from the drum or the
shelling unit. Based on the calculated value the dimension for the concave illustrated as the length,
outer diameter, and the round bar diameter of 488mm, 420mm and 8mm respectively.
6.3. concave Figure
6.4. Fan housing
Fan housing covers the blade from some externa damages such as piece of metals, dusts etc. In our
design the calculated values of the dimensions for fan housing looks as the outer diameter,
thickness, length, width and base of 370mm, 1.5mm, 485mm, 114mm, and 102mm respectively.

Figure 6.4. fan housing
6.5. Belt for shelling unit
Generally, the function of the belt is transmitting the motion from one part to another of
mechanically rotating shafts most often parallel. Belt for shelling unit that links the motor pulleys
with the shelling unit through the shelling shaft. Based on the calculated values of dimensions for
belt for shelling unit illustrated as center distance, speed, slack tension and tight tension of 526mm,
2.9m/s, 436.12N and 1338.4N respectively.
Figure 6.5. belt for shelling unit
6.6. Belt for fan
Links the motor large pulley and the pulley of the fan. Based on the calculated values of dimension
for belt for the fan illustrated as center distance, speed, slack tension and tight tension of 350mm,
5.56m/s, 5.6N and 19.54N respectively.

Figure 6.6. belt for fan
6.7. Selection of pulley
Pulleys are used to change the speed, direction of the rotation, or turning force or torque. Transmits
rotary motion and force from the input, or drive shaft, to the output, or driven shaft. Based on
calculated values dimensions for the pulley illustrated as shelling shaft diameter, fan shaft
diameter, cylinder speed and fan speed of 315mm, 60mm, 178rpm and 1635rpm respectively.
figure 6.7. pulley for shelling unit figure 6.8. pulley for fan
6.8. Shaft for shelling unit
Generally, shaft is use to transfer motion from one machine element to another element. Based on
calculated values dimensions for the pulley illustrated as shaft length is 800mm and diameter,
maximum bending moment, angle of twist, and weight is 35mm, 225.5Nm, 0.50/m and 59.3N
respectively. The shaft is assembled by bearing and key.

Figure 6.9. shaft for shelling unit
6.9. Selection of bolt
Bolts and nuts are non – permanent joint which is used to joint one machine element with another
machine element. Based on calculated values dimensions for the bolt illustrated as normal
diameter, pitch diameter, core diameter, safe tensile load, Shear stress across the threads and
crushing stress is 14mm(M14), 13mm,12mm, 67.7kw, 212.02Mpa and 96.3𝑀𝑝𝑎 respectively.
6.10. Selection of bearing
A bearing is a machine element which supports another moving machine element (known as
journal). Based on calculated values dimensions for the bearing illustrated as outside diameter,
72mm and 47mm, bore 35mm and 20mm, width 17mm and 14mm for shelling unit and fan shaft
respectively. The bearing is assembled to shaft with life of bearing is 2.064×108rev.
6.11. Key
A key is a piece of mild steel inserted between the shaft and hub or boss of the pulley to connect
these together in order to prevent relative motion between them. Based on calculated values
dimensions for the key is illustrated as length, 55mm and 31.42mm, width 8.75mm and 5mm
And thickness 5.83mm and 3.33mm for shelling and fan shaft respectively. The crushing stress on
the key is 5.53Mpa.
6.12. Delivery unit
The function of delivery unit is used to deliver and store the shelled groundnut that comes from
the concave. Based on calculated values dimensions for the delivery unit is illustrated as diameter
of cylinder part, length, and thickness is 428mm, 495mm and 1.5mm respectively. The weight of
delivery unit is 93.3N and assembled by welding to the frame.

Figure 6.10. delivery unit
6.13. Fan blade
Based on calculated values dimensions for the fane blade is illustrated as length, height and
thickness is 384mm, 130mm and thickness 1.5mm respectively. The fan blades are assembled
welding with weight of all four blade 21.06N.
Figure 6.11. fan blade
6.14 Feed table
Used to feed the groundnut pod in to shelling drum. Based on calculated values dimensions for the
feed table is illustrated as diameter of cylindrical part 428mm, and length of 495mm with weight
of 77N and assembled by welding with frame.
Figure 6.12. feed table

CHAPTER SEVEN
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

7.1. Conclusion
In an effort to alleviate some of the problems associated with primary processing of groundnut,
shelling kernels from the pods, a motorized groundnut pods sheller machine was designed. The
groundnut shelling machine has a feed table, shelling unit, fan, delivery unit and supporting frame.
In this project the geometry analysis, force and stress analysis of each component, working
principle, how to assemble, and cost analysis of the project are discussed. Generally, we know
more about the design steps from thinking to modeling system. From this work we conclude that
the shelling capacity depends on the shelling unit speed, power and moisture content of the pod,
hopper volume and hopper inclination is also among the factors that affect the selling and
production. These machine is does not have complicated part, light in weight, simple and
comfortable for all farmers that have low, medium, and high-income level, alternatively a farmer
buy our machine by the form of group or by individual because it has low cost compared with the
previous.

7.2. Recommendation
Anyone who use this machine we recommended that:
1. This machine is used only for shelling groundnut (separating kernel from the pod)
2. It is better or preferable to use groundnut moisture of less than 13.5 percent, for
longer life of the machine.
3. This machine is also used for feed rate of 4.5kg/min
Finally, we would like to recommend gladly for those who have a need to modify or support our
work in any case so as to achieve better value for the country we recommended that:
1. The machine is re-evaluated at more cylinder speeds, feed rates and moisture contents of pods
using different varieties of groundnuts;
2. These groundnut Sheller machine does not move by their self, these means do not have their
own engine system, or flywheel in other way these transported by human power, so any person
to modify these machines to add engine system or moving mechanism.

Reference
1. Upadhyaya, H.D., L.J. Reddy, C.L.L. Gowda and S. Singh, 2006. Identification of diverse
groundnut germplasm: Sources of early maturity in a core collection. Field Crops Res. 97(2-
3): 261-271.
2. FAOSTAT, 2008. FAOSTAT data base. http://faostat.fao.org/.
3. CSA, 2009. Agricultural sample survey of area and production of crops of 2008/2009 in
Ethiopia Government annual report on area and production of crops, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,
pp. 1-128.
4. . Geleta, T., K.S. Purshotum, S. Wijnand and T. Tana, 2007. Integrated management of
groundnut root rot using seed quality. International Journal of Pest Management 53-57.
5. Carruthers,I. and M. Rodriquez,1985. Tools for Agriculture: a buyer’s guide to appropriate
equipment. 3rd edition. IT Publications, London.
6. https;//en.wikispedia.org/wiki/universal-nut-Sheller
7. https://www.google.com/search?q=hand+operated+groundnut+sheller machine.
8. https;//www.scribed.com/docment/252001355/manually operated Groundnut shell machine.
9. https://www.sacribe.com/mechanized operated groundnut Sheller machine.
10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6061_aluminium_alloy.
11. https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/carbon-steel-40c8-12849528888.html
12. mineralengineer.wikifoundry.com/page/size+ reduction +lows.
13. Alonge, A.F. and T.A. Adegbulugbe, 2005. Some physical properties of Groundnuts
(Arachis hypogea L). Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Technology.
14. Hannah, J. and R.C. Stephens, 1980. Mechanics of machine 4th ed. Edward Arnold
London.
15. www.bearingshopuk.co.uk/a66-v-belt/
16. R.S. Khurmi J.K. Gupta, A Text Book of Machine Design, First Multicolor Edition,
(2005) Eurasia Publishing House (Pvt.) Ltd. Ram Nagar, New Delhi-110 055.
17. Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design 8th Edition 2010.

Appendix 1: Dimensions of groundnut kernels at 10% moisture content (db).

Cont.……
Cont.……


Appendix 2: Dimensions of groundnut pods at 10% moisture content (db)


Appendix 3: Thousand kernels weight at 10% moisture content (db).

Appendix 4: Thousand pods weight at 10% moisture content (db)

Appendix 5: Assembly of the machine with belt cover and without belt cover

11
6
1
2
5
13 4
12 3
15
10
16
8 14
Part name Part number Part name Part number

Motor support 16 Motor 8
Motor pulley for fan 15 Fan blade 7
Motor pulley for 14 Fan housing 6
shelling unit
Fan pulley 13 Fan shaft 5
Shelling unit belt 12 Shelling unit shaft 4
Shelling unit pulley 11 Delivery unit 3
Fan belt 10 shelling unit 2
Frame 9 Feed table 1

Appendix 6: Detail drawings











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DESIGN MODIFICATION OF GROUNDNUT SHELLER MACHINE 2011E.

Design Modification of Groundnut Sheller Machine

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 1

Design Modification of Groundnut Sheller Machine

A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering of Hawassa University

Mr._______________________ _____________ _____________

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 2

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 3

Mr. Lijalem Mulugeta (Msc.)

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY I

We hereby declare the

1. Arega Damitie _________________ Date_________________

2. Bazezew Derso _________________ Date _________________

3. Bedlu Tenaw _________________ Date _________________

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY II

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY III

Dg = geometric mean diameter of pod or kernel

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY IV

Kb = combined shock and fatigue factor for bending moment

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY V

Groundnut shelling, in Ethiopia, at present is predominantly traditional, manual method, using a

Key words: Groundnut, Sheller.

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY VI

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY VII

3.2.6. Detailed drawing .................................................................................................. 13

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY VIII

4.5.8.1. Fan blade design specification ....................................................................... 46

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY IX

7.1. Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 76

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY X

Table 4.1. Properties of aluminum................................................................................................ 20

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY XI

Figure 2.1 Groundnut shelled by hand operated ............................................................................. 7

Figure 2.2 Groundnut shelled by manual operated machine .......................................................... 7

Figure 2.3 Groundnut shelled by concrete constructed system .......................................................8

Figure 2.5 Motor operated shelling machine. ................................................................................ 10

Figure 4.1 sheller machine without fan ......................................................................................... 15

Figure 4.2 Sheller machine with fan ............................................................................................. 16

Figure 4.3 shelling unit(drum) ...................................................................................................... 29

Figure 4.4. concave ....................................................................................................................... 30

Figure 4.5 feed table. .....................................................................................................................32

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY XII

Figure 4.6 delivery unit ................................................................................................................ 33

Figure 4.7 pulley for shelling unit shaft ....................................................................................... 35

Figure 4.8 pulley for fan shaft ...................................................................................................... 35

Figure 4.9 belt for shelling unit .................................................................................................... 39

Figure 4.12 fan blade ................................................................................................................... 47

Figure 4.13 shaft for shelling unit................................................................................................ 53

Figure 4.14 shaft for fan……………………………………………………………………. ......56

Figure 4.15 frame......................................................................................................................... 68

Figure 6.1 frame………………………………………………………………………………….

Figure 6.2 shelling unit ………………………………………………………………………....

Figure 6.3 concave ………………………………………………………………………………

Figure 6.4 Fan housing …………………………………………………………………………...

Figure 6.5 belt for shelling unit …………………………………………………………………..

Figure 6.6 belt for fan …………………………………………………………………………….

Figure 6.7 selection of pulley for belt………………………………………………….

Mr._________________ _ _______

1. Arega Damitie _ Date_

2. Bazezew Derso _ Date _

3. Bedlu Tenaw _ Date _