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Object Oriented Programming

Dr. Muzammil Khan

Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science

Office E – 12

Chapter 3

Inheritance

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Inheritance
 A child inherits characteristics of its parents
 Besides inherited characteristics
 A child may have its own unique characteristics

 Similarly, in programming
 A class can carry characteristics of another class
 Besides,
 Has its own characteristics
 For Example
 If a class B inherits from class A then
 It contains all the characteristics (information structure and
behaviour) of class A
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Inheritance (Cont…)
 Class that has been inherited by another class
 Known as base class, parent class or super class
 Class that carry characteristics of another class
 Known as derived class, child class or sub class

 Besides inherited characteristics,

 Derived class may have its own unique characteristics

 Inherited class B from class A

 A is KIND OF B
 Know as “A KIND OF” Relationship

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Example – Inheritance

Person

Student Doctor
Teacher

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Example – Inheritance (Cont…)

Person
name
age
gender
eat
walk

Student Teacher Doctor

program designation designation
studyYear salary salary
study teach checkUp
heldExam takeExam prescribe
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Example – Inheritance (Cont…)

Shape
color
coord
draw
rotate
setColor

Circle Triangle
radius Line angle
draw length draw
computeArea draw computeArea
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Inheritance – Advantages
 Reusability
 Facility to use public methods of base class without
rewriting the same
 Extensibility
 Extending the base class logic as per business logic of the
derived class
 Data hiding
 Base class can decide to keep some data private so that it
cannot be altered by the derived class
 Overriding
 With inheritance, we will be able to override the methods of
the base class so that meaningful implementation of the
base class method can be designed in the derived class.
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Inheritance – Disadvantages
 Homework

 Task
 In next class

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Reuse with Inheritance

 Main purpose of inheritance is reuse

 We can easily add new classes by inheriting from existing

classes
 Select an existing class closer to the desired functionality
 Create a new class and inherit it from the selected class
 Add to and/or modify the inherited functionality

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Example – Reuse
Shape
color
coord
draw
rotate
setColor

Circle Triangle
radius Line angle
draw length draw
computeArea draw computeArea
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Example – Reuse (Cont…)

Person
name
age
gender
eat
walk

Student Teacher Doctor

program designation designation
studyYear salary salary
study teach checkUp
heldExam takeExam prescribe
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Example – Reuse (Cont…)

Person
name
age
gender
eat
walk

Student Teacher Doctor

program designation designation
studyYear salary salary
study teach checkUp
heldExam takeExam prescribe
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Inheritance Related Concepts

 Three closely related concepts are

1. Generalization

2. Subtyping (extension)

3. Specialization (restriction)

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Generalization
 In OO models, some classes may have common
characteristics
 We extract these features into a new class and inherit
original classes from this new class
 This concept is known as Generalization
 Example
Triangle
Line Circle
color color color
vertices vertices vertices
length radius angle
move move move
setColor setColor setColor
getLength computeArea computeArea
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Example – Generalization
Shape
color
vertices
move
setColor

Circle Triangle
radius Line angle
computeArea length computeArea
getLength
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Class Task
 How we can generalized classes for
 Student
 Teacher
 Doctor

 Draw individual class with characteristics

 Generalized all three classes into one general class “Person”

 For guidance use previous example

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Sub-typing (Extension)
 Sub-typing means that derived class is behaviourally
compatible with the base class
 Behaviourally compatible means that base class can be
replaced by the derived class
 Examples

Person Student
name
program
age
studyYear
gender
eats study
walks takeExam
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Example – Sub-typing

Shape Circle
color radius
vertices
computeCF
setColor computeArea
move

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Specialization (Restriction)
 Specialization means that derived class is behaviourally
incompatible with the base class

 Behaviourally incompatible means that base class can’t

always be replaced by the derived class

 Example
 Next slide

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Example - Specialization
Person
age : [0..100]
…
setAge( a ) age = a
…

Adult If age < 18 then

age : [18..100] error
… else
setAge( a ) age = a
…
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Example – Specialization (Cont...)

IntegerSet
…
add(elem) add element
… to the set

If elem < 1
then
NaturalSet error
… else
add (elem) add
… element to
the set
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Overriding
 A class may need to override the default behaviour
provided by its base class

 Reasons for overriding

 Provide behaviour specific to a derived class
 Extend the default behaviour
 Restrict the default behaviour
 Improve performance

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Example – Specific Behaviour

Shape
color
vertices
draw
move
setColor

Circle Triangle
radius Line angle
draw length draw
computeArea draw computeArea
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Example – Extension
Window
width
height
open
close
draw

DialogBox 1- Invoke
controls Window’s draw
enable 2- draw the
draw dialog box
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Example – Restriction

IntegerSet
…
add( elem ) Add element
… to the set

If elem < 1
then
NaturalSet give error
… else
add( elem ) Add element
… to the set

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Example – Improve Performance

 Class Circle overrides rotate operation of class Shape with
a Null operation.

Shape
color Circle
coord radius
draw draw
rotate rotate
setColor

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Abstract Classes
 An abstract class implements an abstract concept
 For Example
 Person is abstract concept for student, teacher, doctor etc.

 Main purpose is to be inherited by other classes

 Can’t be instantiated
 Can not take object of it

 Promotes reuse
 Encourage reusability

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Example – Abstract Classes

Person
name
age
gender
eat
walk

Student Doctor
Teacher
 Here, Person is an abstract class
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Example – Abstract Classes

Vehicle
color
model
accelerate
applyBrakes

Car Truck
Bus
 Here, Vehicle is an abstract class
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Concrete Classes
 A concrete class implements a concrete concept
 For Example
 Student, Teacher, Doctor etc., are concrete concepts of
abstract concept Person

 Main purpose is to be instantiated

 Can take object of it

 Provides implementation details specific to the domain

context

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Example – Concrete Classes

Person

Student Doctor
program Teacher
studyYear
study
heldExam

 Here, Student, Teacher and Doctor are concrete classes

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Example – Concrete Classes

Vehicle

Car Truck
Bus
capacity
load
unload

 Here, Car, Bus and Truck are concrete classes

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End of Chapter
 Lab Task
 Practice the concept of classes and inheritance with related
concepts

 You may have quiz next week

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