TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Hydraulics Laboratory | PCE13L-M Date: 20 Apr 2021

Laboratory Report Number: 1 Sheina R. Pallega

Group Number: 8

Members:

John Reigh D. Catipay Frix Andri T. Nonato Clarissah Erika L. Pechardo

Adrienne F. Rodriguez Gian M. Susano

A. Objectives:

1. Demonstrate the variation of pressure along a pipe.

2. Validate Bernoulli’s principle by experimentally proving that the sum of the terms
in the Bernoulli equation along a streamline remains a constant.

Sheina Rayala Pallega 20 April 2021

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B. Data Presentation

TABLE 1. Raw Data

PIPE DIAMETER, d VOLUME FLOW
TRIAL TEST SECTION PRESSURE HEAD (mm)
(mm) RATE, Q (L/s)
1 A 13.6 56
0.177
B 26.2 81
2 A 13.6 246
0.284
B 26.2 312
3 A 13.6 158
0.234
B 26.2 202

TABLE 2. Data for Flow

PIPE FLOW VELOCITY, VELOCITY HEAD, TOTAL HEAD, HEAD LOSS,

TEST
TRIAL DIAMETER, AREA, A v VH E HL
SECTION
d (mm) (mm2) (m/s) (mm) (mm) (mm)
1 A 13.6 145.267 1.218 75.668 131.668
45.174
B 26.2 539.129 0.328 5.494 86.494
2 A 13.6 145.267 1.955 194.806 440.806
114.663
B 26.2 539.129 0.527 14.143 326.143
3 A 13.6 145.267 1.611 132.250 290.250
78.649
B 26.2 539.129 0.434 9.602 211.602

Sheina Rayala Pallega 20 April 2021

 TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Based on the graph above, we can infer that there is a directly proportional
relationship between the volume flow rate/discharge and the total head since Trial 2 with
Q of 0.284 L/s produced higher total heads compared to Trial 1 and 3.

Between the heads A and B, the graph shows that the total head produced by
head A with diameter 13.6mm is higher than head B with 26.2mm diameter. From that,
we can also say that the lower the pipe’s diameter, the higher is its total head produced.

C. Calculations

Sheina Rayala Pallega 20 April 2021

 TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

D. Results Discussion

After calculating the total head produced in point A and B, we arrived at head
loss of 45.174 mm for Trial 1, 114.663 mm for Trial 2, and 78.649 mm for Trial 3. Based on the
results of the experiment, we can observe that the relationship of the head loss between
two points is directly proportional to the volume flow rate or discharge. Since Trial 2 had
the largest discharge between the three trials, it also produced the highest head loss.

One of the possible sources of error in this experiment is the gathering of data. As
we have observed, recording measured values are subjected to errors. As we have seen,
the display of readings for the discharge in the hydraulic bench is continuously changing.
This inconsistency might affect the accuracy and precision of values being recorded.
One more possible error is the view for recording the readings from the piezometers for
the pressure head which is not within the eye level. Recording of readings from a
laboratory apparatus or equipment must be within eye level for more accurate and
precise values.

E. Industry Relevance

Aircraft Maintenance is one of the industries where Bernoulli’s Principle is being

applied. Specifically, in the airspeed indicator of an aircraft. On October 29, 2018, Boeing
737 MAX 8 aircraft crashed into Java Sea killing 189 people. According to the officials,
one of the possible causes of this plane crash is its defective airspeed indicator. An
airspeed indicator displays the airspeed by getting the difference between the pressure
readings by the pitot tube and static port. With this difference, Bernoulli’s Theorem is
being applied by calibrating the airspeed indicator so that it displays the indicated
airspeed relative to the body of air through which it is flying.

Sheina Rayala Pallega 20 April 2021

 TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Another application of Bernoulli’s Theorem is pipe design for hydroelectric plants.

When water from a mountain reservoir is used, determining the change in elevation is
needed in order to calculate the velocity of the water that will flow through the pipes.
Another aircraft application is that using the equation, the airfoil lift force can be
calculated.

News Link:
Lion air crash: Jet had airspeed problems on final four flights. (2018, November 5). BBC
News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46094495

This report is submitted as a group and all contents are mutually shared by all members
as writers. The laboratory instructions are derived from the provided materials in MS
Teams and during synchronized classes.

Affix the signatures below:

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Sheina Rayala Pallega 20 April 2021