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ENERGY ANALYSIS OF
CLOSED SYSTEMS

MOVING BOUNDARY WORK

• The expansion and compression work is often
called moving boundary work
• Example of automobile engine, the expansion and the
combustion gases force the piston to move in cylinder
Where
The initial pressure of the gas is (P)
The total volume is (V)
The cross sectional area of the piston is (A)
The movement distance of piston (ds)

Wb  F  ds  PAds  PdV (J ) 2

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MOVING BOUNDARY WORK

MOVING BOUNDARY WORK

The boundary work done by the expanding hot gases
in car engine is concerted to be
• friction between the piston and the cylinder
• push atmospheric air out of the way
• rotate the crankshaft

Wb  W friction  Watm  Wcrank

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MOVING BOUNDARY WORK

MOVING BOUNDARY WORK

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MOVING BOUNDARY WORK:

Polytropic Process
• During actual expansion and compression
processes of gases, pressure and
volume are often related by
PV n  C
where n and C are constants

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ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED

SYSTEMS
Energy balance

Ein  Eout  Esystem

For a closed system undergoing

a cycle, the initial and final
states are identical
Esystem  Ein  Eout  0
Ein  Eout
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SPECIFIC HEATS
The specific heat is defined as the energy required to
raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance
by one degree
specific heat at constant volume cv
specific heat at constant pressure cp

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SPECIFIC HEATS
(cv) is related to the changes in internal energy
and (cp) to the changes in enthalpy.

The specific heat at

constant pressure (cp) is
always greater than (cv)

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SPECIFIC HEATS
From energy balance
Ein  Eout  Esystem

Energy per unite mass

ein  eout  esystem

Express specific heat (cv) in energy

balance equation at constant volume
cv T  esystem

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SPECIFIC HEATS

Similarly, an expression for the specific heat at

constant pressure (cp)

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INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY,

AND SPECIFIC HEATS OF IDEAL GASES
The ideal gas has relationship between temperature (T),
pressure (P) and specific volume (v)as
𝑃𝑣 = 𝑅𝑇
The enthalpy of ideal gas is
ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑃𝑣
Thus
ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑅𝑇 𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑇)
Since (R) is constant and h= ℎ(𝑇)
(u) and (h) depend only on temperature for an ideal gas

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INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY,

AND SPECIFIC HEATS OF IDEAL GASES
The change in internal energy or enthalpy for an
ideal gas during a process from state 1 to state 2 is
determined by integrating these equations
2
∆𝑢 = 𝑢2 − 𝑢1 = 𝑐𝑣,𝑎𝑣𝑔 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) = 𝑐𝑣 𝑇 𝑑𝑇
1
2
∆ℎ = ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 𝑐𝑝,𝑎𝑣𝑔 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) = 𝑐𝑝 𝑇 𝑑𝑇
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INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY,

AND SPECIFIC HEATS OF IDEAL GASES
The specific heat values for some common gases are
listed as a function of temperature in Table A–2b.

The average specific heats

cp,avg and cv,avg are evaluated
from this table at the
average temperature
(T1 + T2)/2

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INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY,

AND SPECIFIC HEATS OF IDEAL GASES

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INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY,

AND SPECIFIC HEATS OF IDEAL GASES

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INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY,

AND SPECIFIC HEATS OF IDEAL GASES

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INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY, AND

SPECIFIC HEATS OF SOLIDS AND
LIQUIDS
 solids and liquids is incompressible substance
the subscripts on (cp) and (cv) can be dropped, and
both specific heats can be represented by a single
symbol (c)

𝑐𝑝 = 𝑐𝑣 = 𝑐

Specific heat values for

several common liquids and
solids are given in Table A–3
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INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY, AND

SPECIFIC HEATS OF SOLIDS AND
LIQUIDS
The internal energy changes in solid and liquid
2
∆𝑢 = 𝑢2 − 𝑢1 = 𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑔 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) = 𝑐 𝑇 𝑑𝑇
1

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INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY, AND

SPECIFIC HEATS OF SOLIDS AND
LIQUIDS
Enthalpy Changes
∆ℎ = ∆𝑢 + 𝑣∆𝑃 ≅ 𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑔 ∆𝑇 + 𝑣∆𝑃

For solids, the term (v∆P) is insignificant, thus

∆ℎ = ∆𝑢 ≅ 𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑔 ∆𝑇

For liquids, there are two special cases

1. Constant-pressure processes(∆𝑃 = 0): ∆ℎ = ∆𝑢 ≅ 𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑔 ∆𝑇
2. Constant-temperature processes (∆𝑇 = 0): ∆ℎ = v∆𝑃
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