INTEGRAL

CALCULUS
Math 11 Module
 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Integration is the reverse process of differentiation. It is also called
antidifferentiation. It is the process of finding the set of all antiderivatives of a given
function. The symbol " ∫ " denotes the operation of antidifferentiation and we write

∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓𝑥 + 𝑐

BASIC INTEGRATION FORMULA

1.
∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝑐

2.
∫(𝑢 + 𝑣)𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑐

3.
∫ 𝑎𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑢

4. 𝑢𝑛+1
∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐
𝑛+1

Ex amp l es :
Find the antiderivatives of the following.
1.
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑐

2. 𝑥 2+1 𝑥3
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 = +𝑐
2+1 3
3. 𝑥 3+1 𝑥4
∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 = +𝑐
3+1 4
4. 𝑥 5+1 𝑥6 𝑥6
∫ 3𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫ 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ( ) + 𝑐 = 3( ) + 𝑐 = +𝑐
5+1 6 2

5. 6𝑥 2+1 8𝑥 1+1
∫(6𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥 = + + 2𝑥 + 𝑐 = 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑐
2+1 1+1
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6. 1
1
𝑥 3+1 𝑥3
4
3𝑥 3
4
3
∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 = +𝑐 = +𝑐
1 4 4
+1
3 3
7. 3𝑥 2
∫(3𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 5𝑑𝑥 = + 5𝑥 + 𝑥
2
8. 1 −2
𝑥 −2+1 𝑥 −1 1
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑐 = +𝑐 =− +𝑐
𝑥 −2 + 1 −1 𝑥
9. 4𝑥 4 3𝑥 3 2𝑥 2
∫(4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥 = + + + 5𝑥 + 𝑐
4 3 2
4 3 2
= 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 𝑐

10. 𝑥 5 2𝑥 3
∫(𝑥 2 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = − +𝑥+𝑐
5 3
11. 1 2 𝑥
∫ (√𝑥 − 𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 1/2 − + 2𝑥 −1/2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 √𝑥 2
1 1
𝑥 2+1 𝑥2 2𝑥 −2+1 𝑥 3/2 𝑥 2 2𝑥 1/2
= − + +𝑐 = − + +𝑐
1 1
+ 1 2(2) − + 1 3/2 4 1/2
2 2
2𝑥 3/2 𝑥 2 2𝑥 √𝑥 𝑥 2
= − + 2𝑥 1/2 + 𝑐 = − + 4√ 𝑥 + 𝑐
3 4 3 4
12. 1 3
1
𝑥 2+1
3
𝑥 2+1
∫(1 − 𝑥)√𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = − +𝑐
1 3
+1 +1
2 2
3 5
𝑥2 𝑥2 2𝑥 √𝑥 2𝑥 2 √𝑥
= − +𝑐 = − +𝑐
3 5 3 5
2 2
13. 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 4 −2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 4𝑥 −2+1
∫( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 + 5 − 4𝑥 = + 5𝑥 − +𝑐
𝑥2 2 −2 + 1
𝑥2 4𝑥 −1 𝑥2 4
= + 5𝑥 − +𝑐 = + 5𝑥 + + 𝑐
2 −1 2 𝑥

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14. (1 + 𝑥)2
∫[ ] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(1 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )(𝑥 −1/2 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 −1/2 + 2𝑥 1/2 + 𝑥 3/2 )𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
1 1 3
𝑥 −2+1 2𝑥 2+1 𝑥 2+1 𝑥 1/2 2𝑥 3/2 𝑥 5/2
= + + +𝑐 = + + +𝑐
1 1 3 1/2 3/2 5/2
− +1 +1 +1
2 2 2
4𝑥 √𝑥 2𝑥 2 √𝑥
= 2 √𝑥 + + +𝑐
3 5
15. 𝑥3 − 8 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4)
∫[ ] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥
𝑥−2 (𝑥 − 2)
𝑥 3 2𝑥 2 𝑥3
= + + 4𝑥 + 𝑐 = + 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑐
3 2 3
16.
∫ √𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥

= ∫ √𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥

𝑥3 𝑥2
= ∫(𝑥 2 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − +𝑐
3 2

INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
Integration by substitution is used to transformed a complicated equation to a simpler
one.

Steps:
Given ∫(𝑥 + 3)20 𝑑𝑥
 Assign the value of u
𝑢 =𝑥+3
 Find the derivative of u with respect to x
𝑑𝑢
=1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
 Substitute u and du into the equation
∫ 𝑢20 𝑑𝑢
 Integrate
𝑢21
+𝑐
21
 Substitute the original value of u back to the equation

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(𝑥 + 3)21
+𝑐
21
1.
∫(2𝑥 3 − 1)4 6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
let 𝑢5 (2𝑥 3 − 1)5
𝑢 = 2𝑥 3 − 1 ∫ 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐 = +𝑐
5 5
𝑑𝑢 = 6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

2. 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
∫
(𝑥 3 − 1)4
let 𝑑𝑢
1 𝑑𝑢 1 1 𝑢−4+1
𝑢 = 𝑥3 − 1 ∫ 34 = ∫ 4 = ∫ 𝑢−4 𝑑𝑢 = ( )+𝑐
𝑑𝑢 = (3𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 𝑢 3 𝑢 3 3 −4 + 1
−3
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢 1
= 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ( )+𝑐 =− 3+𝑐
3 3 −3 9𝑢
1
=−
9(𝑥 3 − 1)3 + 𝑐

3. 8𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
∫
(𝑥 3 + 3)3
let 𝑑𝑢
8 𝑑𝑢 8 8 𝑢−3+1 8𝑢−2
𝑢 = 𝑥3 + 3 8 ∫ 33 = ∫ 3 = ∫ 𝑢−3 𝑑𝑢 = ( )+𝑐 = +𝑐
𝑑𝑢 𝑢 3 𝑢 3 3 −3 + 1 −6
= 3𝑥 2 4 4
𝑑𝑥 =− 2+𝑐 =− +𝑐
𝑑𝑢 3𝑢 3(𝑥 + 3)2
3
= 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3
4. 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
∫4
√𝑥 3 + 2
let 𝑑𝑢 1
− +1
3 1 1 𝑢 4 1 𝑢3/4
𝑢 = 𝑥3 + 2 ∫ 4 = ∫ 𝑢−1/4 𝑑𝑢 = ( )+𝑐 = ( )+𝑐
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √𝑢 3 3 −1 +1 3 3/4
𝑑𝑢 4
= 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 4𝑢3/4 4(𝑥 3 + 2)3/4
3 = +𝑐 = +𝑐
9 9
4
4 √(𝑥 3 + 2)3
= +𝑐
9
5.
∫ 3𝑥 √1 − 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

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let −𝑑𝑢 3 3 𝑢3/2

𝑢 = 1 − 2𝑥 2 3 ∫ √𝑢 ∙ = − ∫ 𝑢1/2 𝑑𝑢 = − ( )+𝑐
4 4 4 3/2
𝑑𝑢 = −4𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑢3/2 (1 − 2𝑥 2 )3/2
𝑑𝑢 =− +𝑐 − +𝑐
− = 𝑥𝑑𝑥 2 2
4 2
(1 − 2𝑥 )√1 − 2𝑥 2
=− +𝑐
2
6. 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)2
let 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 − 1 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) − 1
𝑢 =𝑥+1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 + 1)2
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 2
(𝑥 + 1) − 1 1
=∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [1 − ] 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 1)2
𝑑𝑢 𝑢−2+1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ 2 = 𝑢 − +𝑐
𝑢 −2 + 1
𝑢−1 1
=𝑢− +𝑐 =𝑢+ +𝑐
−1 𝑢
1
=𝑥+1+ +𝑐
𝑥+1
7. 𝑑𝑥
∫
(𝑥 − 5)2
let 𝑑𝑢 −2
𝑢−1 1
𝑢 =𝑥−5 ∫ = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐 =− +𝑐
𝑢2 −1 𝑥−5
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
8.
∫ √3𝑦 − 7𝑑𝑦
𝑢 = 3𝑦 − 7 1 1 𝑢−1/2 2
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑦 ∫ √𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 1/3 ∫ 𝑢1/2 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐 =− +𝑐
3 3 −1/2 3√3𝑦 − 7
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑦
3
9.
∫ 𝑥(1 − 𝑥 2 )3 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥2 1 1 𝑢4 𝑢4 (1 − 𝑥 2 )4
𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑢3 𝑑𝑢 = − ( ) + 𝑐 = − + 𝑐 = − +𝑐
2 2 4 6 6
𝑑𝑢
− = 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2
10. 𝑑𝑥
∫
(2𝑥 − 5)4
𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 5 1 𝑑𝑢 1 1 𝑢−3 1
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥 ∫ 4 = ∫ 𝑢−4 𝑑𝑢 = ( )+𝑐 = − 3+𝑐
2 𝑢 2 2 −3 6𝑢
𝑑𝑢 1
= 𝑑𝑥 =− +𝑐
2 6(2𝑥 − 5)3

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11. 𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫
√4𝑥 2 + 9
𝑢 = 4𝑥 2 + 9 1 𝑑𝑢 1 1 𝑢1/2 √4𝑥 2 + 9
𝑑𝑢 = 8𝑥𝑑𝑥 ∫ = ∫ 𝑢−1/2 𝑑𝑢 = ( )+𝑐 = +𝑐
8 √𝑢 8 8 1/2 4
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑥𝑑𝑥
8
12.
∫ 𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 − 1)4 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥3 − 1 1 1 𝑢5 𝑢5 (𝑥 3 − 1)5
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢 = ( ) + 𝑐 = +𝑐 = +𝑐
3 3 5 15 5
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3
13. (2 + √𝑥)
2

∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
2
𝑢 = 2 + √𝑥 𝑢3 2(2 + √𝑥)
2
1 2 ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 2 + 𝑐 = +𝑐
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 3 3
2 √𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2𝑑𝑢 =
√𝑥

EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

1. 𝑑𝑢
∫ = ln|𝑢| + 𝑐
𝑢
2.
∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑐
3. 𝑎𝑢
∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐
ln 𝑎
where 𝑎 > 1

Ex amp l es :
𝑑𝑢
 ∫ = ln|𝑢| + 𝑐
𝑢

1. 2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2−1
let 𝑑𝑢
∫ = ln|𝑢| + 𝑐 = ln|𝑥 2 − 1| + 𝑐
𝑢 = 𝑥2 − 1 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥

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2. 2𝑥 + 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)2
let 2(𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 =𝑥+1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ = 2∫
(𝑥 + 1)2 𝑥+1 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑢| + 𝑐 = ln|𝑥 + 1| + 𝑐

3. 𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫
𝑥2 − 1
let 𝑑𝑢
1 𝑑𝑢 1 1
𝑢 = 𝑥2 − 1 ∫ 2 = ∫ = ln|𝑢| + 𝑐 = ln|𝑥 2 − 1| + 𝑐
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑢 2 𝑢 2 2
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2

4. 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
∫
1 − 2𝑥 3
let 1 𝑑𝑢 1 1
− ∫ = − ln|𝑢| + 𝑐 = − ln|1 − 2𝑥 3 | + 𝑐
𝑢 = 1 − 2𝑥 3 6 𝑢 6 6
𝑑𝑢 = −6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
− = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
6

5. 𝑥+2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1
let 𝑥+1+1 1 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 + ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫
𝑢 =𝑥+1 𝑥+1 𝑥+1 𝑥+1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
=𝑥+∫ = 𝑥 + ln|𝑢| + 𝑐
𝑑
= 𝑥 + ln|𝑥 + 1| + 𝑐

6. 𝑥+5
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−3
let 𝑥−3+8 8 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 + ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 8 ∫
𝑢 =𝑥−3 𝑥−3 𝑥−3 𝑥−3
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑥 + 8∫ = 𝑥 + 8 ln|𝑢| + 𝑐
𝑢
= 𝑥 + 8 ln|𝑥 − 3| + 𝑐

7. 𝑥−1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1

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let 𝑥+1−2 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 =𝑥+1 𝑥+1 𝑥+1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ =𝑥 − 2∫
𝑥+1 𝑢
= 𝑥 − 2 ln|𝑢| + 𝑐 = 𝑥 − 2 ln|𝑥 + 1| + 𝑐
8. 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+2
let 𝑥(𝑥 + 2) + 2 2
𝑢 =𝑥+2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+2 𝑥+2
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 𝑑𝑢
= ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ = + 2∫ +𝑐
𝑥+2 2 𝑢
2 2
𝑥 𝑥
= + 2 ln|𝑢| + 𝑐 = + 2 ln|𝑥 + 2| + 𝑐
2 2

Ex amp l es :
 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑐

1.
∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = −𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑢 ∙ −𝑑𝑢 = − ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑐 = −𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑢 = −𝑑𝑥
−𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

2.
∫ 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 4𝑥 𝑑𝑢 1 1 1
∫ 𝑒𝑢 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑐 = 𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑑𝑥 4 4 4 4
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥
4

3. 𝑒 1/𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
1
𝑢 = = 𝑥 −1 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑐 = −𝑒 1/𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = −𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
−𝑑𝑢 = 2
𝑥

4. 2 +2
∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = −𝑥 + 2 2 1 1 1 2
− ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑐 = − 𝑒 −𝑥 +2 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑥𝑑𝑥 2 2 2

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𝑑𝑢
− = 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2
5.
∫(𝑒 𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑢=𝑥 1
∫(𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 2𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2
1
= 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
2

6.
∫(𝑒 𝑥 + 1)3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑒𝑥 + 1 𝑢4 (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)4
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑢3 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐 = +𝑐
4 4

7.
∫(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑒 )𝑑𝑥
𝑢=𝑥 𝑢𝑒+1 𝑥 𝑒+1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 ∫(𝑒 𝑢 − 𝑢𝑒 )𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 − + 𝑐 = 𝑒𝑥 − +𝑐
𝑒+1 𝑒 + 12

Ex amp l es :
𝑎𝑢
 ∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln 𝑎 + 𝑐

1.
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢=𝑥 𝑎𝑢 2𝑥
∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐 = +𝑐
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 ln 2

2. 2
∫ 4𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑢 = 𝑥2 1 1 𝑎𝑢 1 4𝑥 4𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ∙ +𝑐 = ∙ +𝑐 = +𝑐
2 2 ln 𝑎 2 ln 4 ln 42
𝑑𝑢 2
= 𝑥𝑑𝑥 4𝑥
2 = +𝑐
ln 16

3.
∫ 2𝑥/4 𝑑𝑥

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𝑥 𝑎𝑢 2𝑥/4 22 ∙ 2𝑥/4
𝑢= 4 ∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 4 +𝑐 =4 +𝑐 = +𝑐
4 ln 𝑎 ln 2 ln 2
𝑑𝑥 2+𝑥/4 (8+𝑥)/4
𝑑𝑢 = 2 2
4 = +𝑐 = +𝑐
4𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 ln 2 ln 2

4. 25/𝑥
∫ (𝑥 2 + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
5 25/𝑥 𝑥3 1 𝑥 3 1 𝑎𝑢
𝑢= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = + ∫ 𝑎 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = + +𝑐
𝑥 𝑥2 3 5 3 5 ln 𝑎
𝑑𝑢 = −5𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 1 25/𝑥 𝑥 3 25/𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = + +𝑐 = + +𝑐
− = 2 3 5 ln 2 3 ln 32
5 𝑥

5.
∫ √103𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 1 3𝑥 2 2 𝑎𝑢
𝑢= ∫(103𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 10 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐
2 3 3 𝑑𝑢
3 2 10 3𝑥/2
2(10 3𝑥/2
)
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 = +𝑐
2 3 ln 10 ln 1000
2
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
3

INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1.
∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑐
2.
∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝑐
3.
∫ tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sec 𝑢| + 𝑐
4.
∫ cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sin 𝑢| + 𝑐
5.
∫ sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sec 𝑢 + tan 𝑢| + 𝑐
6.
∫ csc 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|csc 𝑢 − cot 𝑢| + 𝑐
7.
∫ sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑢 + 𝑐
8.
∫ csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − csc 𝑢 + 𝑐
9. 1 1
∫ sin2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 − sin 2𝑢 + 𝑐
2 4
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10. 1 1
∫ cos 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + sin 2𝑢 + 𝑐
2 4
11.
∫ tan2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 − 𝑢 + 𝑐
12.
∫ cot 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cot 𝑢 − 𝑢 + 𝑐
13.
∫ sec 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 + 𝑐
14.
∫ csc 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cot 𝑢 + 𝑐

Ex amp l es :
1. 1
∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
1 1
𝑢= 𝑥 2 ∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 2(− cos 𝑢) + 𝑐 = −2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
2
2𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

2.
∫ cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 3𝑥 1 1 1
∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = (sin 𝑢) + 𝑐 = sin 3𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥 3 3 3
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥
3

3.
∫ sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = sin 𝑥 𝑢3 sin3 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐 = +𝑐
3 3

4.
∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥2 1 1 1
∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = (sin 𝑢) + 𝑐 = sin 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 2 2 2
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2

5. sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥
∫(1 + cot 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + ln|sin 𝑥| + 𝑐

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6.
∫ 𝑒 3 cos 2𝑥 ∙ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 3 cos 2𝑥 1 1 𝑒 3 cos 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 3(− sin 2𝑥)(2)𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑐 = − +𝑐
6 6 6
𝑑𝑢
− = sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6

7. sin 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos 3 𝑥
𝑢 = sec 𝑥 𝑢2 sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ tan 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐 = +𝑐
2 2
1
= +𝑐
2 cos 2 𝑥

INTEGRATION OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS
𝑑𝑢 𝑢
 ∫√ = arcsin + 𝑐
𝑎2 −𝑢2 𝑎
where : u = variable
a = constant number

1. 𝑑𝑥
∫
√9 − 𝑥 2
𝑎=3 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 𝑥
∫ = sin−1 + 𝑐 = arcsin + 𝑐
𝑢=𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑢2 𝑎 3
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

2. sec 2 𝑥
∫
√1 − 4 tan2 𝑥
𝑎=1 1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢 1
∫ = arcsin + 𝑐 = arcsin(2 tan 𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑢 = 2 tan 𝑥 2 √𝑎2 − 𝑢 2 2 𝑎 2
𝑑𝑢 = 2 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
 ∫ 𝑎2 +𝑢2 = 𝑎 arctan 𝑎 + 𝑐
1. 𝑑𝑥
∫
7 + 4𝑥 2

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 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

𝑎 = √7 1 𝑑𝑢 1 1 2𝑥 1 2𝑥
∫ 2 2
= ( arctan ) + 𝑐 = arctan +𝑐
𝑢 = 2𝑥 2 𝑎 +𝑢 2 √7 √7 2√7 √7
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥
2

2. 𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫
𝑥4 + 3
𝑎 = √3 1 𝑑𝑢 1 1 𝑥2
∫ 2 = ( arctan ) + 𝑐
𝑢 = 𝑥2 2 𝑎 +𝑢 2 2 √3 √3
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥2
𝑑𝑢 = arctan +𝑐
= 𝑥𝑑𝑥 2√3 √3
2

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
 ∫ = arcsec + 𝑐
𝑢√𝑢2 −𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎

1. 𝑑𝑥
∫
𝑥√4𝑥 2 − 9
𝑎=3 1 𝑑𝑢 1 1 𝑢
∫ = ( arcsec ) + 𝑐
𝑢 = 2𝑥 2 𝑢√𝑢 − 𝑎
2 2 2 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥 1 1 2𝑥 1 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = ( arcsec ) + 𝑐 = arcsec +𝑐
= 𝑑𝑥 2 3 3 6 3
2

2. 𝑑𝑥
∫
𝑥√9𝑥 2 − 4
𝑎=2 1 𝑑𝑢 1 1 3𝑥 1 3𝑥
∫ = ( arcsec ) + 𝑐 = arcsec +𝑐
𝑢 = 3𝑥 3 𝑢√𝑢2 − 𝑎2 3 2 2 6 2
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢−𝑎
 ∫ 𝑢2−𝑎2 = 2𝑎 ln |𝑢+𝑎| + 𝑐
1. 𝑑𝑥
∫ 2
𝑥 −1
𝑎=1 1 𝑥−1
ln | |+𝑐
𝑢=𝑥 2 𝑥+1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

2. 𝑑𝑥
∫
𝑥2 + 6𝑥 + 8

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𝑎=1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
𝑢 =𝑥+3 𝑥2 + 6𝑥 + 9 − 1 (𝑥 + 3)2 − 1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥+3−1
= ln | |+𝑐
2(1) 𝑥+3+1
1 𝑥+2
= ln | |+𝑐
2 𝑥+4

1 1 𝑢
 ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑢√𝑎2 − 𝑢2 + 2 𝑎2 arcsin 𝑎 + 𝑐
1.
∫ √100 − 49𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 = 10 1 1 1 7𝑥
[ (7𝑥)√100 − 49𝑥 2 + (100) arcsin ] + 𝑐
𝑢 = 7𝑥 7 2 2 10
𝑑𝑢 = 7𝑑𝑥 1 50 7𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 √100 − 49𝑥 + 2 arcsin +𝑐
2 7 10
= 𝑑𝑥
7

1 1
 √𝑢2 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑢√𝑢2 + 𝑎2 + 2 𝑎2 ln|𝑢 + √𝑢2 + 𝑎2 | + 𝑐
1.
∫ √4𝑥 2 + 9 𝑑𝑥
𝑎=9 1 1 1
[ (2𝑥)√4𝑥 2 + 9 + (9) ln |2𝑥 + √4𝑥 2 + 9|] + 𝑐
𝑢 = 2𝑥 2 2 2
1 9
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥√4𝑥 2 + 9 + ln|2𝑥 + √4𝑥 2 + 9|+c
2 4
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥
2

1 1
 ∫ √𝑢2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑢√𝑢2 − 𝑎2 − 2 𝑎2 ln|𝑢 + √𝑢2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐
1.
∫ √𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5 𝑑𝑥
𝑎=1
∫ √𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 4 − 1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √(𝑥 − 2)2 − 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 =𝑥−2
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 1
= (𝑥 − 2)√𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5
2
1
− (1) ln |𝑥 − 2 + √𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5| + 𝑐
2

Ex e rc is e s:
1. cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 2
sin 2𝑥 + 8

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 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

𝑎 = √8 1 𝑑𝑢 1 1 sin 2𝑥
∫ 2 = [ arctan ]+𝑐
𝑢 = sin 2𝑥 2 (sin 2𝑥)2 + (√8) 2 √8 √8
𝑑𝑢 = 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = arctan +𝑐
= cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2√8 √8
2

2. (2𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥
∫
𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 13
𝑢 = (𝑥 + 3)2 + 2 (2𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = (2𝑥 + 6)𝑑𝑥 ∫ =∫
(𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9) + 4 (𝑥 + 3)2 + 4
(2𝑥 + 6 − 9)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 = √2 =∫
(𝑥 + 3)2 + 4
𝑢 =𝑥+3 2𝑥 + 6 − 9
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 3)2 + 4
2𝑥 + 6 9
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 3)2 + 4 (𝑥 + 3)2 + 4
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
=∫ − 9∫ 2
𝑢 𝑢 − 𝑎2
1 𝑥+3
= ln|𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 13| − 9 [ arctan ]+𝑐
2 2
9 𝑥+3
= ln|𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 13| − arctan +𝑐
2 2

3.
∫ √𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 𝑑𝑥

∫ √(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) − 4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √(𝑥 − 1)2 − 22 𝑑𝑥

1 1
= (𝑥 − 1)√𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 − (4) ln |𝑥 − 1 + √𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3| + 𝑐
2 2

1 1
= (𝑥 − 1)√𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 − ln |𝑥 − 1 + √𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3| + 𝑐
2 2
4.
∫ √6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 dx

𝑎=3
∫ √9 − (9 − 6𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √32 − (𝑥 − 3)2 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 =𝑥−3
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 1 1 𝑥−3
= (𝑥 − 3)√6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + (9) arcsin +𝑐
2 2 3
1 9 𝑥−3
= (𝑥 − 3)√6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + arcsin +𝑐
2 2 3

5. 𝑑𝑠
∫
√4𝑠 + 𝑠 2

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 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
∫ =∫
√𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 + 4 − 4 √(𝑠 + 2)2 − 22
= ln |𝑠 + 2 − √4𝑠 + 𝑠 2 | + 𝑐

INTEGRATION OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

1.
∫ sinh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = cosh 𝑢 + 𝑐
2.
∫ cosh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sinh 𝑢 + 𝑐
3.
∫ sech2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tanh 𝑢 + c
4.
∫ csch2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − coth 𝑢 + 𝑐
5.
∫ sech 𝑢 tanh 𝑢 du = − sech 𝑢 + 𝑐
6.
∫ csch 𝑢 coth 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − csch 𝑢 + 𝑐
7.
∫ tanh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|cosh 𝑢| + 𝑐
8.
∫ coth 𝑢 du = ln|sinh 𝑢| + 𝑐

Ex amp l es :

1.
∫ sinh(3𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 3𝑥 − 1 1 1 1
∫ sinh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = cosh 𝑢 + 𝑐 = cosh(3𝑥 − 1) + 𝑐
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥 3 3 3
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥
3

2.
∫ csch2 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥2 1 1
− ∫ csch 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − (− coth 𝑢) + 𝑐
𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑥𝑑𝑥 2 2
𝑑𝑢 1
− = 𝑑𝑥 = coth(1 − 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑐
2 2

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3.
∫ coth(1 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 1 − 2𝑥 1 1
− ∫ coth 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − ln|sinh(1 − 2𝑥)| + 𝑐
𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑑𝑥 2 2
𝑑𝑢
− = 𝑑𝑥
2

4. sech2 (ln 𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑢 = ln 𝑥
1 ∫ sech2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tanh(ln 𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

5. 𝑥 𝑥
∫ sech tanh 𝑑𝑥
4 4
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑢= 4 ∫ sech 𝑢 tanh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 4 (− sech ) + 𝑐 = −4 sech + 𝑐
4 4 4
4𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

6. sinh 4𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
cosh 2𝑥
𝑢 = 2𝑥 2 sinh 2𝑥 cosh 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ sinh 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 cosh 2𝑥
2 1
= 2 ∙ ∙ cosh 2𝑥 + 𝑐 = cosh 2𝑥 + 𝑐
2

Ex e rc is e s:

1. 2𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 2 + 1
2𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 − 1 + 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 2 + 1
2
(2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)2
1
=∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 + 1 2𝑥 + 1
1
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 + 1
𝑥3 𝑑𝑥
= −𝑥+∫ 2
3 (𝑥√2) + 1
𝑥3 1
= −𝑥+ arctan 𝑥√2 + 𝑐
3 √2

2.

Page 17
 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

(𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
∫
3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3
𝑢 = 9𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 9 3 (𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = (18𝑥 − 12)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2
3 3𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 3
𝑑𝑢 = 6(3𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥 (3𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 =∫ 2
= (3𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥 9𝑥 − 12𝑥 + 9
6 (3𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=∫ 2 −∫ 2
9𝑥 − 12𝑥 + 9 9𝑥 − 12𝑥 + 9
𝑎 = √5 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 3𝑥 − 2 = ∫ −∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
6 𝑢 (3𝑥 − 2)2 + (√5)
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1 1 1 3𝑥 − 2
= 𝑑𝑥 = ln|3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3| − ∙ arctanh +𝑐
3 6 3 √5 √5
1 √5 3𝑥 − 2
= ln|3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3| − arctanh +𝑐
6 15 √5

3.
∫ √12 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ √(−1)(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 − 16)𝑑𝑥

= ∫ √16 − 4 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ √42 − (𝑥 − 2)2 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥−2
= (𝑥 − 2)√12 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 8 arcsinh +𝑐
2 4

4. 1
∫ cosh3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
1 1 1 2
𝑢= 𝑥 = ∫ cosh 𝑥 (cosh 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2
2𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 1 1
= ∫ cosh 𝑥 (1 + sinh 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1
𝑢 = sin 𝑥 1 1 1 2
2 = ∫ cosh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ cosh 𝑥 (sinh 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 1 2 2 2
𝑑𝑢 = cosh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
2 2 = 2 sinh 𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
1 2
2𝑑𝑢 = cosh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 2
2 = 2 sinh 𝑥 + 𝑢3 + 𝑐
2 3
1 2 3
= 2 sin 𝑥 + sinh 𝑥 + 𝑐
2 3 2

5.
∫ sech4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Page 18
 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

𝑢 = tanh 𝑥
= ∫ sech2 𝑥 (sech2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥]
𝑑𝑢 = sech2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ sech2 𝑥 (1 − tanh2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

= ∫ sech2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sech2 𝑥 tanh2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ tanh 𝑥 − ∫ sech2 𝑥(tanh 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥

= tanh 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
𝑢3
= tanh 𝑥 − +𝑐
3
tanh3 𝑥
= tanh 𝑥 − +𝑐
3

INTEGRATION BY PARTS
When u and v are differentiable functions of x
𝑑(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑢
or
𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑(𝑢𝑣) − 𝑣𝑑𝑢
Integrating both sides:
∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑(𝑢𝑣) − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

Examples:
1.
∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢=𝑥
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = 𝑒𝑥

2.
∫ 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = ln 𝑥 𝑥3 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
1 = ln 𝑥 ∙ −∫ ∙
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 3 3 𝑥
𝑥

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 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

𝑥 3 ln 𝑥 𝑥2
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
3 3
𝑥3 𝑥 3 ln 𝑥 𝑥 3
=𝑣 = − +𝑐
3 3 9

3.
∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢=𝑥
= 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝑐
∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑣
sin 𝑥 = 𝑣

4.
∫ 𝑥√1 + 𝑥𝑑𝑥
3
𝑢=𝑥
2𝑥(1 + 𝑥)2 2 3
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ (1 + 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
3 3
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ √1 + 𝑥𝑑𝑥 3 5
2𝑥(1 + 𝑥)2 2 2(1 + 𝑥)2
2(1 + 𝑥)3/2 = − ∙ +𝑐
𝑣= 3 3 5
3 5
3 2𝑥(1 + 𝑥)2 4(1 + 𝑥)2
= − +𝑐
3 15

5.
∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥2
= 𝑥 2 (− cos 𝑥) − ∫ − cos 𝑥 ∙ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑣 = − cos 𝑥 𝑢 = 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑣 = sin 𝑥

= −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2 [𝑥 sin 𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥]

= −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐

6.
∫ 𝑥(𝑥 − 5)12 𝑑𝑥
𝑢=𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 − 5)13 (𝑥 − 5)13
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 = −∫ 𝑑𝑥
13 13
13
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫(𝑥 − 5)12 𝑑𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 − 5) 1 1
= − ∙ (𝑥 − 5)14 + 𝑐
13 13 14
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 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

(𝑥 − 5)13 𝑥(𝑥 − 5)13 (𝑥 − 5)14

𝑣= = − +𝑐
13 13 182
7.
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
= ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑣 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥

= 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥

2 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥

1
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥|) + 𝑐
2
8.
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) − ∫ −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝑣 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑥 + 𝑐
9. −𝑥
∫𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
= −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑥2𝑥 − ∫ −𝑒 −𝑥 ∙ −2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑣 = −𝑒 −𝑥
= −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 2 [−𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 − ∫ −𝑒 −𝑥 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥]
𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 − 4 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥
2𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
5
−𝑥 (2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑣 = −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)
= +𝑐
5
10. 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫
(1 + 𝑥)2
𝑢 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 =− −∫− 𝑑𝑥
(1 + 𝑥) 1+𝑥
Page 21
 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫(1 + 𝑥)−2 𝑑𝑥 =− +∫ 𝑑𝑥
(1 + 𝑥) 1+𝑥
𝑣 = −(1 + 𝑥)−1 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
=− + ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥
𝑥𝑒 𝑥
=− + 𝑒𝑥
1+𝑥
−𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
= +𝑐
1+𝑥
𝑥
𝑒
= +𝑐
1+𝑥

Exercises:
1. 1 1
∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐3𝑥| + 𝑐
3 9
2. 1
∫ 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − √1 − 4𝑥 2 + 𝑐
2
3.
∫ 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛√1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
4. 1 1
∫ 𝑥𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 2 + 1)𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2
5. 1 2 2
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑒 −3𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + ) + 𝑐
3 3 9
6. 2
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐
3
7.
∫ 𝑥 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 6𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
8. 𝑥𝑑𝑥 2(𝑏𝑥 − 2𝑎)√𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥
∫ = +𝑐
√𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 3𝑏 2

TRANSFORMATION BY TRIGONOMETRIC
SUBSTITUTION

∎ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑢𝑑𝑢

(For at least one of m and n is a positive odd integer)
Let:
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑢
Page 22
 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑢
1.
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= ∫(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= − ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢
𝑢3 𝑢5
=− + +𝑐
3 5
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝑥
3
=− + +𝑐
3 5
2.
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢
𝑢3 𝑢5
= − +𝑐
3 5
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥
= − +𝑐
3 5
3.
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= ∫(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 7 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= − ∫ 𝑢5 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑢7 𝑑𝑢
𝑢6 𝑢8
=− + +𝑐
6 8
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 𝑥
6
=− + +𝑐
6 8
∎ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑢𝑑𝑢

(where both m and n are positive even)

Let:

Page 23
 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑢 =
2
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑢 =
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑢
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 =
2
1.
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 4𝑥 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
=∫ ∙ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑑𝑥 2 2
𝑑𝑢 1
= 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4 4
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
4 4
1 1 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥
= 𝑥− ∫ 𝑑𝑥
4 4 2
1 1 1
= 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥𝑑𝑥
4 8 8
1 1 1
= 𝑥− 𝑥− ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑑𝑢
4 8 32
1 1
= 𝑥− 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 + 𝑐
8 32

∎ ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑑𝑢

(where n is any integer)

Let:

𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 − 1

1.
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑑𝑢 − ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥

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𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
= − 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥| + 𝑐
2

∎ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑛 𝑢𝑑𝑢

( where n is any integer)

Let:

𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 − 1

1.
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
−𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= − ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 − (−𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − 𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝑥
=− + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
3
∎ ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛 𝑢𝑑𝑢

( Where n is positive even integer)

Let:

𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑢

1.
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + +𝑐
3

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 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

∎ ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑚 𝑢𝑑𝑢

( Where n is any positive even integer)

Let:

𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑢

1.
∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
= ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥)
𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
−𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝑥
= −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − +𝑐
3
∎ ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑚 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛 𝑢𝑑𝑢

(where m is any number and n is a positive even number)

Let:

𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑢

1.
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛5 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑢3 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑢5 𝑑𝑢
𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛6 𝑥
= + +𝑐
4 6

∎ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑚 𝑢𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑛 𝑢𝑑𝑢

(where m is any number and n is a positive integer)

Let:

𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑢
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 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

1.
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 4 𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 4 𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
−𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 4 𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 6 𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= − ∫ 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ 𝑢6 𝑑𝑢
𝑐𝑜𝑡 5 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 7 𝑥
=− − +𝑐
5 7

∎ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑚 𝑢𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑛 𝑢𝑑𝑢

(Where m is any positive odd integer and n is any number)

Let:

𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 − 1

1.
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 6 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥
= ∫(𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1)(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)(𝑐𝑠𝑐 6 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑑𝑥
−𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 8 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 6 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= − ∫ 𝑢 7 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑢5 𝑑𝑢
𝑐𝑠𝑐 8 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 6 𝑥
=− + +𝑐
8 6

TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Some integration maybe simplified with the following substitution.

1. If an integrand contains √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 , substitute 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃.

2. If an integrand contains √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 , substitute𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃.
3. If an integrand contains √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 , substitute 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝜃.

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 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Examples:
1. 𝑑𝑥
∫
𝑥 2 √4
+ 𝑥2
𝑥 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝑥
=∫
𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝑥 2 √22
+ 𝑥2
𝑥 2 = 4𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑥 =∫
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 4𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 ∙ 2𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
2 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃
√4 + 𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
2 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃
4 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
1 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = ∫ ∙ 𝑑𝜃
4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃 1
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
4
1
= ∫ 𝑢 −2 𝑑𝑢
4
1
=− +𝑐
4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
√𝑥 2 + 4
=− +𝑐
4𝑥
2.
∫ √𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
= ∫ √𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 + 1𝑑𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫ √(𝑥 + 2)2 + 1𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
= ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1)𝑑𝜃

𝑣 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃𝑑𝜃 + ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃

2 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 + ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃

2 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 + 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃|

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃𝑑𝜃

√𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5(𝑥 + 2) + 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 2 + √𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5|
= +𝑐
2

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 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

3.
∫ 𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
√1 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃
𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = +𝑐
3
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 1 3
= (√1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑐
3
4.
∫ 𝑥 √9 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= ∫ 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ∙ 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∙ 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃
√9 − 𝑥 2 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 27 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃

𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = −27 ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃
−𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 = −27 +𝑐
3
3
√9 − 𝑥 2
= −9 ( ) +𝑐
3
1
(9 − 𝑥 2 )3
=− +𝑐
3

Supplementary Examples:
1. √25 − 𝑥 2 5 − √25 − 𝑥 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 5𝑙𝑛 | | + √25 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥
2. 𝑑𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
∫ =− +𝑐
𝑥 2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑎2 𝑥
3. 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥3
∫ = +𝑐
(4 − 𝑥 2 )5/2 12(4 − 𝑥 2 )3/2
4. 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
∫ 2 = − 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑐
(𝑎 − 𝑥 2 )3/2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑎
5. 𝑑𝑥 𝑥−2
∫ = +𝑐
(4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )3/2 4√4𝑥 − 𝑥 2

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 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

Case 1: Distinct Linear Factors

𝑑𝑥
1. ∫
𝑥2 − 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
𝑥2−4 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)

1 𝐴 𝐵
( 2 = + ) (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)
𝑥 − 4 (𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 − 2)
1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 2)
1 = 𝐴𝑥 − 2𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 + 2𝐵

@𝑥 1 : 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵

@𝑥 0 : 1 = −2𝐴 + 2𝐵

1 1
𝐴= 𝐵=−
4 4
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫ − ∫
𝑥2−4 4 𝑥+2 4 𝑥−2
1 1
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 2| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 2|
4 4
𝟏 𝒙+𝟐
= 𝒍𝒏 | |+𝒄
𝟒 𝒙−𝟐

(𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
2. ∫
𝑥3+ 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2)

𝑥+1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
( = + + ) 𝑥(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2)
𝑥3 2
+ 𝑥 − 6𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 − 2

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 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥) + 𝐶(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥)

𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑥 − 6𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 2𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 3𝐶𝑥

@𝑥 2 : 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶
@𝑥 1 : 1 = 𝐴 − 2𝐵 + 3𝐶
@𝑥 0 : 1 = −6𝐴

1 2 3
𝐴=− , 𝐵=− , 𝐶=
6 15 10
(𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
∫ =− ∫ − ∫ + ∫
𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 6 𝑥 15 𝑥 + 3 10 𝑥 − 2
1 2 3
= − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 3| + 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 2|
6 15 10
(𝒙 − 𝟐) 𝟑/𝟏𝟎
= 𝒍𝒏 | 𝟏/𝟔 |+𝒄
𝒙 (𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐/𝟏𝟓

(𝑥 2 + 2)𝑑𝑥
3. ∫
𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)

𝑥2 + 2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
( = + + ) 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)
𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 1

𝑥 2 + 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 + 𝑥) + 𝐶(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥)

𝑥 2 + 2 = 𝐴𝑥 2 − 𝐴𝑥 − 2𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 2 − 2𝐶𝑥

@𝑥 2 : 1 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶
@𝑥 1 : 0 = −𝐴 + 𝐵 − 2𝐶
@𝑥 0 : 2 = −2𝐴

𝐴 = −1, 𝐵 = 1, 𝐶 = 1

(𝑥 2 + 2)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ = −∫ +∫ +∫
𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 𝑥−2 𝑥+1
= −𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 2| + 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + 𝑐
(𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟏)
= 𝒍𝒏 | |+𝒄
𝒙

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Case 2: Repeated Linear Factors

To each linear factor ax+b occurring two times in the denominator of a proper
rational fraction, there corresponds a sum of partial fraction of a form:

𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴𝑛
+ +⋯+
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛

Where As are constants to be determined.

(3𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥
1. ∫
𝑥3 − 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1
(3𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥 (3𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
𝑥3 2
−𝑥 −𝑥+1 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)2

3𝑥 + 5 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
[ 2
= + + ] (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)2
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)2
3𝑥 + 5 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 + 1)
3𝑥 + 5 = 𝐴𝑥 2 − 2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶

@𝑥 2 : 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵
@𝑥 1 : 3 = −2𝐴 + 𝐶
@𝑥 0 : 5 = 𝐴 − 𝐵 + 𝐶

1 1
𝐴= , 𝐵=− , 𝐶=4
2 2
(3𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫ − ∫ +4∫
𝑥3− 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1 2 𝑥 + 1 2 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)2
1 1 4
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| − +𝑐
2 2 𝑥−1
𝟏 𝒙+𝟏 𝟒
= 𝒍𝒏 | |− +𝒄
𝟐 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙−𝟏
(𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
2. ∫
𝑥3 − 𝑥2
(𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
∫ 3 2
=∫ 2
𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)

𝑥+1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
[ = + + ] 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 1)
𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑥 − 1
𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 𝑥) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶𝑥 2
𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴𝑥 2 − 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 − 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 2
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@𝑥 2 : 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶
@𝑥 1 : 1 = −𝐴 + 𝐵
@𝑥 0 : 1 = −𝐵

𝐴 = −2, 𝐵 = −1, 𝐶 = 2

(𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 3 2
= −2 ∫ − ∫ 2 + 2∫
𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥−1
1
= −2𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + + 2𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1|
𝑥
𝒙−𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟐𝒍𝒏 | |+ +𝒄
𝒙 𝒙

Case 3: Distinct Quadratic Factors

To each irreducible factors 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 occurring once in the denominator of a
proper rational fraction, there corresponds a single partial fraction of the form

𝐴(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐵
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

Where A and B are constants to be determined.

𝑥3 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 2
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 2)

𝑥3 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 2 𝐴(2𝑥) + 𝐵 𝐶(2𝑥) + 𝐷
[ = + ] (𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 2)
(𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑥2 + 1 𝑥2 + 2

𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 = 2𝐴𝑥 3 + 4𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 2𝐵 + 2𝐶𝑥 3 + 2𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐷

@𝑥 3 : 1 = 2𝐴 + 2𝐶
@𝑥 2 : 1=𝐵+𝐷
@𝑥 1 : 1 = 4𝐴 + 2𝐶
@𝑥 0 ; 2 = 2𝐵 + 𝐷

1
𝐴 = 0, 𝐵 = 1, 𝐶 = , 𝐷 = 0
2
𝑥3 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 +∫ 2
(𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑥 +1 𝑥 +2
𝟏
= 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐| + 𝒄
𝟐

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Case 4: Repeated Quadratic Factors

𝐴(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐵 𝐶(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐷 𝑌(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑍

+ + ⋯+
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)2 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)𝑛

2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 4
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 + 4)2

2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 4 𝐴(2𝑥) + 𝐵 𝐶(2𝑥) + 𝐷
[ = + 2 ] (𝑥 2 + 4)2
(𝑥 2 + 4)2 𝑥2 + 4 (𝑥 + 4)2

2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 4 = 2𝐴𝑥 3 + 8𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 4𝐵 + 2𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷

@𝑥 3 : 2 = 2𝐴
@𝑥 2 : 1=𝐵
@ 𝑥1: 0 = 8𝐴 + 2𝐶
@𝑥 0 : 4 = 4𝐵 + 𝐷

𝐴 = 1, 𝐵 = 1, 𝐶 = −4, 𝐷 = 0

2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 4 2𝑥 + 1 −8𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 + 4)2 𝑥 +4 (𝑥 + 4)2
𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥
= 2∫ 2 +∫ 2 −8∫ 2
𝑥 +4 𝑥 +4 (𝑥 + 4)2
𝟏 𝒙 𝟒
= 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒| + 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 + 𝟐 +𝒄
𝟐 𝟐 𝒙 +𝟒

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
𝑏
The symbol ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 is read as “the definite integral of f(x) with respect to x,
from x=a to x=b”. The function f(x) is called the integrand, a and b are called the lower
and upper limits of integration.
𝑏
𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) | = 𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑎 𝑎

Examples:
1. 1
∫ (2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥
−1

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 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

2𝑥 3 𝑥 4 1
=[ − ]
3 4
−1
3 (1)4
2(1) 2(−1)3 (−1)4
=[ − ]−[ − ]
3 4 3 4
4
=
3
2. −1
1 1
∫ ( 2 − 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
−3 𝑥 𝑥
1 1 −1
= [− + 2 ]
𝑥 2𝑥
−3
1 1 1
= (1 + ) − ( + )
2 3 18
10
=
9
3. 4
𝑑𝑥
∫
1 √𝑥
4
= [2√𝑥]
1
= 2√4 − 2√1
=2
4. 3
∫ 𝑒 𝑥/2 𝑑𝑥
−2
3
= [−2𝑥 −𝑥/2 ]
−2
= −2(𝑒 −3/2 − 𝑒)
= 4.9904
5. −10
𝑑𝑥
∫
−6 𝑥+2
−10
= [𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 2|]
−6
= 𝑙𝑛8 − 𝑙𝑛4
= 𝑙𝑛2

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 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

PLANE AREAS
Steps in Finding the Area
1. Draw the graph. Find the intersections and boundary of the plane.
2. Use either horizontal or vertical strip. Make sure that the ends of the strip
touches different equations.
3. Use the formula for area.
Using Vertical strip
𝑥2
𝐴 = ∫ (𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1
Using Horizontal strip
𝑦2
𝐴 = ∫ (𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦1

Examples:
1. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , the x-axis, and the ordinates x=1
and x=3.

(3,9)

y=x2

yu

(1,1)

yL
x=1 x=3
𝑥2
𝐴 = ∫ (𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥
𝑥1
3
= ∫ (𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
1

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 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

𝑥3 3
=[ ]
3
1
33 1
= −
3 3
26
= 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3
2. Find the area lying above the x-axis and under the parabola 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 .
y=4x-x2

0 4

𝑥2
𝐴 = ∫ (𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1
4
𝐴 = ∫ (4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
4𝑥 2 𝑥 3 4
=[ − ]
2 3
0
3
4
= 2(4)2 −
3
32
= 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3
3. Find the area bounded by the parabola 𝑥 = 8 + 2𝑦 − 𝑦 2 , the y-axis, and the lines
𝑦 = −1, and 𝑦 = 3.

y=3 𝑥 = 8 + 2𝑦 − 𝑦 2

y=-1

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𝑦2
𝐴 = ∫ (𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦1
3
= ∫ (8 + 2𝑦 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
−1
2𝑦 2 𝑦 3 3
= [8𝑥 + − ]
2 3
−1
(3) 3 (−1)3
= [8(3) + (3)2 − ] − [8(−1) + (−1)2 − ]
3 3
92
= 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3
4. Find the area between the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 and the x-axis.

𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 8𝑥

0 2 4

𝑥2 𝑥3
𝐴 = ∫ (𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥
𝑥1 𝑥2
2 4
= ∫ (𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 8𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (−𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 8𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 2
𝑥4 2 𝑥4 4
= [ − 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 ] − [ − 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 ]
4 4
0 2
= 8 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

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5. Find the area bounded by the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 and the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 4.

(4,4)

𝑦 2 = 4𝑥

𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 4

(1, -2)
4
𝑦 + 4 𝑦2
𝐴=∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑦
−2 2 4
4
𝑦 𝑦2
= ∫ ( + 2 − ) 𝑑𝑦
−2 2 4
𝑦3 𝑦3 4
= [ + 2𝑦 − ]
6 12
−2
= 9 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

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