A Handbook on

Electronics
Engineering
Revised & Updated

Contains well illustrated formulae

& key theory concepts
For

ESE, GATE, PSUs

& OTHER COMPETITIVE EXAMS

Publications
 Publications

MADE EASY Publications

Corporate Office: 44-A/4, Kalu Sarai (Near Hauz Khas Metro Station), New Delhi-110016
Contact: 011-45124660, 8860378007
E-mail: infomep@madeeasy.in
Visit us at: www.madeeasypublications.org

A Handbook on Electronics Engineering

© Copyright, by MADE EASY Publications.
All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photo-copying,
recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the above mentioned publisher of
this book.

First Edition: 2012

Second Edition: 2015
Third Edition: 2016
Fourth Edition: 2019

Typeset at: MADE EASY Publications, New Delhi-110016

Director’s Message
During the current age of international competition in
Science and Technology, the Indian participation through
skilled technical professionals have been challenging to the
world. Constant efforts and desire to achieve top positions
are still required.
B. Singh (Ex. IES)
I feel every candidate has ability to succeed but competitive
environment and quality guidance is required to achieve
high level goals. At MADE EASY, we help you to discover your hidden talent
and success quotient to achieve your ultimate goals. In my opinion CSE, ESE,
GATE & PSUs exams are tool to enter in to main stream of Nation serving. The
real application of knowledge and talent starts, after you enter in to the working
system. Here in MADE EASY you are also trained to become winner in your life
and achieve job satisfaction.

MADE EASY alumni have shared their winning stories of success and expressed
their gratitude towards quality guidance of MADE EASY. Our students have not
only secured All India First Ranks in ESE, GATE and PSUs entrance examinations
but also secured top positions in their career profiles. Now, I invite you to
become alumni of MADE EASY to explore and achieve ultimate goal of your life.
I promise to provide you quality guidance with competitive environment which
is far advanced and ahead than the reach of other institutions. You will get the
guidance, support and inspiration that you need to reach the peak of your career.

I have true desire to serve Society and Nation by way of making easy path of
the education for the people of India.

After a long experience of teaching in Electronics Engineering over the period of

time MADE EASY team realised that there is a need of good Handbook which
can provide the crux of Electronics Engineering in a concise form to the student
to brush up the formulae and important concepts required for ESE, GATE, PSUs
and other competitive examinations. This handbook contains all the formulae
and important theoretical aspects of Electronics Engineering. It provides much
needed revision aid and study guidance before examinations.

B. Singh (Ex. IES)

CMD, MADE EASY Group
 CONTENTS
A Handbook on Electronics Engineering
Chapter 1 :
Electronic Devices
and Circuits.................................... 1-29
I. Energy Band and Charge Carriers
in Semiconductors.............................................. 1
II. Excess Carriers in Semiconductor.................. 9
III. Junction Diode...................................................12
IV. Semiconductor Devices...................................18
V. Bipolar Junction Transistor.............................22
VI. Field Effect Transistor........................................24
VII. Optical Devices...................................................28
Chapter 2 :  III. Angle Modulation.........................................124
Analog Electronics.................... 30-81
I. Power Supply.................................................... 30
II. BJT Characteristics.......................................... 37
III. Transistor Biasing Circuits............................ 42
IV. BJT as an Amplifier.......................................... 47
V. Analysis of Small Signal Amplifier............. 49
VI. Amplifier Circuit Using FET
and MOSFET...................................................... 54
VII. Analysis of Large Signal Amplifier............. 57
VIII. Feedback Amplifiers....................................... 62
IX. Operational Amplifier.................................... 66
X. The Signal Generators and
Wave Shaping Circuit..................................... 73
Chapter 3 :
Signals and Systems................ 82-118
I. Introduction to Signals....................................82
II. Linear Time Invariant Systems.......................89
III. Fourier Series.......................................................92
IV. Fourier Transform...............................................97
V. Laplace Transform........................................... 102
VI. Discrete Time Fourier Transform................ 105
VII. Z -Transform...................................................... 106
VIII. Discrete Fourier Transform.......................... 110
IX. Digital Filters..................................................... 112
X. Miscellaneous................................................... 115
Chapter 4 : 
Communication Systems........ 119-161
I. Introduction....................................................119
II. Amplitude Modulation...............................120
IV. Effect of Noise on Analog
Communication Systems...........................127
V. Random Variable...........................................131
VI. Pulse Modulation Techniques..................138
VII. Digital Modulation Schemes....................143
VIII. Information Theory......................................147
IX. Error Control Codes......................................150
X. Miscellaneous.................................................159
Chapter 5 : 
Network Theory....................... 162-199
I. Circuit Elements and
Signal Waveform............................................162
II. Network Laws and Theorems...................169
III. Graph Theory .................................................175
IV. Laplace Transform Analysis
and Circuit Transients..................................179
V. Resonance.......................................................183
VI. Magnetically Coupled Circuit...................186
VII. Two Port Network.........................................188 VI. Registers...........................................................314
VIII. Network Synthesis........................................192 VII. Counters...........................................................316
IX. Miscellaneous.................................................195 VIII. Digital ICs Family...........................................320
IX. DACs and ADCs..............................................326
Chapter 6 : 
X. Miscellaneous.................................................333
Control Systems....................... 200-237
I. Introduction....................................................200 Chapter 9 : 
II. Mathematical Modelling............................201 Microprocessors and
III. Transfer function...........................................208 Microcontroller........................ 338-384
IV. Time Response Analysis of I. Introduction....................................................338
Control System...............................................213
II. Architecture of 8085....................................339
V. Stability in Time-Domain............................220
III. Instruction Set and Data Formats...........346
VI. Industrial Controller.....................................224
IV. Interrupts.........................................................365
VII. Compensator..................................................226
V. Interfacing with Microprocessor.............367
VIII. Frequency Response Analysis..................228
VI. Introduction to 8086....................................371
IX. State Space Analysis....................................236
VII. Microcontroller.............................................376
Chapter 7 : 
Chapter 10 : 
Electromagnetic Theory.......... 238-284
Material Science....................... 385-412
I. Cartesian Coordinate System...................238
I. Structure of Materials..................................385
II. Vector Calculus..............................................241
II. Dielectric Properties of Materials............388
III. Electrostatics...................................................244
III. Magnetic Properties of Materials............396
IV. Magnetostatics..............................................252
IV. Conductive Materials...................................401
V. Maxwell’s Equations.....................................257
V. Semiconductors............................................405
VI. Electromagnetic Wave
Propagation....................................................259 VI. Ceramic Materials..........................................407

VII. Transmission Lines........................................268 VII. Nanotechnology..........................................408

VIII. Waveguides.....................................................272
Chapter 11 : 
IX. Antenna............................................................275
Measurements and
X. RADAR...............................................................281
Instrumentation...................... 413-463
Chapter 8 :  I. Characteristics of Instruments
and Measurement Systems.......................413
Digital Electronics................... 285-337
II. Circuit Components (Resistors,
I. Number System and Codes.......................285
Inductors, Capacitors)..................................419
II. Logic Gates......................................................291
III. Galvanometers...............................................421
III. Boolean Algebra and
IV. Analog Meters................................................423
Reduction Techniques.................................298
V. Measurement of Power and
IV. Digital Logic Circuits....................................302
Wattmeters......................................................431
V. Sequential Circuits........................................309
VI. Measurement of Resistance......................436
VII. A.C. Bridges.....................................................443 V. Cache, Main Memory and
VIII. Magnetic Measurements............................451 Secondary Storage.......................................544

IX. Digital Instrumentation..............................452 VI. Programming in C.........................................554

X. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope.........................454 VII. Operating Systems.......................................560

XI. High Frequency Measurements..............458

Chapter 15 : 
XII. Transducers.....................................................459
Basic Electrical
XIII. Data Acquisition Systems...........................463
Engineering.............................. 577-623
Chapter 12 :  I. Transformers...................................................577

Advanced Communication........ 464-504 II. Electromagnetic System.............................588

I. Communication Networks.........................464 III. Basic Concepts in Rotating

Electrical Machines.......................................590
II. Cellular Networks..........................................485
IV. D.C. Machines.................................................592
III. Optical Communication.............................489
V. Polyphase Induction Motors.....................600
IV. Propagation of Waves..................................495
VI. Polyphase Synchronous
V. Satellite Communication............................499
Machines..........................................................611

Chapter 13 : 
Chapter 16 : 
Advanced Electronics.............. 505-526
Microwave................................ 624-669
I. VLSI Fabrication.............................................505
I. Introduction....................................................624
II. VLSI Design......................................................508
II. Waveguides.....................................................625
III. Pipelining.........................................................516
III. Microwave Hybrid Circuits.........................638
IV. VLSI Testing.....................................................520
IV. Microwave Transistor and
Tunnel Diode..................................................644
Chapter 14 : 
V. Microwave Field Effect Transistors..........648
Computer Organization and
VI. Transferred Electron
Architecture............................. 527-576
Devices (TEDs)................................................651
I. Machine Instructions and
VII. Avalanche Transit Time Devices...............653
Addressing Modes........................................527
VIII. Microwave Linear Beam
II. ALU and Data-path,
Tubes (O-type)................................................658
CPU Control Design......................................530
IX. Microwave Crossed Field
III. Memory and I/O Interfaces........................536
Tubes (M-type)...............................................666
IV. Instruction Pipelining..................................538
X. Microwave Measurements.........................667

nnnn