CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
 INTRODUCTION OF
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

LEARNING OUTCOMES

DEFINITION

CATEGORIES OF
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
By the end of this course, you should be
able to:
1) Understand the definition of transport phenomena.
2) Understand the three (3) types of transport
phenomena.
3) Explain the mechanisms of transport phenomena.
1.1 Definition of transport phenomena
1) A transport phenomenon is any of various
mechanisms by which particles or quantities move
from one place to another.

2) Includes 3 closely related topics:

a) heat transfer – deals with the transport of energy.
b) fluid dynamics – involves the transport of
momentum.
c) mass transfer – concerned with the transport of
mass of various chemical species.
 Molecular mechanisms
are very close related –
the same molecular
Occur Fluid Momentum motions and
simultaneously Dynamics Transfer interactions responsible
for viscosity, thermal
conductivity & diffusion

Transport of Heat
Energy Transfer Basic Equation are
very similar (solving
“by analogy”) –
please recall
Transport of Calculus, Differential
Mass Equation, Vector etc
Mass (chemical
Transfer
species)
 TRANSPORT
PHENOMENA
CATEGORIES

HEAT TRANSFER MOMENTUM

MASS TRANSFER
•Definition TRANSFER
•Definition
•Types •Definition
•Example
•Example •Example
•Activity
•Activity •Activity
 Transport Phenomena : Types

• Heat Transfer – Transfer of energy by having temperature difference

as the driving force
• Momentum Transfer – Fluid motion by having pressure difference as
the driving force.
• Mass Transfer – Transfer of mass (chemical species migration) by
having concentration difference as the driving force.

What happen at equilibrium?

What does difference means?
 HEAT TRANSFER
1) Deals with the transfer of energy and difference
in temperature is the driving force for the heat
transfer.

2) The process of increasing the kinetic energy of a

material's particles from a material of high
temperature to one with a lower temperature.

3) Once the material are at the same temperature,

no more energy can be transferred.
 CONDUCTION
The transfer of heat through solid objects
e.g: touch something hot

CONVECTION
Typical methods of
The transfer of heat
heat transfer through liquids or gases
e.g: Heat from burner is
transferred to the
circulating water
RADIATION
The transfer of heat, in the form of
electromagnetic energy, through space.
e.g: Expose to the sun – felt warmth
Example: Molecular transport for conduction of heat
from a high-temperature region to a low-temperature
region through a metal rod, shown in Figure below.
What happen to the metal rod after a few minute?
rod

Flow Direction

When the metal rod is heated on one end, on the other

end of the metal rod will soon be hot too.
The hotter molecules in the fire have more energy than
the cooler molecules at the other end of the rod. As the
molecules collide, energy is transferred from the hotter
molecules to the cooler molecules.
 ction
Radiation

Radiation

Radiation

Conduction

Conduction
OTHER EXAMPLES
1) Fluid flow is a simple example of momentum
transfer. The driving force for fluid flow is a
pressure difference.
2) On a molecular scale, it means that the molecules
banging into each other to transfer their momentum
between molecules.
3) On a larger scale, these molecules banging into
each other to determine how the fluid is going to
flow whether it will just flow smoothly (laminar flow),
or roughly (turbulent flow).
Example: Water flow in a drinking fountain. What
will happen if the valve in a drinking fountain is
opened?

When the valve in a drinking fountain is opened, the

water flows out in a jet because the water pressure inside
the fountain is much higher than the atmospheric
pressure into which the jet discharges.
1) Mass transfer deals with the transfer of mass.
Concentration difference is the driving force.

2) Once the concentration is the same everywhere, no

more mass transfer can take place.

3) If you take a glass of water and put one drop of red

dye in it. Even if you don't stir the water, eventually
the water is all the same pinkish color.
 Example: How the red dye spreads out in the water?

The red dye when it is first dropped into the water is at

a high concentration and the water is at zero
concentration. But, as the dye spreads out, the
concentration of the dye slowly increases, until, it is all
at the same low concentration everywhere. Once the
concentration of the dye in the water is the same
everywhere, no more mass transfer can take place.
 How are they all related?

• They all are similar in their behaviour.

• They all move stuff (Momentum, Heat, or Mass)

from a place where there is a lot of the “stuff” to a
place where there is less “stuff”.
▪ There is a driving force (momentum, temperature, or
concentration difference or 'gradient'), which becomes
smaller as time progresses, and eventually becomes
zero when no more transfer of ‘stuff’ takes place.
• Find ONE transportation applications for each
phenomena in chemical engineering field.
Explain.
a) Macroscopic - Balance equation in the system (cm-m)
b) Microscopic – selected section (equation of change) ; (micron- cm)
c) Molecular – mechanisms (molecular structure & intermolecular forces) (1- 1000 nm)
 For each problem (momentum, energy & mass),
we will start with an initial chapter dealing with
some results of the molecular theory of the
transport phenomena (viscosity, thermal
conductivity & diffusivity)

 Then, proceed to microscopic level and learn how

to determine the velocity, temperature and
concentration profiles in various kinds of
systems.

 Then, the equations developed at microscopic

level are needed in order to provide some input
into problem solving at macroscopic level.
 At all three levels of description (molecular,
microscopic & macroscopic), the conservation
law play a key role.
 Conservation law – keeping from change or to hold
(a property) constant during an interaction or
process.

 We consider two colliding diatomic molecules system.

 For simplicity we assume that the molecules do not

interact chemically and that each molecule is
homonuclear (molecules composed of only one type
of element).
 Homonuclear molecules, or homonuclear species, are
molecules composed of only one type of element. Homonuclear
molecules may consist of various numbers of atoms, depending on
the element's properties

 The molecules are in a low-density gas, so that we

need not consider interactions with other molecules
in' the neighborhood.
 In Fig. 0.3-1 we show the collision between the two
homonuclear diatomic molecules, A and B, and in Fig. 0.3-2
we show the notation for specifying the locations of the two
atoms of one molecule by means of position vectors drawn
from an arbitrary origin.

A collision between homonuclear

diatomic molecules A and B,
(eg: N2 and O2)
N
 Total mass of the molecules entering and
leaving the collision must equal.
(before or in = after or out)

 mass of molecule = mn (where n = A or B)

mA + mB = m’A + m’B
(mass before collision) (mass after collisoin)
 Here mA and mB are the masses of molecules A
and B. Since there are no chemical reactions, the
masses of the individual species will also be
conserved, so that

mA = m’A and mB = m’B

 note that mass of a molecule is the sum of

mass of each of the atoms in the molecule,
mA = mA1 + mA2
mB = mB1 + mB2
 • the sum of the momenta of all the atoms before the collision must equal that after the
collision

𝑚𝐴1𝑟𝐴1 + 𝑚𝐴2𝑟𝐴2 + 𝑚𝐵1𝑟𝐵1 + 𝑚𝐵2𝑟𝐵2 = 𝑚 ′ 𝐴1 𝑟𝐴1′ + 𝑚𝐴2

′ 𝑟 ′ + 𝑚′ 𝑟 ′ + 𝑚′ 𝑟 ′
𝐴2 𝐵1 𝐵1 𝐵2 𝐵2

𝑟𝐴1 is the position vector from atom 1 of molecule A

𝑟𝐴 1 is its velocity
rA1 = rA +RA1
where rA1 is written as
Atom A2 the sum of the position
Atom A1 vector for the center of
rA Center of mass of molecule A
mass and the position
vector of the atom with
rA1 rA2 respect to the center of
mass. (for velocity?)
Note that RA2 = - RA1
Arbitrary origin fixed in space
Addition and Subtraction of Vectors (Appendix A)
 • 𝑚𝐴1𝑟𝐴 1 + 𝑚𝐴2𝑟𝐴 2 + 𝑚𝐵1𝑟𝐵1 + 𝑚𝐵2𝑟𝐵 2
′ 𝑟 ′ + 𝑚′ 𝑟 ′ + 𝑚′ 𝑟 ′ + 𝑚′ 𝑟 ′
= 𝑚𝐴1 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴2 𝐵1 𝐵1 𝐵2 𝐵2

• rA1 = rA + RA1
• rA2 = rA + RA2
• rB1 = rB + RB1 Note that 𝑚𝐴1 = 𝑚𝐴2 = 2 𝑚𝐴
1

• rB2 = rB + RB2
• r’A1 = r’A + R’A1
• r’A2 = r’A + R’A2
• r’B1 = r’B +R’B1
• r’B2 = r’B + R’B2
Conservation of momentum: 𝑚𝐴𝑟𝐴 +𝑚𝐵𝑟𝐵 = 𝑚𝐴𝑟𝐴′ + 𝑚𝐵𝑟𝐵′
(momentum before collision) (momentum after collision)
• the energy of the colliding pair of molecules must be the same before and
after thecollision.

 We define internal energy as UA,(which includes its vibrational, rotational
and potential energies)
 Thus final form of energy conservation
equation becomes,

(energy before collision) (energy after collision)

For next class:
1. please study on limit definition of derivative.
2. Construct the following table
MOMENTUM ENERGY MASS
Driving force
Law
Molecular flux
Convective transport
Combined flux
Shell balance:
• Equation
• Assumption
• Step
• Boundary condition
Equation of change
• Equation
• Assumption
• Step