Lesson 4.

REPRESENTATION OF GEARS
4.1 INTRODUCTION OF GEAR TRANSMISSION Lesson 4. Representation of Gears

❑ There are several common transmissions which can transfer rotational motion between shafts.

Belt transmission Chain transmission Friction wheels transmission Gear transmission

Large distance Small distance

Gear transmission

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4.1 INTRODUCTION OF GEAR TRANSMISSION Lesson 4. Representation of Gears

❑ Gears are machine elements, which are used for power transmission between shafts, separated by
small distance.
❑ Irrespective of the type, each gear is provided with projections called teeth and intermediate
depressions called tooth spaces.
❑ While two gears are meshing, the teeth of one gear enter the spaces of the other. Thus, the drive is
positive and when one gear rotates, the other also rotates; transmitting power from one shaft to the
other.

Teeth Spaces

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4.1 INTRODUCTION OF GEAR TRANSMISSION Lesson 4. Representation of Gears

❑ Types of gears:
• Due to relative position between shafts

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4.1 INTRODUCTION OF GEAR TRANSMISSION Lesson 4. Representation of Gears

❑ Types of gears:
• Due to teeth shape

V-shape teeth

Straight teeth

Helical shape
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4.1 INTRODUCTION OF GEAR TRANSMISSION Lesson 4. Representation of Gears

❑ Types of gears:
• Due to meshing modes

External meshing Internal meshing

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4.2 GEAR NONMENCLATURE Lesson 4. Representation of Gears

4.2.1 Tooth profiles

Involute tooth profile Novicop tooth profile

Xycloit tooth profile

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4.2 GEAR NONMENCLATURE Lesson 4. Representation of Gears

4.2.2 Parameters of a straight spur gear

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4.2 GEAR NONMENCLATURE Lesson 4. Representation of Gears

4.2.2 Parameters of a straight spur gear

Meaning Equation Meaning Equation

D Pitch circle dia. 𝐷 = 𝑚𝑍 Ha Addendum depth 𝐻𝑎 = 𝑚

Db Base circle dia. Hd Dedendum depth 𝐻𝑑 = 1,25𝑚

Da Addendum circle dia. 𝐷𝑎 = 𝑚 𝑍 + 2 P Circular pitch 𝑃 = 𝜋𝑚

Dd Dedendum circle dia. 𝐷𝑑 = 𝑚 𝑍 − 2,5 Z Teeth count

H Whole depth 𝐻 = 𝐻𝑎 + 𝐻𝑑 m Module

𝐷1 + 𝐷2
𝑎=
a Center distance 2
𝑚(𝑍1 + 𝑍2)
=
2

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4.2 GEAR NONMENCLATURE Lesson 4. Representation of Gears

4.2.2 Parameters of a straight spur gear

Pitch circle perimeter:

𝜋×𝑑 =𝑃×𝑍

𝑃
→𝑑= ×𝑍
𝜋
𝑚 : gear module
→𝑑 =𝑚×𝑍

1st list
0,5 0,6 0,8 1 1,25 1,5 2 2,5 3 4 5 6 …
(preferred)
2n list 0,55 0,7 0,9 1,125 1,375 1,75 2,25 2,75 3,5 4,5 5,5 7 …

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4.3 SOME COMMON STRUCTURES ON GEARS Lesson 4. Representation of Gears

(Appdendix A)
Gear without Gear with keyway
keyway

Co-axial gear
Hub, rim and web

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4.4 REPRESENTATION OF GEARS Lesson 4. Representation of Gears

General rules (TCVN 13-78):

❑ Addendum line is indicated by a thick continuous line

❑ The pitch line is indicated by a center line

❑ The dedendum line is indicated by a thick continuous

line and not indicated in any principal views

Addendum line

❑ Do not apply material symbol as cutting through gears

vertically Pitch line

Dedendum line

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4.4 REPRESENTATION OF GEARS Lesson 4. Representation of Gears

4.4.1 Spur gears

a) Straight teeth

Section view
Principal views

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4.4 REPRESENTATION OF GEARS Lesson 4. Representation of Gears

4.4.1 Spur gears

b) Helical teeth

Section view
Principal views

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4.4 REPRESENTATION OF GEARS Lesson 4. Representation of Gears

4.4.1 Spur gears

c) V-shape teeth

Section view
Principal views

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4.4 REPRESENTATION OF GEARS Lesson 4. Representation of Gears

4.4.2 Bevel gears

Section view
Principal views

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4.4 REPRESENTATION OF GEARS Lesson 4. Representation of Gears

4.4.3 Worm wheel

❑ Structures of worm wheel is basically similar to those of helical spur gears,
except for surfaces of addendum, pitch and dedendum. They are torus, which
are corresponding to the diameter of the worm.

Principal views Section view 17

4.4 REPRESENTATION OF GEARS Lesson 4. Representation of Gears

4.4.4 Worm
❑ The structures of worms are similar to trapezoid threads which have starts from 1 to 4. In the
transmission, the worms are usually driving.
❑ The principal view of worms could be combined with the broken section view or added the root
line by a thin continuous line.

A A-A

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4.5 REPRESENTATION OF GEARING Lesson 4. Representation of Gears

Meshing conditions:
❑ The same profiles
❑ The same modules

General rules (TCVN 13-78)

❑ In Out of the meshing region, the addendum, the pitch and the dedendum lines are followed the
representation rules for each gear.
❑ In the meshing region:
o The pitch lines of two gears are coincident in the view which direction is perpendicular to
the axes.
o The pitch circles of two gears are tangent to each other in the view which direction is parallel
to the axes.
o The dedendum line of the driven gears is indicated by a hidden line.

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4.5 REPRESENTATION OF GEARING Lesson 4. Representation of Gears

4.5.1 Spur gearing (straight teeth)

Driving gear

Driven gear

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4.5 REPRESENTATION OF GEARING Lesson 4. Representation of Gears

4.5.1 Spur gearing (straight teeth)

Which one is
driving gear
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4.5 REPRESENTATION OF GEARING Lesson 4. Representation of Gears

4.5.2 Bevel gearing (straight teeth)

Driven gear

Driving gear
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4.5 REPRESENTATION OF GEARING Lesson 4. Representation of Gears

4.5.3 Worm and Worm gear

Driving worm

Driven worm wheel

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4.6 PRACTICE: read “Gear Pump” assembly drawing Lesson 4. Representation of Gears

IN OUT

(Gears are not shown)

INSTRUCTION: Bushing Bronze

The gear pumps consists of three main parts: Washer CT3 steel
support 4, gear box 2 and cap 1. They are Pin 5n6x55 CT3 steel
fastened by two pins 12 and six screws 11. Screw M6x20 CT3 steel
There are two shafts 15 and 17 in the gear
Bolt M4x20 CT3 steel
box 2. The driving gear is upper, and the
Grower 65r steel
driven gear is lower. The gearing could be
performed by the rotational transfer from Key 4x4x14 CT3 steel
another gear which is located out of the Stuffing pipe CT3 steel
pump (indicated by a thin phantom line) and Stuffing Jute
assembled with the shaft by a keyed joint. Bushing Bronze
Two gears in mesh can create a suction force Support Iron 15-32
making the fluid flow from the behind hole Gear C45 steel
to the front one with high pressure. Gear box Iron 15-32
Bushings 5 and 14 have the role as Cap Iron 15-32
bearings. Parts 6 and 7 are used to avoid
2 holes # Part name Qty Material Note
the fluid leakage.
Drawn by

Driving shaft C45 steel Approved by

GEAR PUMP
Nut CT3 steel Scale
Driven shaft C45 steel
3rd assembly drawing
1:1 24
4.6 PRACTICE: read “Gear Pump” assembly drawing Lesson 4. Representation of Gears

INSTRUCTION:
The gear pumps consists of three
main parts: support 4, gear box
2 and cap 1. They are fastened by
two pins 12 and six screws 11.
IN OUT There are two shafts 15 and 17
in the gear box 2. The driving
gear is upper, and the driven gear
is lower. The gearing could be
performed by the rotational
transfer from another gear which
is located out of the pump
(indicated by a thin phantom line)
(Gears are not shown) and assembled with the shaft by a
keyed joint.
Two gears in mesh can create a
suction force making the fluid
flow from the behind hole to the
front one with high pressure.
Bushings 5 and 14 have the role
as bearings. Parts 6 and 7 are
used to avoid the fluid leakage.
2 holes

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4.6 PRACTICE: read “Gear Pump” assembly drawing Lesson 4. Representation of Gears

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APPENDIX A. KEYED JOINTS Lesson 4. Representation of Gears
A.1 Introduction
❑ Keyed joint is removable.
❑ Keys are machine elements used to prevent relative rotational movement between a shaft and the
parts mounted on it, such as pulleys, gears, wheels, couplings, etc.
❑ Types of keys:
Gear Shaft
1. Saddle keys
2. Sunk keys
Key
3. Woodruff keys
4. Splines keys

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APPENDIX A. KEYED JOINTS Lesson 4. Representation of Gears
A.2 Representation of keyed joints
a) Saddle keys joints

❑ Used for large loadings.

❑ 3 types:
▪ Rounded A
▪ Squared head B
▪ Gib head
❑ Taper slope: 1: 100.
❑ According to TCVN 4214– 86, saddle keys are noted as:
Then vát B 18 x 11 x 100 TCVN 4214 – 86

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APPENDIX A. KEYED JOINTS Lesson 4. Representation of Gears
A.2 Representation of key joints
b) Sunk keys joints

❑ Used for small loadings.

❑ 2 types:
▪ Rounded head A
▪ Rectangular head B
❑ According to TCVN 4216.66, sunk keys are noted as: Then bằng A 20 x 12 x110 TCVN 4216.66

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APPENDIX A. KEYED JOINTS Lesson 4. Representation of Gears
A.2 Representation of keyed joints
c) Woodruff keys joints

❑ Used for quite small loadings.

❑ Easy to be positioned automatically.
❑ According to TCVN 4217– 86, woodruff keys are noted as Then bán nguyệt 6 x 10 TCVN 4217 – 86

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APPENDIX A. KEYED JOINTS Lesson 4. Representation of Gears
A.2 Representation of keyed joints
d) Splines keyed joints

❑ Used for very large loadings.

❑ 3 profiles:
▪ Rectangular profile
▪ Involute profile
▪ Triangle profile

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APPENDIX A. KEYED JOINTS Lesson 4. Representation of Gears
A.2 Representation of keyed joints
d) Splines keyed joints

❑ Some splines keyed joints indications according to

TCVN 19– 85:

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APPENDIX B. PIN JOINTS Lesson 4. Representation of Gears

❑ Pin joints are removeable.

❑ A pin is used to fasten to rods that are under the action of a tensile force although the rods may
support a compressive force if the joint is guided.
❑ Types:
▪ Cylindrical pins
▪ Taper pins (slope of 1:50)
❑ TCVN 2042– 86 and TCVN 2041– 86 note size of cylindrical and taper pins, respectively.
Eg: Chốt trụ 10 x 50 TCVN 2042– 86
Chốt côn 10 x 50 TCVN 2041– 86

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