Reinforced Concrete Element

T-Shape and Double Reinforced Beam

LB3 Civil Engineering ITS

Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya

Last Edited 2014

(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete First Ed Sept 2014 1 / 31

Design of T-Shape Beam

Reinforced concrete floor systems normally consist of slabs and beams

that are placed monolithically. As a result, the two parts act together to
resist loads. In effect, the beams have extra widths at their tops, called
flanges, and the resulting T-shaped beams are called T beams.

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 Effective width.

The SNI/ACI Code definitions:

8.12.2 Width of slab effective as a T-beam flange shall not exceed
one-quarter of the span length of the beam, and the effective
overhanging flange width on each side of the web shall not
exceed:
(a) Eight times the slab thickness; and
(b) One-half the clear distance to the next web.
8.12.3 For beams with a slab on one side only, the effective overhanging
flange width shall not exceed:
(a) One-twelfth the span length of the beam;
(b) Six times the slab thickness; and
(c) One-half the clear distance to the next web.

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Effective width illustrated

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Analysis of T-sections.
The neutral axis of a T-section beam may be either in the flange or in
the web, depending upon the proportions of the cross section, the
amount of tensile steel, and the strength of the materials.
Procedure of analysis:
1. Assume that T-section is a rectangular section with total be width.
As fy
T=C =⇒ As fy = 0.85fc0 abe =⇒ a =
0.85fc0 be
2. Compare a with hf - thickness of flange.
Here maybe to cases.

(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete First Ed Sept 2014 5 / 31

Case 1: a ≤ hf analyze as rectangular section.

T=C
As fy = 0.85fc0 abe
As fy
a=
0.85fc0 be
 a  a
Mn = As fy d − or Mn = 0.85fc0 abe d −
2 2
0.85fc0 be
As =
fy
(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete First Ed Sept 2014 6 / 31
Case 2: a > hf analyze as T-section

Procedures:
1. Mn = Mnf + Mnw
where Mnf , Mnw Nominal moment of the flange and web.
hf hf
   
2. Mnf = Asf fy d − 0
= 0.85fc (be − bw )hf d −
2 2
0.85fc0 (be − bw )hf
Asf =
fy

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  a  a
3. Mnw = Asw fy d − = 0.85fc0 bw a d −
2 2
Asw = As − Asf
Asw fy
a=
0.85fc0 bw
hf
  a
Mn = Asf fy d − + Asw fy d −
2 2
4. Check for strain ε t ≥ 0.005
Minimum Reinforcement
p for T-section:
2.5 fc0 1.4
As,min = bw d but not less than As,min = bw d
fy fy

(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete First Ed Sept 2014 8 / 31

Example:1

Calculate the design strength φMn for one of the T beams in the
positive moment region. The beam has a clear span of 7 m (face to
face). Use fc0 = 28 MPa, and fy = 420 MPa.

Solution:
From the Geometry of T-section:
bw = 300 mm, h = 600 mm, t = hf = 75 mm, As (4D25) = 1963.5 mm2 .

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be is the smallest of:
L 700
a). be ≤ = = 1750 mm.
4 4
b). be ≤ bw + 16hf = 300 + 16 · 75 = 1500 mm =⇒ govern.
c). be ≤ Center to center of adjascent beam = 1800 mm.
depth of block stress:
A s fy 1963.5 · 420
a= = = 23.1 mm < hf = 75 mm.
0.85fc0 be 0.85 · 28 · 1500
The beam be considered as rectangular with b = be = 1500 mm
d = 600 − 40 − 10 − 25 2 = 537.5 mm.
 a
Mu = φAs fy d −
2  
23.1
Mu = 0.9 · 1963.5 · 420 600 − × 10−6 = 390.37 kN.m
2
Check for strain ε t ≥ 0.005
a 23.1
c= = = 27.18 mm.
β1 0.85
d−c 537.5 − 27.18
   
ε t = 0.003 = 0.003 = 0.0565 > 0.005 ⇒ Ok.
c 27.18
(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete First Ed Sept 2014 10 / 31
Example:2

Determine the positive moment capacity of the edge L-section beam.

The beam has a clear span of 6 m (face to face). Use fc0 = 20 MPa,
fy = 400 MPa.

Solution:
From the Geometry of T-section:
bw = 300 mm, h = 670 mm, t = hf = 120 mm, As (6D32) = 4825.5 mm2

(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete First Ed Sept 2014 11 / 31

be smallest of :
L
a). be ≤ bw + = 300 + 600/12 = 800 mm ⇒ control.
12
b). be ≤ bw + 6hf = 300 + 6 · 120 = 1020 mm.
1
c). be ≤ 2 the clear distance of beam = 300 + 2200/2= 1400 mm.
Check if a > hf :
As fy 4825.5 · 400
a= 0
= = 141.93 mm > hf = 120 mm
0.85fc be 0.85 · 20 · 800
The beam section will be considered as L-section with be = 800 mm.
0.85fc0 (be − bw )
Asf =
fy
0.85 · 20(800 − 300)
Asf = = 2550 mm2 .
400
Asw = As − Asf = 4825.5 − 2550 = 2275.5 mm2 .
Asw fy 2275.5 · 400
a= = = 178.47 mm.
0.85fc0 bw 0.85 · 20 · 300

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As (6D32) is arrange in two layers.
d = 670 − 40 − 10 − 32 − 252 = 575.5 mm.
hf
   a
Mn = Asf fy d − + Asw fy d −
2  2
120
Mn = 2550 · 400 575.5 − +
 2 
178.47
2275.5 · 400 575.5 −
2
= 968.4 kN.m
Check for net strain (ε t )
a 178.47
c= = = 209.96 mm, β 1 = 0.85
β1 0.85
S d 25 32
dt = d + + b = 575.5 + + = 604 mm.
2 2  2 2
dt − c 604 − 209.96

ε t = 0.003 = 0.003 = 0.00563 > 0.005 (Ok).
c 209.86

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Doubly Reinforced Concrete Section
Flexural members are designed for tension reinforcement, but
additional reinforcement may exist due to practical reasons. In such
cases, the total moment capacity consists of two components:
Moment due to the tension reinforcement that balances the
compression of concrete (Mnc ).
Moment due to the compression reinforcement (Mns ).

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Analysis of doubly reinforced concrete sections

Case 1: Compression steel is yielded

fy
Compression steel yielded when ε0s =≥ ε y =
Es
c − d0 a
ε0s = 0.003 , c=
c β1
As1 = As − As2 , As2 = As0
a
T1 = As1 fy , Mnc = As1 fy d −
2
As1 fy (As − As0 )fy
Where a = =
0.85fc0 b 0.85fc0 b
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 a (As − As0 )fy (ρ − ρ0 )fy d
Substitute "a" into c = = 0
=
β1 cb
β 1 0.85f0  β 10.85fc0
0.85β 1 fc0 d0

0 d
Substitute "c" into ε s = 0.003 1 − = 0.003 1 −
c (ρ − ρ0 )dfy
fy
Compression steel is yielded when ε0s ≥ ε y =
Es
d0 0.85β 1 fc0 d0 fy
   
0.003 1 − = 0.003 1 − 0
≥
c (ρ − ρ )dfy 200000
or in the form
0.85fc0 d0
 
0 600
ρ−ρ ≥ β1
dfy 600 − fy
0.85fc0 d0
 
600
ρ̄cy = β1 + ρ0
dfy 600 − fy
When ρ > ρ̄cy compression steel yielded.
ρ̄cy is minimum tensile reinforcement ratio that will ensure yielding of
compression steel at failure.
 a
Mn = (As − As0 )fy d − + As0 fy (d − d0 )
2
(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete First Ed Sept 2014 16 / 31
Case 2: Compression steel is not yielded
fy
Compression steel is NOT yielded when ε0s < ε y = or ρ < ρ̄cy
Es
T = T1 − T2 , Cc = 0.85fc0 ab, Cs = As0 fs0
As fy − As0 fs0
a=
0.85fc0 b  a
Mn = (As fy − As0 fs0 ) d − + As0 (fs0 − 0.85fc0 )(d − d0 )
2
or  a
Mn = (As fy − As0 fs0 ) d − + As0 fs0 (d − d0 ) (simplified)
2
factor As0 (0.85fc0 ) is area of concrete replaced by compression steel.
Not that above equation two unkown exist, "a" and "fs0 ". Substituting
c − d0
fs0 = 600 into "a", we get quadratic equation in "c".
c

(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete First Ed Sept 2014 17 / 31

Example:3

Determine the nominal positive moment strength of

the section of rectangular cross sectional beam. The
beam is reinforced with 4D32 in the tension zone and
2D20 in the compression zone. Use fc0 = 20 MPa,
fy = 400 MPa, β 1 = 0.85.
Solution:
As (4D32) = 32.17 cm2 , As0 (2D20) = 6.28 cm2 .
As 3217 A0 628
ρ= = = 0.0134, ρ0 = s = = 0.0026
bd 350 · 684 bd 350 · 684 
0
0.85fc d 0 
600

0.85 · 20 · 63 600

ρ̄cy = β1 +ρ = 0 0.85 +
dfy 600 − fy 684 · 400 600 − 400
0.0026 = 0.01258
ρ = 0.0134 > ρ̄cy = 0.01258 ⇒ compression steel yielded.
As fy = 0.85fc0 ab + As0 (fy − 0.85fc0 ) Concrete compression area is reduced.

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 As fy − As0 (fy − 0.85fc0 ) 3217 · 400 − 628(400 − 0.85 · 20)
a= = = 175.84
0.85fc0 b 0.85 · 20 · 350
a 175.84
c= = = 206.88 mm.
β1 0.85
a
Mn = 0.85fc0 ab d − + As0 (fy − 0.85fc0 )(d − d0 )
2  
175.84
= 0.85 · 20 · 175.84 · 350 684 − +
2
628(400 − 0.85 · 20)(684 − 63)
Mn = 773.01 kN-m
Check for net tensile strain (ε t )
dt − c 684 − 206.88
ε t = 0.003 = 0.003 = 0.00691 > 0.005 (Ok)
c 206.88
Take φ = 0.9 for tension controlled section.
Mu = φMn = 0.9 · 773.01 = 695.71 kN-m

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Example:4

Repeat Example:3, using fc0 = 30 MPa, β 1 = 0.836

Solution:
0.85fc0 d0 0.85 · 30 · 63
   
600 0 600
ρ̄cy = β1 +ρ = 0.836 +
dfy 600 − fy 684 · 400 600 − 400
0.0026 = 0.0173
ρ = 0.0134 < ρ̄cy = 0.0173 Compression steel not yielded ε0s < ε y
Horizontal Equilibrium :
As fy = 0.85fc0 ab + As0 (fs0 − 0.85fc0 )
As fy − As0 (fs0 − 0.85fc0 )
a= 0b
= β1 c
0.85fc
c − 63
  
3217 · 400 − 628 600 − 0.85 · 30
c
= 0.836c
0.85 · 30 · 350
2659.764
103.775 + = 0.836c, ⇒ 0.836c2 − 103.755c − 2659.764 = 0
c
(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete First Ed Sept 2014 20 / 31
Solving the quadratic equation, we get :
c1 = 145.91, c2 = −21.805, use c = 145.91 mm
a = β 1 c = 0.85 · 145.91 = 121.98 mm.
c − d0 145.9 − 63
fs0 = 600 = 600 = 340.94 MPa. < fy = 400 MPa.
c 145.9
compression steel not yielded.
0
 a
Mn = 0.85fc ab d − + As0 (fs0 − 0.85fc0 )(d − d0 )
2  
121.98
= 0.85 · 20 · 121.98 · 350 684 − +
2
628(340.94 − 0.85 · 20)(684 − 63)
Mn = 801.27 kN-m
Check for net tensile strain (ε t )
dt − c 648 − 145.91
ε t = 0.003 = 0.003 = 0.011 > 0.005 Ok.
c 145.91
Take φ = 0.9, Tension controlled section.
Mu = φMn = 0.9 · 801.27 = 721.14 kN-m.

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Design of doubly reinforced concrete sections

When the factored moment Mu is greater than the design strength φMn
of the beam when it is reinforced with the maximum permissible
amount of tension reinforcement, compression reinforcement becomes
necessary.
ACI/SNI 10.3.5, limits the maximum net tensile strain is ε t ≤ 0.004
c dt 3
= , c = dt , a = β 1 c
0.003 0.003 + 0.004 7
The maximum moment strength as a singly
reinforced section.
a
Mn,max = 0.85fc0 ab d −
2
If Mu > φMn,max , design the section as doubly
reinforced section.
Where φ = 0.65 + (ε t − 0.002)(250/3) =
0.65 + (0.004 − 0.002)(250/3) = 0.817

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Example:5
The beam with span l = 4.5 m loaded by a
uniform deadload DL = 25 kN-m, and a uniform
service LL = 35 kN-m, Compute the area of steel
reinforcement for the section.
Take fc0 = 20 MPa, fy = 400 MPa. Assume d0 = 60
mm, and one layer arrangement of tension steel.
Solution:
Wu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL = 1.2 · 25 + 1.6 · 35 = 86 kN-m
Wu l2 86 · 4.52
Mu = Mmax = = = 217.7 kN-m.
8 8
Maximum nominal moment at ε t = 0.004
3 3
c = dt = 410 = 175.5, β 1 = 0.85, a = β 1 c = 0.85 · 175.7 = 149.4
7 7
Mn,max = 0.85fc0 ab(d − a/2) = 0.85 · 20 · 149.4 · 250(410 − 149.4/2)
Mn,max = 212.94 kN-m.
Mu = 217.7 > φMn,max = 0.817 · 212.94 = 174.6 kN-m (????)

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Design the section as doubly reinforced concrete section.
Mu 217.7
Mns = − Mn,max = − 212.94 = 52.59 kN-m
φ 0.817
Check steel compression yielding. 
c − d 0 
175.5 − 60
fs0 = 600 = 600 = 395.1 MPa < fy not yield.
c 175.5
Mns
Mns = Cs (d − d0 ) = As0 (fs0 − 0.85fc0 )(d − d0 ), ⇒ As0 = 0
(fs − 0.85fc0 )(d − d0 )
Mns 52.59 × 10 6
As0 = 0 0 0
= = 397.4.
(fs − 0.85fc )(d − d ) (395.1 − 0.85 · 20)(410 − 60)
T = Cc + Cs = 0.85fc0 ab + As0 (fs0 − 0.85fc0 )
T = [0.85 · 20 · 149.4 · 250 + 397.4(395.1 − 0.852̇0)] × 10−3 = 785.21 kN.
T 785.21 × 103
As = = = 1963.02 mm2
fy 400

(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete First Ed Sept 2014 24 / 31

Example:6

The beam section 350x500 mm is loaded by a factored bending

moment Mu = 520 kN-m, Design the beam for flexure given the
following information: fc0 = 24 MPa, fy = 400 MPa, use bars D25, and
assume one layer arrangement of tension steel.
Solution:
Check whether the section will be designed as singly or doubly:
Maximum nominal moment strength at ε t = 0.004
c = 73 dt = 73 500 = 214.29 mm, β 1 = 0.85, a = β 1 c =182.14 mm. 
 a 182.14
Mn,max = 0.85fc0 ab d − = 0.85 · 24 · 182.14 · 350 500 −
2 2
Mn,max = 531.81 kN-m.
Mu = 520 > φMn,max = 0.817 × 531.81 = 436.1 kN-m, ⇒ Design the
section as doubly reinforced concrete section.

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Mns = Mu /φ − Mn,max = 520/0.817 − 531.81 = 102.34 kN-m.
Mns
Mns = Cs (d − d0 ) = As0 (fs0 − 0.85fc0 )(d − d0 ) ⇒ As0 = 0
(fs − 0.85fc0 )(d − d0 )
+ ∅stirrup + ∅bar/2
0
d = cover = 40 + 10+ 25/2 = 62.5 mm.
c − d 0 
214.29 − 62.5
fs0 = 600 = 600 = 425 > fy = 400 , yielded.
c 214.29
so that fs0 = fy = 400 MPa.
Mns 102.34 × 106
As0 = 0 = = 616.23
(fs − 0.85fc0 )(d − d0 ) (400 − 0.85 · 24)(500 − 62.5)
T = Cc + Cs = 0.85fc0 ab + As0 (fy − 0.85fc0 )
T = [0.85 · 182.14 · 350 + 616.23(400 − 0.85 · 24)] × 10−3 = 1534.4 kN
As 1534.4 × 103
As,req = = = 3836 mm2
fy 400
Take 8D25 in two layers with As = 3927 > As,req = 3836 mm2
Take 2D25 in one layer with As0 = 981.7 > As,req 0 = 616 mm2

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Analyze back our design based on selected bar numbers.
Check whether compression steel has yielded:
As 3972 A0 981.7
ρ= = = 0.02244, ρ0 = s = = 0.00561
bd 350 · 500 bd 350 · 500 
0.85fc0 d0 0.85 · 24 · 62.5
  
600 0 600
ρ̄cy = β1 +ρ = 0.85 +
dfy 600 − fy 500 · 400 600 − 400
0.00561 = 0.02187
ρ = 0.02244 > ρ̄cy = 0.02187 ⇒ compression steel yielded.
Check for net tensile strain (ε t )
T = As fy = Cc + Cs = 0.85fc0 ab + As0 (fy − 0.85fc0 )
stress block depth :
As fy − As0 (fy − 0.85fc0 ) 3972 · 400 − 981.7(400 − 0.85 · 24)
a= 0
=
0.85fc b 0.85 · 24 · 350
a = 167.81, c = a/β 1 = 167.81/0.85 = 197.42 mm.
+ d2b = 
dt = d + S2  500 + 25 25
2 +2 = 525 mm.
dt − c 525 − 197.42
ε t = 0.003 = 0.003 = 0.00498 < 0.005
c 197.42

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Calculate strength reduction factor (φ):
φ = 0.65 + (ε t − 0.002)(250/3) = 0.65 + (0.00498 − 0.002)(250/3)
φ = 0.8983
Calculate nominal
 momen:
a
Mn = 0.85fc0 ab d − + As0 (fy − 0.85fc0 )(d − d0 )
2  
167.81
Mn = 0.85 · 24 · 167.81 · 350 500 − +
2
981.7(400 − 0.85 · 24)(500 − 62.5) = 661.59 kN-m
φMn = 0.8983 · 661.59 = 594.31 kN-m > Mu = 520 kN-m ⇒ ok.

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compression steel effect: δ = As0 /As

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compression steel effect: δ = As0 /As

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compression steel effect: δ = As0 /As

(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete First Ed Sept 2014 31 / 31

compression steel effect: δ = As0 /As

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Home Works.

The student with odd last number, solve the :

Problem 5.46
Problem 5.48
Problem 5.50
Problem 5.53

The student with even last number, solve the :

Problem 5.47
Problem 5.49
Problem 5.51
Problem 5.54

Quis : Thursday, 2nd October 2014

Closed book, may open your own notes one page of A4 papers size.
All necessary table will be provided.

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