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RC14 1334 Concrete+Structures+1 Lecture+1
RC14 1334 Concrete+Structures+1 Lecture+1
Lecture 1 - Fundamentals
15 September 2015
RC14-1334: Concrete Structures 1
Lecture Goals
Design Process
Limit states
Design Philosophy
Loading
Concrete Properties
Steel Properties
Design Process
Phase 1: Definition of clients’ needs and
priorities.
Functional requirements
Aesthetic requirements
Budgetary requirements
Design Process
Phase 2: Development of project
concept
Develop possible layouts
Design Process
Phase 2: Development of project
concept
Selection most desirable structural system
Appropriateness
Economical/Cost
Maintainability
Design Process
Phase 3: Design of individual system
Design Process
Phase 3: Design of individual system(cont.)
Member design
Prepare construction days and
specifications.
Proportion members to resist forces
aesthetics
constructability
maintainability
Floods damage/collapse
Design Philosophy
Two philosophies of design have long prevalent.
• Working stress method focuses on conditions
at service loads.
• Strength of design method focusing on
conditions at loads greater than the service
loads when failure may be imminent.
The strength design method is deemed conceptually
more realistic to establish structural safety.
Safety Provisions
Safety Provisions
There are three main reasons why some sort of
safety factor are necessary in structural design.
[1] Variability in resistance.
[2] Variability in loading.
[3] Consequences of failure.
Variability in Resistance
Variability of the strengths of concrete
and reinforcement.
Differences between the as-built
dimensions and those found in
structural drawings.
Effects of simplification made in the
derivation of the members resistance.
Variability in Resistance
Comparison of
measured and
computed failure
moments based on
all data for reinforced
concrete beams with
fc > 2000 psi.
Variability in Loading
Frequency distribution
of sustained component
of live loads in offices.
Consequences of Failure
A number of subjective factors must be
considered in determining an acceptable level of
safety.
Potential loss of life.
Cost of clearing the debris and replacement
of the structure and its contents.
Cost to society.
Type of failure warning of failure, existence of
alternative load paths.
Margin of Safety
The distributions
of the resistance
and the loading
are used to get a
probability of
failure of the
structure.
Margin of Safety
The term
Y=R-S
is called the safety
margin.
The probability of failure is defined as:
Loading
SPECIFICATIONS
Cities in the U.S. generally base their
building code on one of the three model
codes:
Uniform Building Code
Basic Building Code (BOCA)
Standard Building Code
Loading
These codes have been consolidated in
the 2000 International Building Code.
Dead Loading
Dead Loads
Examples:
Weight of the Structure
(Walls, Floors, Roofs, Ceilings, Stairways)
Fixed Service Equipment
(HVAC, Piping Weights, Cable Tray, Etc.)
Can Be Uncertain….
pavement thickness
earth fill over underground structure
Live Loads
Loads produced by use and occupancy of
the structure.
Maximum loads likely to be produced by
the intended use.
Not less than the minimum uniformly
distributed load given by Code.
Live Loads
Live Loads
ASCE 7-95 (please update with SNI 1727-2012)
allows reduced live loads for members with
influence area (AI) of 400 sq. ft. or more:
Live Loads
AI determined by raising member to be designed
by a unit amount. Portion of loaded area that is
raised = AI
Load Reduction
Environmental Loads
Snow Loads (irrelevant)
Earthquake
Wind
Soil Pressure
Ponding of Rainwater
Temperature Differentials
The coefficients
of snow loads are
defined in weight.
Snow Loads
Ground Snow Loads (Map in Fig. 6, ASCE 7):
Based on historical data (not always the
maximum values)
Basic equation in codes is for flat roof snow
loads
Additional equations for drifting effects, sloped
roofs, etc.
Use ACI live load factor
No LL reduction factor allowed
Wind Loads
where
0.00256 reflects mass density of air and unit conversions.
V = Basic 3-second gust wind speed (mph) at a height of
33 ft. above the ground in open terrain. (1:50
chance of exceedance in 1 year)
Kz = Exposure coefficient (bldg. ht., roughness of terrain)
kzt = Coefficient accounting for wind speed up over hills
I = Importance factor
Wind Loads
Design wind pressure,
p = qz * G * Cp
Earthquake Loads
Inertia forces caused by earthquake motion
F=m*a
Earthquake Loads
Inertia forces caused by earthquake motion.
Equivalent Static Force Procedure for example,
in ASCE 7-95 (please update with SNI 1726-
2012):
V = Cs * W
where
V = Total lateral base shear
Cs = Seismic response coefficient
W = Total dead load
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 53
Earthquake Loads
Total Dead Load, W:
1.0 * Dead Load
+ 0.25 * Storage Loads
+ larger of partition loads or 10 psf
+ Weight of permanent equipment
+ contents of vessels
+ 20% or more of snow load
Earthquake Loads
where
Cv = Seismic coefficient based on soil profiled and Av
Ca = Seismic coefficient based on soil profiled and Aa
R = Response modification factor (ability to deform in
inelastic range)
T = Fundamental period of the structure
Earthquake Loads
where
T = Fundamental period of the structure
T = CT hn 3/4
Roof Loads
Ponding of rainwater
Roof must be able to support all rainwater that could
accumulate in an area if primary drains were
blocked.
Ponding Failure:
Roof Loads
Roof loads are in addition to snow loads
Construction Loads
Construction materials
Aggregate Strength
Strong aggregates: quartzite, felsite
Weak aggregates: sandstone, marble
Intermediate strength: limestone, granite