RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Lecture 11 – Bar
Development
22 October 2015
RC14-1334: Concrete Structures 1

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 1

Lecture Goals
Bar Cut-off Points
Critical Sections
Hook Development

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 1

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Bar Cutoff Points

Why do you want to put in cut off points?

Cost!

Bar Cutoff Points

Factors Affecting Bar Cut-off Points
1.) Bars no longer needed to resist tensile forces or
remaining bars are adequate (Use moment and
shear envelopes)
2.) Bars must be extended on each side of section to
develop bar force at that section.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 2

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Bar Cutoff Points

Factors Affecting Bar Cut-off Points

3.) Major stress concentrations occur when tension

bars are cutoff in regions of moderate to high
shear forces. Leads to cracking.
4.) Code specified construction requirements (good
practice)

Bar Cut of Points

Factors Affecting Bar Cut-off Points

5.) Load Uncertainties (Seismic Considerations)

Keep Cutoffs to a minimum Simplify design

& Construction

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Determining Locations of Flexural

Cutoffs
Development of
flexural reinforcement
in a typical continuous
beam.
SNI - 14.10 for
flexural reinforcement

14.3.1
14.11.2

14.11.3

Bar Cutoffs - General Procedure

1. Determine theoretical flexural cutoff points for
envelope of bending moment diagram.
2. Extract the bars to satisfy detailing rules (from
SNI Section 9.13, 14.1, 14.10, 14.11 and 14.12)
3. Design extra stirrups for points where bars are
cutoff in zone of flexural tension (SNI 14.10.5)

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Bar Cutoffs - General Rules

All Bars
Rule 1. Bars must extend the longer of d or 12db past
the flexural cutoff points except at supports
or the ends of cantilevers (SNI 14.11.1)

Rule 2. Bars must extend at least ld from the point

of maximum bar stress or from the flexural
cutoff points of adjacent bars (SNI 14.10.2,
14.10.4 and 14.12.2)

Bar Cutoffs - General Rules

Positive Moment Bars
Rule 3. Structural Integrity
Simple Supports At least one-third of the
positive moment reinforcement must be extend
150 mm into the supports (SNI 14.11.1).
Continuous interior beams with closed stirrups.
At least one-fourth of the positive moment
reinforcement must extend 150 mm into the
support (SNI 14.11.1)

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Bar Cutoffs - General Rules

Positive Moment Bars
Rule 3. Structural Integrity
Continuous interior beams without closed
stirrups. At least one-fourth of the positive
moment reinforcement must be continuous and at
non-continuous supports be terminated with a
standard hook. (SNI 9.13.2.3).

Bar Cutoffs - General Rules

Positive Moment Bars
Rule 3. Structural Integrity
Continuous perimeter beams. At least one-
fourth of the positive moment reinforcement
required at midspan shall be made continuous
around the perimeter of the building and must be
enclosed within closed stirrups or stirrups with
135 degree hooks around top bars. (SNI
9.13.2.2).

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 6

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Bar Cutoffs - General Rules

Positive Moment Bars
Rule 3. Structural Integrity
Beams forming part of a frame that is the
primary lateral load resisting system for the
building. This reinforcement must be anchored
to develop the specified yield strength, fy, at the
face of the support (SNI 14.11.2)

Bar Cutoffs - General Rules

Positive Moment Bars
Rule 4. Stirrups
At the positive moment point of inflection and
at simple supports, the positive moment
reinforcement must be satisfy the following
equation for SNI 14.11.3. An increase of 30%
in value of Mn / Vu shall be permitted when the
ends of reinforcement are confined by
compressive reaction (generally true for simply
supports).

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Bar Cutoffs - General Rules

Positive Moment Bars
Rule 4.

An increase of 30% in the value of Mn/Vu when rebars

are confined by a compression reaction like at simple
support, e.g. hinge support:

Bar Cutoffs - General Rules

Negative Moment Bars
Rule 5.
Negative moment reinforcement must be
anchored into or through supporting columns or
members (SNI Sec. 14.12.1).

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Bar Cutoffs - General Rules

Negative Moment Bars
Rule 6a. Structural Integrity
Interior beams. At least one-third of the
negative moment reinforcement must be
extended by the greatest of d, 12 db or ln / 16 past
the negative moment point of inflection (SNI
Sec. 14.12.3).

Bar Cutoffs - General Rules

Negative Moment Bars
Rule 6b. Structural Integrity
Perimeter beams. In addition to satisfying rule 6a,
one-sixth of the negative reinforcement required at
the support must be made continuous at midspan
(SNI 9.13.2.2).

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Critical Sections in Flexural Members

The critical sections for development of
reinforcement in flexural members are:
1. At points of maximum stress;
2. At points where tension bars within span
are terminated or bent;
3. At the face of the support;
4. At points of inflection at which moment
changes sign.

Critical Sections in Negative Moment

Reinforcement
Three sections are
critical for the negative
moment reinforcement:
Section 1 is at the face
of the support, where
the negative moment
as well as stress are at
maximum value. Two
development lengths, x1
and x2 must be
checked.

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Critical Sections in Negative Moment

Reinforcement
Section 2 is the section
where part of the negative
reinforcement bar can be
terminated. To develop full
tensile force, the bars
should extend a distance
x2 before they can be
terminated. Once part of
the bars are terminated,
the remaining bars
develop maximum stress.

Critical Sections in Negative Moment

Reinforcement
Section 3 is a point of
inflection The bars shall
extend a distance x3 beyond
Section 3: x3 must be equal
to or greater than the
effective depth d, 12db or
1/16 the span, which ever is
greater. At least 1/3 of the
total reinforcement provided
for negative moment at
support shall extend a
distance x3 beyond the point
of inflection.

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Critical Sections in Positive Moment

Reinforcement
Section 4 is that of
maximum positive moment
and maximum stresses.
Two development lengths
x1 and x2 have to be
checked. The length x1 is
the development length ld
specified by the SNI Code
Section 14.11. The length
x2 is equal to or greater
than the effective depth d,
12db.

Critical Sections in Positive Moment

Reinforcement
Section 5 is where part of
the positive reinforcement
bars may be terminated.
To develop full tensile
force, the bars should
extend a distance x2. The
remaining bars will have a
maximum stress due to
the termination of part of
the bars.

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Critical Sections in Positive Moment

Reinforcement
At the face of the support
section 1, at least 1/4 of the
positive moment
reinforcement in continuous
members shall extend along
the same face of the member
into the support, according to
SNI 14.11.1. For simple
members at least 1/3 of the
reinforcement shall extend into
the support

Critical Sections in Positive Moment

Reinforcement
Section 6 is at the points of
inflection limits are
according to section
14.11.3 of the SNI Code.

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Critical Sections in Positive Moment

Reinforcement
Note: it also applies at simple supports, except when
reinforcement terminating beyond centerline of
simple supports by a standard hook, or a mechanical
anchorage at least equivalent to a standard hook.

Example Problem–Bar Details

The bending moments for maximum positive and
negative moments are given. We must check the
development lengths at all critical sections. fc = 20
MPa, fy = 275 MPa , b = 300 mm, d = 450 mm, and the
span L = 7.25 m.
6-D28
550 mm
d = 450 mm

6-D25
3-D25

65 mm

300 mm 300 mm

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Example Problem–Bar Details

A continuous beam has
x1
the bar details shown.

x5

x6
1m

0.75 m
0.125 m
2.75 m

Example Problem–Bar Details

The critical sections are at the face of the support for
tension and compression reinforcement, at points
where tension bars are terminated within the span and
at point of inflection and at midspan.
Development length for negative moment x1
from face of support whereas 3 bars extend
to a distance of y.

(for bars  D22)

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Example Problem–Bar Details

The development length is (db = 28 mm):
(if spacing and cover
conditions are met)

Example Problem–Bar Details

The bars are at the top so  =1.3 and the development
length is

So ld = 1350 mm = 1.35 m > 300 mm (minimum)

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Example Problem–Bar Details

x1= 1.35 m

x5

x6
1m

0.75 m
0.125 m
2.75 m

Example Problem–Bar Details

The development length x2 shall extend beyond the
point where 3-D28 bars are not needed either d = 450
mm or 12db = 12(28) = 336 mm, whichever is greater.
Thus x2 = 450 mm.
The required length is x4 = 1.35 m similar to x1.
The total length required is y = x1 + 0.9 m = 2.25 m.

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Example Problem–Bar Details

y = 2.25 m

0.9 m

x1= 1.35 m

x5

x6
1m

0.75 m
0.125 m
2.75 m

Example Problem–Bar Details

Beyond the inflection point 3-D28 bars extend a
length x3 = 2.25 – 1 = 1.25 m. SNI code requires that
at least 1/3 of the bars should extend beyond the
inflection point. Three D28 bars are provided. The
required development length x3 is greater of d = 300
mm, 12db = 336 mm or Ln/16 = 7/16 = 0.467 m (467
mm) , which is less than x3 provided.

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Example Problem–Bar Details

Compressive reinforcement at the face of the support
D25 bars, the development length x5 is equal to

Example Problem–Bar Details

It can not be less than 200 mm. The length 384 mm

controls. For D25 bars db = 25 mm, ld provided is 400
mm, which is greater than that required.

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Example Problem–Bar Details

y = 2.25 m

0.9 m

x1= 1.35 m

x5 = 0.4 m

x6
1m

0.75 m
0.125 m
2.75 m

Example Problem–Bar Details

The development length for positive moment
reinforcement; 3-D25 bars extend x6 beyond the
centerline, and the other bars extend to the support.
The development length x6 from center line is

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Example Problem–Bar Details

The ld is 1 m, But it can not be less than 300 mm. So
x6 provided is 1 m.
The length x7 is equal to d or 12 db, and 450 mm is
provided.

Example Problem–Bar Details

y = 2.25 m

0.9 m

x1= 1.35 m

x5 = 0.4 m
x7 = 0.45 m
x6 = 1 m
1m

0.75 m
0.125 m
2.75 m

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Standard Hooks
A hook is used at the
end of a bar when its
straight embedment
length is less than the
necessary length, ld.
The minimum
diameter of bend,
measured on the inside
of the main bar of a
standard hook D is

Standard Hooks
The stress distribution for a 90o hook under a force
P is shown.

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Hooked Bar at Discontinuous Ends

(SNI 14.5.4)
If side cover and top (or bottom cover)  60 mm.
Enclose hooked bar w/ ties or stirrup-ties:
Spacing  3db Note: Multiplier for ties or
db =  of hooked bar stirrups (SNI 14.5.3)
is not applicable for
60 mm this case.

60 mm

Hooked Bar at Discontinuous Ends

(SNI 14.5.4)
- Basic Development lengths

Others Mechanical Anchorage SNI (14.6)

Welded Wire Fabric SNI (14.7)
Bundled Bars SNI (14.4)

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Standard Hooks for Tension Anchorage

Use of Standard Hooks for Tension Anchorage
Hooks provide additional anchorage when
there is insufficient length available to
develop a bar.
Note: Hooks are not allowed to developed
compression reinforcement.

Standard Hooks for Tension Anchorage

Standard hooks are
defined in SNI 9.1.
4db or 60 mm min.

D10 through D25: D = 6db

D29, D32, D36: D = 8db
Hooks resists tension by D44 and D56:
SNI Sec. 9.1 and 9.2.1.
D = 10db

bond stresses on bar

surface and bearing on on
concrete inside the hook.

SNI Sec. 9.1.3 and 9.2.2.

For D10

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Design of Standard Hooks for

Tension Anchorage (SNI 14.5)
Development length for hooked bar, ldh.

Basic development length for hooked bar = lhb when fy

= 400 MPa:

Design of Standard Hooks for

Tension Anchorage (SNI 14.5)
Conditions Multiplier
Bar Yield Strength Bars with fy other fy /400
than 400 MPa
Concrete Cover for 180 Degree Hooks
For D36 bars and smaller. Side cover 0.7
(normal to plane of hook)  60 mm

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Design of Standard Hooks for

Tension Anchorage (SNI 14.5)
Conditions Multiplier
Concrete Cover for 90 Degree Hooks
For D36 bars and smaller. Side cover
(normal to plane of hook)  60 mm.
Cover on bar extension beyond hook tail 0.7
 50 mm.

Design of Standard Hooks for

Tension Anchorage (SNI 14.5)
Conditions Multiplier
Excessive Reinforcement As(req’d) /
Where anchorage or development As(provided)
for fy is not specified required.

Lightweight Aggregate Concrete 1.3

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Design of Standard Hooks for

Tension Anchorage (SNI 14.5)
Conditions Multiplier
Ties or Stirrups
For D36 bar and smaller. Hook enclosed
vertically or horizontally within ties or
stirrup-ties spaced along full ldh no 0.8
farther apart than 3db, where db is
diameter of hooked bar.

Design of Standard Hooks for

Tension Anchorage (SNI 14.5)
Conditions Multiplier

Epoxy-coated Reinforcement 1.2

Hooked bars with epoxy coating

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Example–Hook
Compute the development length required for the top
D25 bar of the cantilever beam that extend into the
column support if the bars are
d

a) Straight.
b) Have a 90o hook
c) Have a 180o hook

The bars are confined by 10 stirrups spaced at 150

mm, and clear cover = 40 mm, and clear spacing = 50
mm and fc = 27.5 MPa and fy = 400 MPa.

Example–Hook–Straight bars
Straight bars: For D25 bar db = 25 mm, because the
clear spacing = 2db and clear cover is greater than db
with the bars confined condition (a) and (b) are met.
For top bars  =1.3

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Example–90 o Hook
Bar with 90o hook: For D25 bar db = 25 mm, the basic
equation is

No modification apply, than ldh = 500 mm > 8db = 200

mm or 150 mm. The factor  =1.3 does not apply to
hooks.

Example–180 o Hook
Bar with 180o hook: For D25 bar db = 25 mm, the basic
equation is

No modification apply, than ldh = 500 mm > 8db = 200

mm or 150 mm. The factor  =1.3 does not apply to
hooks.

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Example–Hook summary
The basic summary of the results for the two hooks:

500 mm 40 mm 500 mm

75 mm

4db = 100 mm 4db = 100 mm > 60 mm

12db = 300 mm

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