RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Lecture 17 - Column

RC14-1334: Concrete Structures 1

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 1

Lecture Goals
Definitions for short columns
Columns

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 1

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Analysis and Design of “Short” Columns

General Information

Column: Vertical Structural members

Transmits axial compressive loads with
or without moment
transmit loads from the floor & roof to
the foundation

Analysis and Design of “Short” Columns

General Information

Column Types:
1. Tied
2. Spiral
3. Composite
4. Combination
5. Steel pipe

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Analysis and Design of “Short” Columns

Tied Columns - 95% of all columns in
buildings are tied
Tie spacing  h (except for seismic)
tie support long bars (reduce buckling)
ties provide negligible restraint to
lateral expose of core

Analysis and Design of “Short” Columns

Spiral Columns

Pitch = 35 mm to 85 mm
spiral restrains lateral (Poisson’s effect)
due axial load delays failure (ductile)

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Analysis and Design of “Short” Columns

Elastic Behavior
An elastic analysis using the transformed section
method would be:
For concentrated load, P
uniform stress over section
n = Es / Ec
Ac = concrete area
As = steel area

Behavior, Nominal Capacity and Design

under Concentric Axial loads

1. Initial Behavior up to Nominal Load - Tied and

spiral columns.

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Behavior, Nominal Capacity and Design

under Concentric Axial loads

Behavior, Nominal Capacity and

Design under Concentric Axial loads

Let
Ag = Gross Area = b  h Ast = area of long steel
fc = concrete compressive strength
fy = steel yield strength

Factor due to less than ideal consolidation and curing

conditions for column as compared to a cylinder. It
is not related to Whitney’s stress block.

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Behavior, Nominal Capacity and

Design under Concentric Axial loads

2. Maximum Nominal Capacity for Design Pn (max)

r = Reduction factor to account for accidents/bending

r = 0.80 ( tied )
SNI 12.3.5.3
r = 0.85 ( spiral )

Behavior, Nominal Capacity and Design

under Concentric Axial loads

3. Reinforcement Requirements (Longitudinal Steel Ast)

Let

- SNI Code 12.9.1 requires

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Behavior, Nominal Capacity and Design

under Concentric Axial loads
3. Reinforcement Requirements (Longitudinal Steel Ast)
- Minimum # of Bars SNI Code 12.9.2
min. of 6 bars in circular arrangement
w/min. spiral reinforcement.
min. of 4 bars in rectangular
arrangement
min. of 3 bars in triangular ties

Behavior, Nominal Capacity and Design

under Concentric Axial loads
3. Reinforcement Requirements (Lateral Ties)
SNI Code 9.10.5.1

size  D-10 bar if longitudinal bar  D-32 bar

 D-13 bar if longitudinal bar  D-36 bar
 D-13 bar if longitudinal bars are bundled

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Behavior, Nominal Capacity and Design

under Concentric Axial loads
3. Reinforcement Requirements (Lateral Ties)
Vertical spacing: (SNI 9.10.5.2)
s  16 db ( db for longitudinal bars )
s  48 db ( db for tie bar )
s  least lateral dimension of column

Behavior, Nominal Capacity and Design

under Concentric Axial loads
3. Reinforcement Requirements (Lateral Ties)
Arrangement Vertical spacing: (SNI 9.10.5.3)

1.) At least every other longitudinal bar shall have

lateral support from the corner of a tie with an
included angle  135o.
2.) No longitudinal bar shall be more than 150 mm
clear on either side from “support” bar.

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Behavior, Nominal Capacity and Design

under Concentric Axial loads
Examples of
lateral ties.

Behavior, Nominal Capacity and Design

under Concentric Axial loads

Reinforcement Requirements (Spirals )

SNI Code 9.10.4

size  10 mm dia. (10 mm  smooth bar,

D-10 bar)

25 mm clear spacing
75 mm SNI 9.10.4.3
between spirals

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Behavior, Nominal Capacity and Design

under Concentric Axial loads
Reinforcement Requirements (Spiral)

Spiral Reinforcement Ratio, s

Behavior, Nominal Capacity and Design

under Concentric Axial loads
Reinforcement Requirements (Spiral), minimum:

SNI Eqn. 27
where

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Behavior, Nominal Capacity and

Design under Concentric Axial loads
4. Design for Concentric Axial Loads
(a) Load Combination

Gravity:
Gravity + Wind:
and
etc.

Behavior, Nominal Capacity and Design

under Concentric Axial loads
4. Design for Concentric Axial Loads
(b) General Strength Requirement

where,  = 0.65 for tied columns

 = 0.7 for spiral columns

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Behavior, Nominal Capacity and Design

under Concentric Axial loads
4. Design for Concentric Axial Loads
(c) Expression for Design
defined:

Behavior, Nominal Capacity and Design

under Concentric Axial loads

or

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Behavior, Nominal Capacity and Design

under Concentric Axial loads
* when g is known or assumed:

* when Ag is known or assumed:

Example: Design Tied Column for

Concentric Axial Load
Design tied column for concentric axial load
Pdl = 675 kN; Pll = 1350 kN; Pw = 225 kN
fc = 30 MPa fy = 420 MPa
Design a square column aim for g = 0.03.
Select longitudinal transverse reinforcement.

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Example: Design Tied Column for

Concentric Axial Load
Determine the loading

Example: Design Tied Column for

Concentric Axial Load
For a square column r = 0.80 and  = 0.65 and  = 0.03

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Example: Design Tied Column for

Concentric Axial Load
For a square column, As = Ag= 0.03(400 mm)2 =4800
mm2

Use 8 D-26 bars Ast = 8(530.9 in2) = 4247 mm2

Example: Design Tied Column for

Concentric Axial Load
Check P0

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Example: Design Tied Column for

Concentric Axial Load
Use D-10 ties compute the spacing

< 150 mm No cross-ties needed

Example: Design Tied Column for

Concentric Axial Load
Stirrup design

Use D-10 stirrups with 400 mm spacing in the column

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Behavior under Combined Bending

and Axial Loads
Usually moment is represented by axial load times
eccentricity, i.e.

Behavior under Combined Bending

and Axial Loads
Interaction Diagram Between Axial Load and Moment
( Failure Envelope )

Concrete crushes
before steel yields

Steel yields before

concrete crushes

Note:
Any combination of P and M outside the envelope will
cause failure.

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Behavior under Combined Bending

and Axial Loads
Axial Load and Moment Interaction Diagram – General

Behavior under Combined Bending

and Axial Loads
Resultant Forces action at Centroid
( h/2 in this case )

Moment about geometric center

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Columns in Pure Tension

Section is completely cracked (no concrete

axial capacity)

Uniform Strain

Columns
Strength Reduction Factor,  (SNI Code 11.3.2)

(a) Axial tension, and axial tension with flexure.

 = 0.9
(b) Axial compression and axial compression with
flexure.
Members with spiral reinforcement confirming
to 12.9.3 
Other reinforced members 

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Columns
Except for low values of axial compression,  may be
increased as follows:
when and reinforcement is symmetric
and

ds = distance from extreme tension fiber to centroid of

tension reinforcement.
Then  may be increased linearly to 0.8 as Pn
decreases from 0.10fcAg to zero.

Column
SNI

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Columns
Commentary:

Other sections:
 may be increased linearly to 0.8 as Pn decreases
from 0.10fcAg or Pb, whichever is smaller, to zero.

Design for Combined Bending and

Axial Load (Short Column)

Design - select cross-section and reinforcement

to resist axial load and moment.

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Design for Combined Bending and

Axial Load (Short Column)
Column Types
1) Spiral Column - more efficient for e/h < 0.1,
but forming and spiral is expensive
2) Tied Column - Bars in four faces used when e/h
< 0.2 and for biaxial bending

General Procedure

The interaction diagram for a column is

constructed using a series of values for Pn and
Mn. The plot shows the outside envelope of the
problem.

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General Procedure for

Construction of ID
 Compute P0 and determine maximum Pn in
compression
 Select a “c” value (multiple values)
 Calculate the stress in the steel components.
 Calculate the forces in the steel and
concrete,Cc, Cs1 and Ts.
 Determine Pn value.
 Compute the Mn about the center.
 Compute moment arm, e = Mn / Pn.

General Procedure for

Construction of ID
 Repeat with series of c values (10) to obtain a
series of values.
 Obtain the maximum tension value.
 Plot Pn verse Mn.
 Determine Pn and Mn.
 Find the maximum compression level.
 Find the  will vary linearly from 0.65 to 0.8
for the strain values
 The tension component will be  = 0.8

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Example: Axial Load vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Consider an square column (500  500 mm) with 8 D-
32 ( = 0.0257) and fc = 27.5 MPa and fy = 420 MPa.
Draw the interaction diagram.

Example: Axial Load vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram

Given 8 D-32 (804.2 mm2) and fc = 27.5 MPa and

fy = 420 MPa

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Example: Axial Load vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Given 8 D-32 (804.2 mm2) and fc = 27.5 MPa and fy
= 420 MPa

[ Point 1 ]

Example: Axial Load vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Determine where the balance point, cb.

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Example: Axial Load vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Determine where the balance point, cb. Using similar
triangles, where d = 500 mm – 60 mm = 440 mm, one
can find cb

Example: Axial Load vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Determine the strain of the steel

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Example: Axial Load vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Determine the stress in the steel

Example: Axial Load vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column

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Example: Axial Load vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column

Example: Axial Load vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Compute the moment about the center

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Example: Axial Load vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram

A single point from interaction diagram,

(2514.85 kN, 734.33 kN-m). The eccentricity of the
point is defined as

[ Point 2 ]

Example: Axial Load vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Now select a series of additional points by selecting
values of c. Select c = 440 mm. Determine the strain
of the steel. (c is at the location of the tension steel)

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Example: Axial Load vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column

Example: Axial Load vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column

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Example: Axial Load vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Compute the moment about the center

Example: Axial Load vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
A single point from interaction diagram,
(5707.22 kN, 457.2 kN-m). The eccentricity of the
point is defined as

[ Point 3 ]

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Example: Axial Load vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Select c = 150 mm. Determine the strain of the steel,
c = 150 mm.

Example: Axial Load vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column

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Example: Axial Load vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column

Example: Axial Load vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Compute the moment about the center

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Example: Axial Load vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
A single point from interaction diagram,
(645.6 kN, 624.4 kN-m). The eccentricity of the point
is defined as

[ Point 4 ]

Example: Axial Load vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Select point of straight tension. The maximum tension
in the column is

[ Point 5 ]

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Example: Axial Load vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Point c (mm) Pn Mn e
1 - 6716.5 kN 0 0
2 500 6486.4 kN 345.8 kN-m 53.3 mm
3 440 5707.2 kN 457.2 kN-m 80.1 mm
4 320 3766.6 kN 647.4 kN-m 171.9 mm
5 258.8 2514.9 kN 734.3 kN-m 292 mm
6 200 1689.2 kN 702.2 kN-m 415.7 mm
7 150 645.6 kN 624.4 kN-m 967.2 mm
8 ~109.68 0 kN 528 kN-m infinity

9 0 -2702.3 kN 0 kN-m

Example: Axial Load vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Use a series of c values to obtain the Pn versus Mn.

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Example: Axial Load vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Max. compression

Location of the
linearly varying 
Cb

Max. tension

Lecture Goals
Columns Interaction Diagrams
Using Interaction Diagrams

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Behavior under Combined Bending

and Axial Loads
Interaction Diagram Between Axial Load and Moment
( Failure Envelope )

Concrete crushes
before steel yields

Steel yields before

concrete crushes

Note: Any combination of P and M outside the envelope will cause failure.

Design for Combined Bending and

Axial Load (short column)
Column Types
3) Tied Column - Bars in 2 faces (furthest from axis
of bending.

- Most efficient when e/h > 0.2

- rectangular shape increases efficiency

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Design for Combined Bending and

Axial Load (short column)
Column Shear

Recall
( Axial
Compression )

Ties must satisfy SNI 13 and

SNI 9.10.5

Non-dimensional Interaction
Diagrams

or

See Figures B-12 to B-26

or ACI Common 340 Design Handbook Vol 2
Columns (ACI 340.2R-91) or other available charts

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Non-dimensional Interaction Diagrams

Design using Non-dimensional

Interaction diagrams
1.) Calculate factored loads (Pu , Mu ) and e for
relevant load combinations
2.) Select potentially governing case(s)
3.) Use estimate h to calculate h, e/h for governing
case(s)

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Design using Non-dimensional

Interaction diagrams
4.) Use appropriate chart (App. A) target g

Read Calculate
required

(for each governing case)

5.) Select

Design using Non-dimensional

Interaction diagrams
6.) If dimensions are significantly different from
estimated (step 3), recalculate ( e / h ) and redo
steps 4 & 5.
Revise Ag if necessary.
7.) Select steel

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Design using non-dimensional

interaction diagrams
8.) Using actual dimensions & bar sizes to check all
load combinations ( use charts or “exact:
interaction diagram).

9.) Design lateral reinforcement.

Example: Column design using

Interaction Diagrams
Determine the tension and compression
reinforcement for a 400  600 mm rectangular tied
column to support Pu= 3725 kN and Mu = 575 kN-m.
Use fc = 27.5 MPa and fy = 420 MPa. Using the
interaction diagram.

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Example: Interaction Diagrams

Compute the initial components
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Example: Interaction Diagrams

Compute the initial components

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Example: Interaction Diagrams

Compute the coefficients of the column

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Example: Interaction Diagrams

Using an interaction
diagram, B-13

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Example: Interaction Diagrams

Using an interaction
diagram, B-14

Example: Interaction Diagrams

Using linear interpolation to find the of the column

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Example: Interaction Diagrams

Determine the amount of steel required

Select the steel for the column, using D-35 bars

Example: Interaction Diagrams

The areas of the steel:

The loading on the column

154 mm

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Example: Interaction Diagrams

The compression components are

154 mm

Example: Interaction Diagrams

The tension component is

154 mm

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Example: Interaction Diagrams

Take the moment about the tension steel

154 mm

Example: Interaction Diagrams

The first equation related to Pn

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Example: Interaction Diagrams

The second equation comes from the equilibrium
equation and substitute in for Pn

Example: Interaction Diagrams

Substitute the relationship of c for the stress in the
steel.

The problem is now a cubic solution

c fs RHS
400 mm 240 -62.26
500 mm 72 32.18
510 mm 58.82 43.48
520 mm 46.15 55.13
516.3 mm 50.78 50.78

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Example: Interaction Diagrams

Compute Pn

Compute Mn about the center

Example: Interaction Diagrams

Compute Mn about the center

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Example: Interaction Diagrams

Check that Mn is greater than the required Mu

Check the Pn is greater than the required Pu

Example: Interaction Diagrams

Determine the tie spacing using D-13 bars

Use 400 mm

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