Final Exam

Study online at quizlet.com/_5ufn5y

1. 2D Isometric and Orthographic Lines on all represented sides are the same scale and can be measured either digitally or with a
Projection views are scale rule as the medium permits.
architecturally valuable because:
2. (3 pts.) The first scenario mitigates True
headroom issues; the second can
compound them. True or False
3. 10 pieces of 2 x 12 x 16 c)320 BF
dimensional lumber equals how
many board feet
4. 2015 IECC requires insulation False
underneath all slabs (SOG and
Basement ) (T/F)
5. ______ acts as the bonding agent in Portland cement
modern day mortar mixes.
6. Admixtures Aesthetics:
Pigments, Colored Sand

Performance Properties:
Improve Flexural Strength Improve Adhesion
Lower Working Temperatures Improve Freeze-Thaw Resistance
7. Admixtures-Accelerators cause the concrete to cure more rapidly
8. Admixtures- Air Entraining increases workability of the wet concrete, reduces freeze-thaw damage -In larger amounts
creates very lightweight nonstructural concretes with thermal insulating properties.
9. Admixtures- Blast Furnace Slag by product of iron manufacture that can improve concrete workability, increase strength, reduce
permeability, reduce temperature rise, and improve sulfate resistance.
10. Admixtures-Coloring Agents dyes and pigments that are used to alter and control the color of concrete
11. Admixtures-Corrosion inhibitors are used to reduce rusting of reinforcing steel in structures that are exposed to road de-icing
salts or other corrosion-causing chemicals.
12. Admixtures-Extended set-control may be used to delay the curing reaction in concrete for any desired period, even several days.
The stabilizer component, added at the time of initial mixing, defers the onset of curing
indefinitely; the activator component, added when desired, reinitiates the curing process.
13. Admixtures-Fibrous short fibers, usually of glass, steel, or polypropylene, that are added to a concrete mix to act
as micro-reinforcing. Their most common use is to reduce plastic shrinkage cracking that
sometimes occurs during the curing of slabs.
14. Admixtures-Fly Ash waste product from coal-fired power plants, increases concrete strength, decreases
permeability, increases sulfate resistance, reduces temperature rise, reduces mixing water, and
improves the pumpability and workability of concrete.
15. Admixtures-Freeze Protection admixtures allow concrete to cure satisfactorily at temperatures as low as 20°F.
16. Admixtures- Microsilica (Silica approximately 100 times finer than Portland cement, consisting mostly of silicon dioxide. It is a
Fume) byproduct of electronic chip manufacturing. When added to a concrete mix, it produces
extremely high-strength concrete that also has very low permeability.
17. Admixtures-Pozzolans various natural or artificial materials that react with the calcium hydroxide in wet concrete to form
cementing compounds. They are used for purposes such as reducing the internal temperatures of curing
concrete, reducing the reactivity of concrete with aggregates containing sulfates, or improving the
workability of the concrete.
18. Admixtures-Retarders slow its curing to allow more time for working with the wet concrete.
19. Admixtures- organic compounds that transform a stiff concrete mix into a free-flowing liquid. They are used either to
Superplasticizers facilitate placement of concrete under difficult circumstances or to reduce the water content of a concrete
mix in order to increase its strength.
20. Admixtures- Water allow a reduction in the amount of mixing water while retaining the same workability, which results in a
Reducing higher-strength concrete.
21. Admixtures-Workability make the wet concrete easier to place in forms and finish by improving its plasticity. They include
Agents pozzolans and air-entraining admixtures, along with certain fly ashes and organic compounds.
22. Advantages and Advantages
Disadvantages of Pre- save "close in" time
Fab Truss System increase span without posting up:greater interior and exterior design flexibility
efficient use of lumber

Disadvantages
Requires a crane unless small project
costs
recues attic storage
requires attic storage
requires on site storage
23. Advantage(s) of refinished and faster installation
Engineered Wood increased stability
Flooring over Solid
Wood Flooring is/are:
24. Aggregates @ 75% of Concrete is Course and Fine Aggregate
Must be Clean.
Must be small enough to Pass Easily between the most closely spaced Reinforcing Bars and to Fit Easily
into the Formwork.
3⁄4- or 11⁄2-inch maximum is common for most slab and residential structural work.
Up to 6 inches are used in dams and other massive structures.
evenly dispersed
25. Air Barriers and Vapor water vapor
Retarder/Barriers both
control the movement
of _____
26. Air Leakage (AL) indicated by an air leakage rating expressed as the equivalent cubic feet of air passing through a square
is foot of window area (cfm/sq.ft.).

Heat loss and gain occur by infiltration through cracks in the window assembly.

The lower the AL, the less air will pass through cracks in the window assembly.
27. A_____ is defined as a Common Rafter
Rafter that extends
from Plate to Ridge.
28. Alternative Insulating Systems Polystyrene Foam Inserts:
Insulating the cores of concrete blocks allows both faces of the block to be
exposed, simplifying the finishing process.
Insulating the cores does not retard the passage of heat through the webs of the
blocks, however, and is most effective when it is coupled with an unbroken layer
of insulation on the interior or exterior face of the wall.
29. Although plywood gets wet faster than OSB, it True
is OSB that is prone to edge swelling and
telegraphing (ghosting). True or False:
30. Aluminum Frames (+,-,Performance) Advantages
Light & Stable Strongest
Moisture & Decay Resistance "Maintenance Free"
Disadvantages
High Conductance without Thermal Break (Expense -) Expense with Thermal
Breaks ++
Some Color Limitations
Performance
Varies with Manufacturer
Hollow Cavities of frames can be filled with insulation improving performance
Plus
Thermal Breaks
Low conductivity plastic strips placed between the interior and exterior elements
of the window sash and frames.
31. Anchor Bolt Placement 1⁄2' Diameter Minimum
Two to a Sill Plate; Bolts 9" - 12" From End Not More than 6' Between
3 1⁄2" from edge or O.C
A washer, sized to cover the hole in the plate,
shall be installed on each
bolt and a nut shall be used to tighten the washer to the plate
32. Angel of Repose digging a hole
33. ____ are used to stabilize and plumb a before Sprig Boards
the next level in constructed
34. Associations, Publishers, & Media Disseminate Information & Education to their members & the public
35. Axonometric Projection View An Axonometric Projection View is rotated so that the plane of the object is NOT
parallel to the page; more than one side of a building can be shown.
36. Balloon Framing Advantages Consistency of Dimensional Changes (Shrinkage) as Construction moves
Vertically Useful today in Situations for a Vaulted Ceiling or Two-story Open
Foyer
37. Balloon Framing Disadvantages Fire Stopping Required on each Level Longer Framing Members are Expensive
Staging is Required
38. Band Joist are Dimensional
Rim Board are Engineered
39. Band Joist (Dimensional) or Rim Board Stabilizing the Floor Joists by Providing:
(Engineered) Continuous Edge Support
Braces Ends of Joists against Rotation Continuous Nailing Base for Floor
Sheathing
40. Beam / Girder to Concrete Connection 1 Common Connection / Load Resting on Top of Foundation Wall Floor joist
are attached to the sides of the Beam / Girder with Hangers

Beam or Girder are positioned into pockets in foundation walls so that the
floor joist sit directly on top of them (no hangers) or are attached to the
sides of the Beam / Girder (hangers).

Steel Girder / Beam would reduce head room reduction in space below,
however, always steel to wood connection issues ( next slide)
41. Beam or Girder are positioned into ____ in foundation pockets
walls so that the floor joist sit directly on top of them no hangers
(______) or are attached to the sides of the Beam / hangers
Girder (______).
42. Beams / Girders Carry weight across spans that are too long for the joists, I-joists, or floor
trusses to carry.
Transfer the weight of the elements of roof, floors, and walls (Dead Load),
the weight of people & furniture (Live Load) , and snow & ice on the roof
(Snow Load) downward to the foundation and to the bearing soil on which
the building rests
43. Benchmarking The WorkPoint is at the known elevation of the Certified Benchmark, but
near construction
Over the WorkPoint a FFEL is established (form Plot Plan and marked on
adjacent building or temporary post.
It is to not to be disturbed and termed "0"
Now with the use of Laser Level or Transit and a story pole Section
Drawings are of use.
44. Besides having helped you pass Geometry in High It is a useful aid in determining if a corner of a building is squared (90
School the Pythagorean Theorem is useful on a degrees)
building site because:
45. Board Feet (BF) BF is a Volume Measurement of Lumber
In a Supply House, Lumber is usually Sold by $ / Piece or Length, but
Price is Based on $ / BF.
Larger Contractors usually purchase Volumes of Lumber on a $ / BF
Nominal sizes are used when calculating BF and Costs
Note: Actual sizes are used when calculating Loads or Strength
46. Bond Patterns Stretcher, flemish, flemish cross, English, flemish garden
47. Boring Holes for Pipes if the width is x the hole can only be 1/3 of x
48. Boring Holes For Wiring Limitations in Load Bearing if the width is x the hole can only be 40% of x and a cutout can only be
Studs 25% of x
49. Boring Holes For Wiring Limitations in non Load if the width is x the hole can only be 60% of x and a cutout can only be
Bearing Studs 40% of x
50. Brick Delivery Brick is sold by the 1000s and delivered in Cubes (approximately 500
Bricks to a Cube)
51. Brick Grades Durability
Compressive Strength Water Absorption Freeze-thaw Resistance
Grade SW-severe weather
Grade MW- moderate weather
Grade NW- negligible weather
52. Brick Masonry Fire Resistant
Advantages Increase Thermal Mass Reduced Maintenance Small Unit Size = Easier Handling Aesthetics
53. Brick Masonry Moisture Issues can result in Efflorescence or Spalling Foundation must accommodate weight Additional level
Disadvantages of skill required
Low R-Value
54. Brick Types Facing Bricks- Based on the degree of uniformity in shape, dimension, texture, and color from one brick to the
next.
Type FBX-High degree of mechanical perfection, narrow color range, min size variation per unit
Type FBS- Wide range of color and greater size variation per unit
Type FBA- non uniformity in size, color, and texture per unit
Common Bricks- Common burnt clay bricks are used in general work with no special attractive appearances.
When these bricks are used in walls, they require plastering or
rendering or they are used in interior wythes where they will not be visible
55. Brick Veneer is a Brick Veneer is a Rain Screen; Structure is provided by the framing.
______; Structure is
provided by the
______.
56. Builders & Individual or Corporation who produce houses/buildings either for resale (Spec.) or by entering into a
Contractors contract with an individual.
They assemble the teams of subcontractors to construct houses/buildings.
57. Building code Code of Hammurabi (1758 BC)
History "If a builder has built a house for a man and his work is not strong, and if the house he has built falls in and
kills the householder, that builder shall be slain."
Great Fire of London (1666) & Chicago (1871)
Led to regulations for the construction of common walls between buildings and outlawing dangerous
practices like wooden chimneys. Problems in existing buildings led to codes for light and ventilation, fire
escapes, water supply, toilets and sanitary drains, and stairs and railings.
National Building Code (1905)
National Board of Fire Underwriters, created the National Building Code
By 1940, the United States had three regional code organizations, each with its own code. Consolidated into
the International Code Council (ICC) and the first set of "I-codes" was published in 2000
58. Building Code Typically, codes set requirements for sanitary facilities, electrical, lighting, ventilation, building construction,
Intent building materials, fire safety, plumbing, energy conservation, and demolition.
The main purpose of building codes are to protect public health, safety, and general welfare as they relate to
the construction and occupancy of buildings and structures.
59. Building Permit Building Permit Application filled out and signed by legal owner or agent & Fees.
Requirements Three Sets of Plans and Specifications showing the proposed work.
Site Plan showing existing structure(s) and new work, with measured setbacks from property lines, well, and
septic locations. Construction Debris Affidavit filled out and signed by applicant.
Workers Compensation Insurance Affidavit filled out and signed by applicant.
Copy of Construction Supervisor License (CSL), Home Improvement Contractor (HIC) License, and Insurance
Certificate.
Conservation Commission and/or Special Permit Issues; Conservation Commission Site Review Application &
Fees
Energy Conservation Compliance; "HERS" Rater Affidavit
Board of Health Septic Disposal Works Permit or Sewer Connection Request Form Copy of approved Water
Supply Certificate Board of Health or Water District Entrance Permit Fire Department Approval of Location of
Smoke Detectors, Oil burners, Gas Lines, etc. Driveway Permit Application & Fees
Trench Permit Application
60. Building Permits Application for Building Permits are submitted to the City or County Inclusions
Drawings of Project
Board of Health Certificate (Septic Design, Percolation Tests), Fire Marshal
Permit, Wiring Permit, Plumbing Permit
Project must comply with all Zoning Ordinances.
Building Official reviews project -- approves, or requests revisions and/or
clarifications.
When official is satisfied and fees are paid, permit for construction is issued.
*Electrical (Wiring) & Plumbing/Gas Permits are applied for by the Licensed
Electrical or Plumbing Contractor.
61. Calculation of Board Foot (BF) BF= N(thickness(in)x width(in) length(ft))/ 12
62. Cement Production accounts for ___ of worldwide 5%
CO2 emissions
63. Cement Production is responsible for 5% of true
worldwide CO2 emissions Manufacturing 2,000
lbs. of Cement Generates on Average @ 1800 lbs.
of CO2 (t/f0
64. Class A Roof Coverings are effective against severe fire exposure. They include slate, concrete tiles,
clay tiles, most asphalt shingles, most built-up and single-ply roofs, and other
materials certified as class A by approved testing agencies. They may be used
on any building in any type of construction.
65. Class B Roof Coverings are effective against moderate fire exposure and include many built-up and
single-ply roofs, sheet metal roofing, and some composition shingles.
66. Class C Roof Coverings are effective against light fire exposure. They include fire- retardant-treated
wood shingles and shakes.
67. CLT Standard, finger-jointed, dressed lumber (or sometimes custom thickness
lumber or boards) is glued together side by side "on flat" and in layers of
orthogonally alternating directions.
Similar layup to plywood, CLT panels can have as little as three and as many
as nine layers.
Panels are usually 8 feet in width, with lengths only limited by processing
equipment and transportation capacities.
Panel thickness is simply a multiple of the individual lumber thickness.
68. CMU Forms & Sizes Three Basic Forms:
Brick Shaped and Sized Units
Hollow Concrete Blocks
Larger Solid Units

Standard 8" Block

Nominal size
8" x 8" x 16"
Actual size
7 5/8" x 7 5/8" x 15 5/8"
69. CMU Spanning Openings Structural Steel
I-Beam, Steel Reinforced CMU, Precast Concrete
70. Code does not allow the use of steel beams in False
Residential Construction as the material cannot
be connected to the other framing members
(Dimensional or Engineered) (T/F)
71. Code Legality Building codes specify minimum standards for the construction of buildings. Model codes
themselves are not legally binding. They serve, rather, as "models" for
legal jurisdictions to utilize when developing statutes and regulations.
The building code becomes law of a particular jurisdiction when formally enacted by the
appropriate governmental or private authority.
72. Code Officials Building Inspectors, Plumbing Inspectors, Wiring Inspectors, etc. insure code compliance
73. Combining Concrete & Steel Welded Wire Grids or Bars are placed in a specific arrangement engine (prescriptive or structural
engineer) before pouring the concrete to establish tensile strength.
74. Competitive Bidding Contractors Compete by Submitting Bids
Three or more General Contractors selected from Bidding General Contractors secure
Subcontractor Bids
General Contractors submit Comprehensive Bid
General Contractors price includes labor, material, profit, and overhead General Contractors
submit schedule of work
Contract is Awarded
75. Competitive Bidding Contract Stipulated Sum (Fixed Fee) Contract
Format Contractor agrees to Construct the Building for a Fixed Amount More Risk on the Contractor
e.g. Delay of Schedule, Rise in Material Prices
Change Order: owner and contractor agree on reasons and pricing structures for changes
requested,
e.g. different glazing
76. Completed Housing A building is defined as completed when all finished flooring has been installed (or carpeting if
used in place of finished flooring).
77. Composition Siding Advantage
Advantages and Durable
Disadvantages Transferable 15 yr. Warrantee
Fire Resistance
Insect Resistance
"Lower" Maintenance than Painted Wood Substrates Trim Boards, Soffit Material, etc. available

Disadvantage
Smooth or Textured!!!
Increased Expense from Vinyl Heavy!
Install Skill Level Increased Trim Boards are all square stock
Reproduces Beveled Siding,
But it is not beveled!
That's why they call it Lapped Siding. Profiles on Reveals are non-traditional.
78. Concrete components Coarse Aggregates (Stone) : 30 - 50% of volume
Residential (1/4" ~ 1.5")
Fine Aggregates (Sand) : 25 - 33% of Volume Portland Cement: 17% of Volume Water
Curing Process = Hydration
79. Concrete Curing Concrete hardens through Chemical Bonding of Water
and Cement, (Hydration).
Exothermic Reaction (gives off heat)
Energy is released when atoms join together through a
Chemical Bond.
If concrete Dries out Prematurely or Freezes:
The hydration process stops and maximum strength is not
achieved.
Length of the Curing Period depends on Concrete Types.
Optimum curing temperature for concrete is 50 ~ 75°F.
28 days for full strength
Keeping it Moist:
Exposed surfaces of newly poured concrete must be
protected from evaporation and drying
Regularly Misted
Covered with Moisture-Retaining Materials
Treated with a Chemical Surface Sealer
80. Concrete Environmental Impacts Producing Cement generates/releases Large Quantities of
CO2
Manufacturing 2,000 lbs. of Cement Generates on
Average @ 1800 lbs. of CO2
Cement Production accounts for 5% of worldwide CO2
emissions and 1.5 ~ 2% of U.S. emissions.
81. Concrete Environmental Reductions Substitution of industrial waste products with cementing
properties (Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Blast Furnace Slag) for
some of the cement in concrete reduces CO2
When Concrete is Crushed and Recycled, it is capable of
absorbing up to half of the CO2 originally generated in
the manufacturing process, if it is stored after crushing and
before reuse.
82. Concrete Handling & Placement Scheduling is Critical: Delivery Time followed by Labor.
Be Prepared for Continuous Pour.
Components must not Segregate: Vibrate, but do not
over-vibrate.
83. Concrete is a mixture of which Products Cement, Large Aggregate, Fine Aggregate, and Water.
84. Concrete is the protective covering in Reinforced Concrete False
Construction that protects the carbon steel reinforcement from
corrosion. As long as the concrete completely covers the
reinforcement it is protected (T/F)
85. Concrete Masonry Units (CMUs) Stiff Engineered Concrete Mix pressed into Metal Molds
Cured with Steam under Pressure
Palletized and Shipped
86. Concrete Pouring Too Wet = Handles Well = Weak.
Let it "free fall" or pull it too far = Aggregate will Separate
= Uneven Strength
87. Concrete Pumping If it cannot be poured correctly then a Concrete Pump is
used
88. Concrete Reinforcement oncrete has no useful Tensile Strength.
However
Similar Coefficient of Expansion to Steel allows
Equal Expansion and Contraction
If Steel is Protected from Corrosion
Results in long lived material resistant to
Compression and Tension
89. Concrete Strength Varies With:
Design Mix Ingredients Curing Process
Depends On:
Correct Proportions Clean and Sound Ingredients
Paramount Factor = Amount of Water used.
90. Concrete transitional product Plastic when Wet
Ease of:
Placement Consolidation with Reinforcement
Finishing

Structural when Cured

Possesses:
Strength
Stiffness Durability Watertightness (sort of)
Airtightness
91. Condensation Resistance Factor (CRF) measures the ability of a product to resist the formation of
condensation on the interior surface of that product.

The higher the CR rating, the better that product is at

resisting condensation formation.

While this rating cannot predict condensation, it can

provide a credible method of comparing the
potential of the various NFRC Performance
Parameters for Condensation Formation

CR is expressed as a number between 0 and 100

92. Consider a Drip Edge. Although they are available in an assortment of Lateral Cohesive Movement
metals, all Drip edges have a distinctive profile designed to defeat the
_____, which is a behavior of liquid water related to the adhesive and
cohesive qualities of water molecules.
93. Consider a Gable Roof's Gable Edge: the drip edge flashing should be False,True
installed
under the roofing underlayment. True or False

Where a Plumbing Stack or a Radon Vent comes out through a Shingled

Roof, the Stack or Vent's Flashing Components are lapped by the Roof
Shingles on the high side and lap over the Roof Shingles on the low side.
True or False
94. Considerations of Finished _________ and ________ (multiple variants) are taken Flooring Total Thickness
into account from Framing onward to result in: Underlayment Requirements
Even floor Finish Transitions and Finish Floor Material Durability.
95. Consider a window: the highest U-Value is at the center of the glass and False
is the reported value by the National Fenestration Rating Council on all
window stickers in order to fairly compare windows when purchasing.
True or False
96. Consider a Window Unit with a U-Factor of .3. We can infer the following: The Center of the Glass has a higher U-Value than the
U Factor of the Unit
97. Consider Fire Stopping in today's Residential Buildings. The actual HV AC Contractor
execution of the Fire Plumbing Contractor
Stopping is the responsibility of: Wiring Contractor
98. Considering the structural designs of roofs and walls in Massachusetts, Dead and Live Load
which of the following loads are consistent from East to West?
99. Construction Delivery Most concrete is prepared at Batch Plants and
delivered to the construction site in Transit-Mix Trucks
Empty Truck = 20 - 30,000 lbs. (10-15 Tons)
Carry 8 - 10 yds. of Concrete = 32 - 40,000 lbs. ( 16-
20 Tons) Total = 52 -70,000 lbs. (26-35 Tons)
100. Construction Documentation Goal The goal of construction documents is to
communicate the needs of the owner, as represented
by a design, in a form easily understood by those
responsible for construction.
Prepared by:
Architects Designers Engineers Consultants
101. Construction is ____% 55.6%
102. Construction Joints are placed in a concrete slab in order to join two sides
of the slab and still accommodate thermal and
shrinkage movement.
103. Construction Sequence Excavate: Correct Location (Batter Boards & Strings) &
Design Specifications
Safety (Angle of Repose)

Footings: Correct Location (Batter Boards, Strings, Plumb Lines) & Design Specifications Reinforcement
(Vertical & Horizontal)
Pour 1
Keys
Capillary Break

Formwork: Wall Reinforcement (Vertical & Horizontal)

Connectors (Anchor Bolts)
Pour 2 Remove Formwork

Moisture Proof: Damp Proof Water Proof

Insulate:
Exterior at this Time - Interior can Wait

Drainage & Radon:

Radon Interior Drainage Exterior

Stone Minimum: 4" of 3⁄4"

Capillary Break
Radon Mitigation Continued
Note: If Slab on Grade all Plumbing & Gas Lines Placed First

Filter Fabric over Stone over Drainage Tiles Sub Floor Insulation Board**

Air Barrier / Vapor Barrier**

Isolation Joint Prepped and Sealed

Insulation Board (if exterior) protected (Grade to Super Structure)

Sill Seal (Capillary Break)

Sill Gasket (Capillary Break & Air Sealing)
Termites

First Floor Diaphragm is Framed

Sill Plate
Floor Joists
Rim Board or Band Joists

Backfilling & Grading

104. Construction Site Preparation, Excavation,Footings & Foundation, Structural Framing,
"Sequence" after Envelope Protection Interior Framing, Plaster/Drywall, Rough Wiring, Rough Plumbing /Mechanical,
Permitting Insulation
Final Inspection, Finish Wiring, Finish Plumbing / Mechanical, Interior, Finishes flooring, woodwork,
cabinetry, painting, finish flooring, Landscaping, Punch List, then Warranty
Note: HERS Testing performed at any time after creation of all penetrations of the building thermal
envelope.
105. Contraction Joints is a sawed, formed, or tooled groove in a concrete slab that creates a weakened vertical plane. It
regulates the location of the cracking caused by dimensional changes in the slab.
106. Contraction Joints is? a sawed, formed, or tooled groove in a concrete slab that creates a weakened vertical
plane. It regulates the location of the cracking caused by dimensional changes in the slab.
107. Contractor Company Size (NAHB) < 25 units/year = small sized contractor [SF: 93% construct 39% market] [MF: 67.5%
construct 9.5% market]
26 - 100 units/year = medium sized contractor [SF: 5.66% construct 21% market] [MF: 18.8%
construct 13.6% market] > 100 units/year = large sized contractor [SF 1.5% construct 40%
market] [MF: 15.7% construct 76.9% market]
108. Contractor's Responsibility Scheduling & Construction
Supervision of Site
Materials & Assemblies the Contractor's Employees will use: Purchase, transport to site, &
protect on site
Insure all materials used by and installations executed by (Contractor Employees and Sub
Contractors) comply with building codes
35
Call for Inspections Keep Records Warranty Work
109. Controls Mass _____ (Water Vapor transfer
infiltration/exfiltration by Diffusion)
depending on Perm Rating
110. Curing Cold: Protect from Freezing, Frozen Mortar will not Cure.
Hot: Protect from water loss, compromises the cured strength of the mortar
Finished Masonry must be Protected for 2-3 Days from Water as well as Temperature
111. Curing of concrete is an exothermic
________________ reaction.
112. Custom Building Heavy Relationship with Client 10% associated with Architect Architect Fee (8-15%)
Stock Plans (do not include site plans*) Multiple Change Orders Typical Contract Price or
Time and Materials
113. Decay Resistant Species Cedar, Redwood, Cypress, Mahogany (High Tannin Content)
114. Define Dead Load Intrinsic weight of a structure's constructed elements, e.g. roof, wall, etc.
115. Define the Drawing Type: Floor Plan: Horizontal Cut through a building at typical height of 36" to 42" above floor for each level
(floor) in a building.
116. Design-Bid-Build Delivery Method Traditional Sequential Methodology.
Deliberate Process: Time Consuming, but Predictable for Stakeholder. Pace & Patience of
Sequencing is reassuring to Stakeholders.
117. Design-Build Delivery Method A method of project delivery in which a single entity (Design‐Builder) forges a single
contract with the Owner to provide for architectural engineering design services and
construction services
118. Designers Architects, engineers, landscape architect, interior designer, etc. who define & refine the
aesthetics and performance of the houses/buildings. Should be licensed, credentialed, or
boarded. Only 10% of the Houses built involve an architect.
119. Design Stages Schematic Design (SD) Stage Design Development (DD) Stage Construction Documents
(CD) Stage
120. Developers Individual or Corporation who produce building lots after
land search, market studies, feasibility studies, permitting, etc.
Responsible for legally compliant lots, utilities, roads.
May continue as Builder (Preliminary Planning, Design & Review, Construction & Delivery)
121. Differential Settlement does Cause Footings (in places) not on Undisturbed Soil
Damage If Soil under Footings (in places) was disturbed there was poor compaction of replacement
soil
Variability of Soil Types under Foundation can cause Differential Settlemen
122. Direct Hire Typically Smaller Project.
Work less Clearly Defined.
Owner Prefers to Hire Based on Reputation, not Price.
123. Direct Hire Contract Formats Stipulated Sum (Fixed Fee) Contract
Same Limitations as Competitive Bidding
Cost-Plus Contract
Owner Agrees to Pay for the cost of Labor, Material, Services, and Management
More Risk on the Owner
124. Disadvantages for platform? Dimensional Changes in Wood (Shrinkage) between floor levels can impact drywall
and wall finishes in double height spaces, e.g. stairwells.
125. Drainage Plane can act as a function as air barrier
thermal barrier contributor
vapor retarder or barrier
126. Drainage Plane / Drainage Space 20 - 40" of Precipitation
Dedicated Weather-Resistive Barrier WRB Back-up line of defense is Air Space.
Examples:
Clapboards or Shingles on Weather-Resistive Barrier (WRB) with Furring Strips, Air
Space, and No Vent.
127. Drainage Plane examples Weather Resistant Barrier
Multiple Options to Establish
128. A drawback to Platform Framing when done Tangential Shrinkage
with Dimensional Lumber and a Band Joist is
____________________
129. Drawing Set Organization from one firm to another is somewhat individualistic, but there is a
reasonable degree of commonality that all complete sets adhere to; although the
definition of complete will vary from firm to firm and project to project.
130. Drywall contractors prefer double top It allows more nailing surface when they install wall panels.
plates because: A Double Plate improves straightness of walls, which improves their product.
131. Effective use of this ancient, but effective 3,4,5
method involves the use of three numbers.
Illustrate with numbers as an example:
132. Electric Panel A panel or group of individual panels assembled as a single panel. Includes fuses,
switches, and circuit breakers distributing load to multiple circuits.
133. The Element of the Envelope that controls Vapor Retarder / Barrier.
Mass Transfer is the
134. The Element of the Envelope that controls Air Barrier.
Mass Transport is the
135. The element that boosts the Ventilated a second vent at the top of the wall assembly.
Rain Screen's efficiency over a Vented
Rainscreen is:
136. Engineered Wood (EWP) Structural products, made of "round wood" that have been reduced into smaller
pieces of wood, or a structural product that is made from residue materials from
wood processing operations. Then adhered together with some type of adhesive
bonding to produce products with specific definable mechanical properties.
137. The Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC) of 10%
wood that is kept indefinitely in a room at
50% Relative Humidity is approximately
138. Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC) @50% RH the EMC = @10%
Rule of Thumb
139. EWP Advantages Stronger, Stiffer, Straighter Highest Quality Wood where Most Stress
Dimensionally More Stable Create Longer Clear Spans
Create Curves
Consistent & Predictable
Produced from Smaller Underutilized Species
140. EWP Disadvantages Expensive
Requires Technical Assistance Heavy
More Primary Energy to Manufacture
All are combinations of wood products in layers or arrangements that are
consolidated by adhesives under designed temperatures and pressures
141. An example of an exterior Non-load Bearing Wall Gable Wall
would be a
142. Excavation Metrics Excavation Width:
Wide Enough to Set up and Take down Formwork Wide Enough To allow
for Moisture Proofing / Waterproofing
Wide Enough To Positioning Stone and Drainage Tiles adjacent to Footing
after Forms Removed

Excavation Depth:
Deep enough to place bottom of footing at Prescribed Code Level
143. Excavation Process site Cleared
Stumps Removed, Topsoil Scraped & Stockpiled
Site Staked & Marked for Rough Grading & Graded Footprints of
Building's Foundation is Located
Depth of Excavation dictated by Design
Footing & Foundation Excavated
Sub-excavation Soil preparation as Required
Sand, Stone, or Engineered Soil can recover the grade below pour to
avoid Settling Rollers or compactors are used
144. The exothermic process that Concrete cures by is Hydration
145. Expansion Joints are formed by providing a gap between the building parts to
accommodate concrete volume change due to many reasons. Filled with
Flexible Sealant
146. Explain why when you install blocking between joists You couldn't nail them in if they were all lined up
you stagger the blocking instead of lining up the
blocks
147. Face Seal Under 20" of Precipitation.
Examples:
Clapboards or Shingles on Weather-Resistive Barrier (WRB), No Air
Space.
148. Fact about Wood Shingles and Shakes Until asphalt, it was the dominant residential roofing material in the U.S.
Higher level of skill to install
Durability: 15-30+ yrs.????
Must be installed on spaced sheathing or
on solid sheathing with Breather Membrane Expensive +
Aesthetics
149. Facts about Asphalt
150. Facts about Membrane Roofs
151. Facts about metal roofing
152. Facts about Slate, Concrete
Tiles, Clay Tiles
153. Facts about Synthetic tiling
154. Fast Track Delivery Method
155. Fiberglass or Composite Frames
(+,-,Performance)
156. Financial Institutions
157. Finishing Level 0:
158. Finishing Level 1"
159. Finishing Level 2"
160. Finishing Level 3:
Used on over 90% of residential construction in the U.S.
inexpensive
easy to install
durability 15 years "lifetime"
must be installed on solid sheathing
flexible
aesthetics sad panda?
Does not Requires Additional Structure Durability: 20-40 yrs.
High Level of Skill to Install Expensive (depends)
Aesthetics (depends
Durability: 30+ years
Higher to very High Level of Skill to Install
Material Types
Galvanized Steel (Coated) Aluminum (Coated)
Copper Stainless steel
Expensive (depends) Aesthetics (depends)
Requires Additional Structure: +10 psf added to roof (5x heavier than asphalt) Durability: 50-100
yrs. (Flashing)
Very High Level of Skill to Install
Expensive
Fire Resistant
Aesthetics
Does not Requires Additional Structure Durability: "Lifetime" Warrantee Higher Level of Skill to
Install
Made from Recycled Tires
Expensive + Aesthetics
Having in-house architect, engineers, contractor - most beneficial.
Architect will issue portions of the construction documents to the contractor for bid/pricing
construction before the project's design is fully complete.
Contractor will begin construction before the complete plans and specifications are provided to
speed up the process of construction.
Good for time sensitive construction projects.
Benefit to owner is a shorter schedule; but far less flexibility as project moves along.
Advantages
Light
Stronger
Engineered Composite Wood or Synthetic Products Stable
Moisture & Decay Resistance "Maintenance Free"
Disadvantages
Some Color Limitations Expense +
Performance
Varies with Manufacturer
Hollow Cavities of frames can be filled with insulation improving performance
Supply the Amortized Funds
No taping & Unfinished Temporary Construction
Just Drywall Tape Concealed from view (Mechanical Room)
Joint compound & drywall tape Garages
one coat of compound over Level 2 Textured finished wall or ceiling
161. Finishing Level 4: Two coats of compound over Level 2 Painted walls
162. Finishing Level 5: Three coats of compound over Level 2 Exposure to severe lighting areas
Textured finished wall or ceiling
163. Flexible Ductwork can be a Solution for a Ventilation Systems or Ducted Minisplit System as the
larger ducts for larger amounts of heated or cooled air in conventional forced
air are not required.
164. Floor Anchor Bolt Placement 1⁄2' Diameter Minimum
Two to a Sill Plate; Bolts 9" - 12" From End Not More than 6' Between
3 1⁄2" from edge or O.C
A washer, sized to cover the hole in the plate,
shall be installed on each
bolt and a nut shall be used to tighten the washer to the plate
165. A Flooring Type that is a ______is installed as Finished Product
late in the Building Process as possible to
reduce chances of damage.
166. Footing Construction Footings Transfer Loads spreading them out over a Greater Area than the Cross-
section of the Foundation Wall
Considerations
Continuous to evenly distribute Load
Soil-bearing Capacity relates to Width
Additional Reinforcement (Rebar) responds to Loads and Soil Types Top of
Footing must be below the Frost Line
Residential Rule of Thumb
Wall Thickness = X
Footing Thickness = Wall Thickness = X Footing Width = 2X
Wall Centered in Footing
167. Footing Construction seq Must be Below Frost Line & on Undisturbed Soil.
Placed via Batter Boards and Plumb Lines
168. Formwork Holds freshly poured concrete in the desired shape until the concrete gains
sufficient strength to support itself.
Helps to protect newly poured concrete from drying too quickly.
Must be strong and stiff enough to support the weight and fluid pressure of the
concrete Release Agents are applied to formwork surfaces to prevent adhesion
and allow release of the forms.
Formwork is a substantial segment of the total costs of concrete construction.
2 types: traditional and insulated
169. Formwork-why Concrete when put in place is a shapeless slurry with no physical strength, it
must be shaped and supported by formwork until it has cured sufficiently to
support itself.
Formwork is usually made of wood, metal, or plastic.
It is constructed as a negative of the shape intended for the concrete.
Formwork serves as a temporary working surface during the construction
process and as the temporary means of support for reinforcing bars.
Formwork must be strong enough to support the considerable fluid pressure of
wet concrete without excessive deflection.
During curing, the formwork helps to retain the necessary water of hydration in
the concrete.
After the curing has been completed, the formwork must pull away cleanly from
the concrete surfaces without causing damage either to the concrete or to the
formwork, which is usually reused.
170. For_____ the Space Requirements Hydronic Systems
are similar to Plumbing
Requirements.
171. Foundation Decisions Needs & Wishes of Client matched to possibilities of Site
foundation type
site counter
soil bearing capacity
local traditions
cost
aesthetics
insulation
moisture protectuon-damproof or waterproof
172. Foundation Loading Dead Loads, live loads, soil and hydraulic, seismic, wind
173. Foundation Type 1a Full Basement
Concrete or CMU
Most Common in Northern Regions
35% of new Single Family Homes Nationally
174. Foundation Type 1b Full Basement
Wood
First developed in Canada 25 years ago
Lower Labor and Costs
Less than 5% in U.S.; 20% Canada
175. Foundation Type 2 Crawl Space
Concrete or CMU
Living and Storage Space not a Priority
Wall extends only to Frost Depth
Slab not required (Rat Slab Preferred)
15% New Single Family Homes Nationally with Regional Bias
176. Foundation Type 2a and 2b 2a= Submerged Crawl Space=typical

2b-Flush Crawl Space=high water table or ledge issues

177. Foundation Type 3a Slab on Grade (SOG) with Stem Wall
Concrete
Underfloor Plumbing is a Negative
50% New Single Family Homes Nationally with Regional Bias
178. Foundation Type 3b Slab on Grade (SOG)
Concrete
Monolithic
Underfloor Plumbing is a Negative
50% New Single Family Homes Nationally with Regional Bias
warm climate zones
frost protected possible in cold climates
179. Foundation Types Full Basement- Concrete or Wood

Crawl Space-Submerged or Flush

Slab on Grade-Stem Wall or Monolithic

180. Foundation Wall Construction Wall Height is governed by Site Topography
Top of Wall: Minimum 6" above High Point of Grade Basement Headroom: minimum of 7' 6"
(floor to joists) Crawl Space Headroom: minimum of 1' 6" (floor to joists) Wall Thickness:
Typically 8" to 10"
181. Four Elements of the Envelope Drainage Plane
Thermal Barrier
Air Barrier
Vapor Retarder/Barrier
Aesthetics
182. Four Elements of the Envelope Singularly and Water, Energy, and air movement
Collectively Deal with:
183. Framed Floor System Components Sill Plate
Beams, Joists, and/or Floor Trusses Band Joists or Rim Boards Subfloor Panels
Components are connected with bridging, blocking, joist hangers, anchor
bolts, nails and screws, and adhesives.
184. Functioning with the Code Official Meet with the building inspector during the design phase of the project. Build a
working partnership with the code official.
Advanced or Cutting Edged Materials or Procedures
The "Alternate Materials and Systems" section of the code official authority to
accept it. Demonstrate that your interpretation of the code follows the spirit
and intent of the code.
Prove that your plan will deliver equally good results. Additional substantiation
might be required, e.g. documentation, engineering.
The neatness and order of your site along with the quality of work
accomplished is the best method of demonstrating your intent of constructing
within the codes and maintaining a positive relationship with the Code Official.
185. Function of Foundation Requirements
Support the Various Loads of the Building. Anchor against Superstructure Wind
Loading. Protect against Frost Heaving and Expansive Soil. Protect against
Termites and Insects.
Additional Full Basement Requirements
Provide additional Living Space.
Provide Storage Space.
Provide Mechanical Systems Space (Crawl Space & Full Basement)
186. General Contractor Contractual relationship with Owner.
RISK: if work goes over budget, general contractor incurs loss.
187. Generally speaking Design-Bid- Build results in False
lower unit cost & faster construction speed. True.
False.
188. Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam) Patented in 1901 in Switzerland
Produced by joining many Small Strips of wood together with Glue
Any desired size (lengths & radii), up to the limits of the hoisting and
transportation machinery needed. Quality can be specified; defects can be cut
out of the wood before they are laminated. Strongest, highest-quality wood
placed where the member subjected to the highest structural stresses.
189. A glulam beam design requires the highest False
structurally graded laminations to be placed in
the middle of the beam since that is where the
greatest stress is located while in bending.
(T/F)
190. Glulam Joints Widths and Thicknesses are produced by Seasoning, Gluing,
Clamping, and Curing of small specimens, e.g. 2" to 75"
Lengths are produced via joining shorter members together
using scarf or finger joints, both incorporate similar joining
techniques to Widths and Thicknesses
Joints: Scarf and Finger
191. Glulam: Optimum use of Wood Material Glulam may be manufactured with outer laminates of higher
quality than the inner laminates. since the stresses tend to be
greatest in the outer parts of the glulam cross-section.
Note: Knot in Tension = Problem; Knot in Compression ≠ No
Problem
192. Grading Stamps 1. Species
2. Grade
3. MC
4. Certification Mark
5. Mill
193. Grading Stamp: Structural Sheathing Example Span rating of 32/16 may be used as roof sheathing over
rafters spaced 32 apart or as subflooring over joists spaced
16 inches.
Long dimension of the sheet must be placed perpendicular
to the length of the supporting members.
A 32/16 panel may be plywood, composite, or OSB, may be
composed of any accepted wood species, and may be any
of several thicknesses, so long as it passes the structural
tests for a 32/16 rating
194. The greatest shrinkage of wood, in relation to the grain occurs Tangentially
______
195. Grout is inserted into the cores of CMU Foundation Walls in order Surround the rebar in the core and create a monolithic
to: construction between CMU and Rebar.
196. Hardwood Deciduous, Complex with less uniform grains, high quality,
more durable, more expensive, better resistance
197. Hardwood that is to be ______ is installed after Drywall is sanded and finished on site
completed, before Woodwork & Cabinetry is installed, and sanded
& finished after painting is completed.
198. Heartwood Dead
More Rot Resistant (depends on species) Generally Darker
Color (Preferred Aesthetic)
199. High Strength Concrete American Concrete Institute defines high-strength concrete
as concrete with a compressive strength greater than 6,000
psi.
In addition to selecting a high-quality Portland cement,
producers optimize aggregates, then optimize the
combination of materials by varying the proportions of
cement, water, aggregates, and admixtures.
200. A "Hot Roof" design relies on which two basic required envelope Air Sealing Strategies (Air Barrier)
strategies which are intrinsic to envelope design. Either or both of Vapor Retarding Strategies (Vapor Retarder/Barrier)
those strategies, if not implemented, would quite possibly
precipitate an envelope failure?
The two strategies are:
201. How do fasten sheathing? 6" OC o the edges
12" OC in the field
202. If Dimensional 2x Lumber of the same depth was used in place of I Joist, would span Decrease
capability:
203. If OVE (Advanced) Framing is elected and a single top plate is used, then it is Stack Framing
imperative
to use what type of a Framing System?
204. If you were specifying wood siding, your best choice would be: Clear Vertical Grain Heartwood
205. I-Joist & Floor Trusses I-joists and Floor Trusses are often
used in place of the traditional
dimensional lumber joists.
Span longer distances than
dimensional lumber joists.
Installed per a layout specifically
engineered for the home that must be
followed precisely. Attached to an
Engineered Rim Board rather than a
Band Joist.
206. In a door or window opening the ____ transfers the loads from above to the _____ on to Header
the sill plate and elements below. Jack Studs
207. In an I-Joist a) Top Flange is in Compression; Bottom Flange is in Tension. b) Top Flange a) Top Flange is in Compression;
is in Tension; Bottom Flange is in Compression. c) Top Flange controls Stiffness; Bottom Bottom Flange is in Tension.
Flange controls deflection.
208. In Building science _______ is the movement of water on the surf of a non-porous lateral cohesive monement
materials due to the forces of adhesions, cohesion, and surface tension
209. In Building Science _______ is the movement of water within the spaces of a pour-us Capilarity
material due to the focus of adhesion, cohesions, and surface tension
210. In contemporary construction when building a stone veneer wall, the stone veneer False
continues all the way to the foundation footings. True or False
211. In order to be successful a Developer, who is interested in marketing a Turnkey A) Pre Design Phase
Product, needs to understand the market's needs and predict the cost of a project. B) Offer a house with something
During his/her Market Research Study and Feasibility Study it is determined that there different and more desirable
are many unsold houses that are on the market being offered for $350,000 to
$450,000.
Studies such as these are best performed during a) Pre Design Phase. b) Bid Negotiation
Phase. c) Construction Phase.

A good strategy for this developer would be to a) build and offer for sale a new house
for $350,000 to $450,000 because that seems to be a "sweet spot" b) offer a house with
something different and more desirable c) get out of the market.
212. The installation of a system in a residential building that typically requires the most Forced Air Heating/Cooling
coordination between architect, contractor, system designer, project manager, framer,
etc. is:
213. Installing all elements "Lapped to the Weather" will guarantee that the building will not False
have a problem with ice dams. (T/F)
214. Install the drip edge at the eave of the roof. 12"
Install the roofing underlayment, layering it shingle style up the roof. Lap the
underlayment up the adjacent wall __".
215. Insulated Concrete Forms (ICF's) Advantages:
Good R-Values
Construction Time Reduction
Combines
Concrete, Reinforcement, Insulation,
Air & Vapor Barrier, Furring Strips

Disadvantage:
Limited Exposure to AEC Community
Lack of Assembly Control
UV Protection Required until Clad
(interior & exterior) Slopes are not
possible
216. Insulation for Foundation Under the Slab:
Insulation prevents heat loss in winter.
Prevents cool slab temperature in
warm weather which can cause
condensation
Leading to mold / moisture
problems.
Interior or Exterior for the Walls:
In terms of energy use, there is not a
significant difference between the
same amount of full wall insulation
applied to the exterior versus the
interior of a concrete or masonry
wall.
217. In the U.S. Annual Energy Consumption attributed to Operational Energy represents a) 40 % False
20% b) 30% c) 40% d) 50% of our country's total consumption. Transportation energy
involving commuting to our buildings is included
218. In Zone 5 (Amherst's Zone) Building Codes requires Water and Ice Membrane be applied False
to Roof Sheathing at 36" (the width of a typical roll from the edge of the roof. (True or
False)
219. ___is added to the mix to increase the smoothness and workability of Hydrated Lime
the fresh mortar.
220. _______ is constructed as a negative of the shape intended for the concrete. It serves as a Formwork
temporary working surface during the construction process and as the temporary means Reinforcement
of support for ______. Formwork must be _______ to support the considerable fluid pressure Strong Enough
of wet concrete without excessive deflection. During curing, the formwork helps to Hydration
retain the necessary water of ______ in the concrete.
221. Isolation Joints have one very simple purpose—they
completely isolate the slab from
something else, e.g. slab to wall
222. Isolation Joints have? one very simple purpose—they
completely isolate the slab from
something else, e.g. slab to wall
223. _____is the fourth element in the mix; precipitating the exothermic Potable Water
reaction that transforms fresh workable mortar into a solid binding agent enabling the
constructed geometry of individual masonry units to become a monolithic assembly.
224. _________ is Weather-Resistive Barrier Single line of Defense
(WRB) against
Bulk Water Movement and
Capillary Water Movement.
225. It is a good idea to leave flooring in the The wood's moisture content has time to adjust to the Relative Humidity of the
conditioned house for a week before environment.
you install it because:
226. Joists Floor joists transfer the loads of the structure to the beams, columns, load-bearing walls,
and other major supports.
227. Joist to Beam or Support Wall Two ways to connect the joists to the supporting wall or beam:
Attachments Joists rests on the supporting wall or beam and are fastened to it
or
Joist rest on joist hangers and the hanger is fastened with nails or screws to a supporting
element as manufacturer and code dictates.
228. Just as Balloon Framing replaced Platform Framing
Timber Framing, so did ______ replace
Balloon Framing. Advantages
List three advantage of this type of Each level is used as a Platform to Stage the next Level
framing are: Cost Reduced --- Shorter Pieces, Reduced Labor
Floor Platforms provide Fire Blocking between Floor Levels No Staging Required
Safer Work Space
229. Keyways The indent in a foot from the stemware to the footing
230. Kiln Seasoning Method Advantages Quicker Drying Rate
Moisture Content controlled with Precision
231. Kiln Seasoning Method Disadvantages Equipment Cost Energy Consumption Requires Supervision
232. Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL) LSL (similar to PSL) is made from flaked wood strands that have a length-to-thickness
ratio of approximately 150 (shorter than PSL). Combined with an adhesive, the strands are
oriented and formed into a large mat or billet and pressed. LSL is used in a variety of
applications from studs to millwork components
233. Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL) & Less Strong and Less Expensive than PSL
Oriented Strand Lumber (OSL) Both Supplied in common lumber or millwork sizes.
When used to replace studs, their straightness is a prized property, e.g. Tall Walls.
234. Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) Invented in 1980s after OSB
All the veneers or strands are harvested via Rotary Slicing of Logs, which results in all
Tangential Grain.
Direction of the wood grain of each layer is always parallel to the length of the billet.
Used for Beams, Headers, Chord Sections of I Joists.
Sized compatible to Dimensional Lumber.
Can have small knots, but never adjacent in layers.
Billets of LVL can range up to 4 feet wide and 80 feet long.
Limitation to Cut or Bore Unless specified by an Engineer
Plan Ahead!
235. Land Development in general in general: d.) All of the above
a.) Divides land into legally compliant lots
b.) Requires coordination with utility companies
c.) Is governed by local authorities
d.) All of the above
e.) None of the above
236. Land Lot A lot of land is a legally identifiable piece of land or real estate
that has an owner, or is divided by a public identity for the
purpose of a sale. A lot of land is typically small enough for a
person or group to purchase and develop a subdivision. It can
be continually divided as allowed by local zoning to form
individual house lots.
237. Light Frame Construction began to revolutionize wood frame a) Steam & Water Powered Saws
construction in the middle to latter part of the 19th Century c) Wire Nails
gradually replacing Timber Framing. It was driven by
emerging technologies of (underline all that apply) a) Steam
& Water Powered Saws. b) Cut Nails. c) Wire Nails d) Digital
Technology.
238. Light Gauge Steel Framing Advantages Non-combustible --- will not burn (will melt)
Impervious to Liquid Water --- will not rot (will corrode)
Dimensionally Stable --- consistently straight, will not warp or
split, will not expand
Impervious to Insects
Members can be manufactured to arbitrary lengths
Pre-bored openings: easier to pull wire, piping and ducting
without having to bore through or work around framing members.
Cost effective in certain situations Lighter
239. Light Gauge Steel Framing Disadvantages Requires different skill set and tool set from wood Noise
Less readily available
Safety issues --- sharp edges, sparks Requires Bracing before
Sheathed
Thermal transfer (see next slide)
240. Lighting Box __" from ground 60
Outlet Box __" from ground 18
241. Lime Until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, mortar was made
without Portland cement, and the lime itself was the bonding
agent; it hardened by absorbing carbon dioxide from the air to
become calcium carbonate, a very slow and uneven process.
Today
Added to impart smoothness and workability.
Produced by burning limestone or seashells (calcium carbonate)
in a kiln to drive off carbon dioxide and leave quicklime (calcium
oxide).
Quicklime is then slaked by allowing it to absorb as much water
as it will hold, resulting in the formation of calcium hydroxide,
called slaked lime or hydrated lime.
The hydrated lime is subsequently dried, ground, and bagged for
shipment.
Sold separately or as Mortar Mix; which is a 2:1 Mixture requiring
only the addition of sand and water in specific proportions.
242. List 3 Positive and 3 Negative Factors Brick Construction Positives: Lighter
Fire Resistant
Increase Thermal Mass
Reduced Maintenance
Small Unit Size = Easier Handling Aesthetics
Negatives:
Moisture Issues can result in Efflorescence or Spalling
Foundation must accommodate weight
Additional level of skill required
Low R-Value
243. List the Four Mechanisms that water attacks a building from lowest Vapor Diffusion, Air Transport, Capillarity, Bulk Transport
to highest.
244. Low Slope Roofs are less than 4:12
245. The low tech system that has used for many years to precisely Batter Boards
locate a building's foundations geometry in plan on an excavated
site is based on positioning of
246. LSL and OSL are products similar to PSL and are particularly useful True
when it is critical to
have Long or Tall Walls that are very straight, level, and plumb.
(True/False).
247. Lumber Grades are based on: Compressive Strength fC = how much of a load a species
can withstand parallel to the
grain. How much weight will a wall stud support before
buckling.
Bending Strength (Modulus of Rupture; fB) = load the wood
can withstand perpendicular
to the grain. How much weight can a floor joist support.
Stiffness (Modulus of Elasticity; E) = indicates how much the
wood will deflect when a
load is applied perpendicular to the grain. How much will a
floor joist sag? Appearance
Higher Grades = Higher Costs
248. Machine Stress Rated (MSR) Lumber MSR lumber is intended for any engineered application
where low variability in strength and stiffness properties is
primary product consideration,
e.g. trusses, floor or ceiling joists or rafters.
Grades are designated by Fb and E and SG and are placed
on the stamp.
249. Masonry Construction Issues Masonry Expands and Contracts with:
Structural Loading
Moisture
Curing Temperature & Moisture Protection
Structural Loading
250. Masonry Definition Simplest / Oldest Building Techniques
An Assembly or Combination of Masonry Units (Bricks
(Clay),
Shale, Concrete, or Stone) that are laid up dry or are set in
Mortar.
A Mason stacks Masonry Units on top of each other in a
prescribed pattern to form a wall or dome.
251. Masonry Moisture Water and Freeze/Thaw Cycles deteriorate mortar joints over time. Solution is to Repoint (Tuck
Pointing) & Waterproofing.
Deteriorated mortar is cut out and the joints are refinished with Fresh New Mortar must be similar
in compressive strength to Original Mortar remaining in the joint, or mortar failure / brick damage
can result. Type K??
252. Masonry (Non Structural) Siding Advantage
Durable Lower Maintenance Fire Resistance Insect Resistance

Disadvantage
Additional Foundation Requirements Install Skill Level Increased ++ Expense: Both Materials &
Labor
253. Mason Sand Sand provides the basic structural body of the hardened mortar.
It must be clean and free of impurities.
Portland Cement Mortar cures by hydration, not by air drying: A complex set of chemical
reactions takes up water and combines it with the constituents of the cement and lime to create a
dense, strong crystalline structure that binds the sand particles together.
254. Material Manufacturers & Supply the products necessary to produce the houses/buildings Supply Research &
Distributors Development; Exposure to new products
255. Misc. Engineered Types & Uses Particleboard= Underlayment only under carpet
Fiberboard= furniture/cabinets with a veneer (Ikea)
Medium Density Overlay=Plywood with resin impregnated Paper overlay
256. Mixing Small Batches Smaller batches of concrete may be prepared on site by hand or with the aid of portable power
mixers.
257. Model Building Codes are not True
legally binding regulations until
they are adopted (T/F)
258. Model Codes Building Codes are Local Laws
Each municipality enforces a set of regulations. But very few communities compose their own
unique set of regulations.
Most adopt all or part of one of the Model Codes.
Massachusetts
International Building Code International Residential Code International Energy Conservation
Code International Fire Code
Model Codes are updated annually and revised every 3 years.
Massachusetts: Adopts the following year --- kinda??
2015 Code at Present
259. Modular Brick Size 3 5/8", 2 1/4", 7 5/8"
260. Mortar Composition Portland Cement
Acts as the Bonding Element

Hydrated or Slaked Lime

Imparts Smoothness & Workability

Sand (Washed Fine Aggregates) Natural Sand Manufactured Sand

Crushed Stone

Water
Potable water
261. Mortar Functions Serves to cushion the masonry units, giving them full
bearing against one another despite their surface
irregularities.
Seals between the units to keep water and wind from
penetrating
(kind of).
Adheres the units to one another to bond them into a
monolithic structural unit.
Important to the appearance of the finished masonry
wall.
262. Mortar Proportion Specification Performance is established through laboratory testing
for the proposed mix.
Increased Performance = increased cement; decreased
lime
263. Mortar Types In order of strength high to low: M(2500 psi),S (1800
psi),N(750 psi),O (350 PSI),K (k is for historic
preservation)
264. The movement the Air Barrier controls is _______ mass transport
265. The movement the Vapor Retarder/Barrier controls is ______ maas transfer
266. Multiunit (Multistory) Additional Considerations Accounts for over 60% of new Construction Units per
year Additional and/or More Extensive Requirements
Site Planning
Parking, Recreation, Privacy, Refuse, Snow Removal, Fire
Lanes
Building Codes
Accessibility, Emergency Access, Ventilation, Firewalls
between Units Required Elevator for 3+ Stories
If parking is provided below the units, concrete fire
resistant slab ceilings needs to be enforced
267. ______ must be used for all Wall Sills that come into contact with Pressure Treated Lumber
concrete or masonry stem walls, foundation walls, or slabs (Basement
or Slab on Grade)
268. Name one disadvantage of an exterior foundation wall insulating Above Grade Sections are vulnerable even if parged or
systems: stuccoed.
Care must be taken during backfill.
Drying to exterior is limited in the above grade section
269. Name the Five Categories on the National Fenestration Rating Council U Factor, Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC), Visible
Window Sti Transmittance (VT), Air Leakage (AL), Condensation
Resistance (CR).
270. Natural Seasoning Method Advantages No Expensive Equipment Required Minimal Labor Cost
No Energy
271. Natural Seasoning Method Disdvantages Slow Drying Rate
Large Area of Space Required Weather Dependant
Limits Moisture Content to 18% -22% depending on
climate.
272. Nominal Sizing The Nominal Size is not the Finished Size of the lumber,
it is the Rough Cut Size
273. Nominal vs. Actual
274. Non-classified Roof Coverings such as
untreated wood shingles
275. The number of Plies in a sheet of
plywood is always equal to the number
of layers. True. False
276. _____% of houses built in the US are wood
frame construction
277. # of New Residential Units Constructed
Most to least
278. Of the three board type insulations
typically used in Residential
Construction the one that is restricted
from ground contact is:
279. order the soil types from lowest soil
bearing pressure to highest:
280. Organizing the Site for Construction
281. Oriented Strand Board (OSB)
282. Oriented Strand Lumber (OSL)
283. Orthographic Drawings
Thicknesses
1" = 3/4"
2"=1 1⁄2"
3" = 2 1⁄2"
4" = 3 1⁄2"
6" = 5 1⁄2"
Widths
4" = 3 1⁄2"
6" = 5 1⁄2"
8" = 7 1⁄4"
10" = 9 1⁄4"
12" = 11 1⁄4"
may be used on most residential construction and on some agricultural, accessory, and
storage buildings.
False
90%
South, West, Midwest, Northeast
Polyisocyanurate (Polyiso)
Organic, Clay, Sand, Gravel, Rock
Construction Period = Most Intensive Use & Traffic
Planning is Required for:
Parking of Workers Transportation & Delivery & Storage of Materials, Equipment,
Machines, Trash/Recycle Because
Delivery and Access to Staging Area must not Create Conflict.
Conflicts Generates
Cost Increases; Production Decreases
Tradesman need access to site, staging area, and building plus being able to come and
go.
Strands (twisted fibers or filaments) are oriented to optimize the strength of the panel
Strands are Orientated primarily in Long Direction on Top & Bottom Surfaces
Strands are Orientated primarily in Opposite (90o) Direction at Core of Board.
Product can be purchased with coating (Advantech, Zip Products), which improves
moisture resistance substantially.
OSL (similar to LSL) is also made from flaked wood strands. The strand geometry for
OSL results in length-to-thickness ratios of approximately 75 (shorter than LVL).
Combined with an adhesive, the strands are oriented and formed into a large mat or
billet and pressed.
Orthographic projection is a means of representing a three-dimensional object in two
dimensional space (traditionally on paper; more & more frequently on electronic
devices).
Aids in the visualization of the Structure or Elements of the Structure
284. Orthographic Projection View An Orthographic Projection View typically shows one face of the
object parallel to the surface of the page
285. OSB or Plywood Panels installed _____ to the Floor Joists. perpendicular
Panels are ______ between rows, so that no two joints align. staggered
Base for finish floorings. Min. Fastening Req.
Codes & Manufactures determine the ______. Typically Fastening and Gluing
recommend a combination of________ to provide a Stable Floor. Tongue and Groove
_______Connections preferred between panels.
286. Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL) Veneers are sliced into narrow strands that are coated with
adhesive, oriented longitudinally, pressed into a rectangular
cross section, and cured under heat and pressure
LVLs can be pieced together; PSL are one unit Beams, Headers,
Columns, Posts
Typical widths are 31⁄2", 51⁄4" or 7"; typical depths are 91⁄2",
117⁄8" 14", 16" & 18". Heavy
25
More Challenging to Cut on Site
287. Perc Test & Septic Design Faster than five mpi (minutes per inch), the soil is unsuitable
traditional soil absorption system
Slower than 60 mpi, it is unsuitable for a traditional soil
absorption system
288. Permit Survey responds to the date the Building Permit was issued
289. Perm Ratings Class 1 Very low permeability Vapor Retarders / Barrier - rated 0.1
perms or less.
Sheet Polyethylene, Unperforated Aluminum Foil.
290. Perm Ratings Class 2 Low permeability Vapor Retarders - rated
greater than 0.1 perms and less than or equal to 1.0 perms.
Kraft Facing on Batts.
291. Perm Ratings Class 3 Medium Permeability Vapor Retarders rated greater than 1.0
perms and less than or equal to 10 perms. Water-base Paints.
292. Perspective Perspective Drawings are drawn so objects appear larger or
smaller as they become nearer to or further from us; concluding
in a vanishing point.
293. Plan Document, s=,l=,h or m=,e=,p= s-structural drawings
l=lighitng, h or m=HVAC/Mechanincal, e=electrical, p=plumbing
294. Planned Unit Development A development strategy that addresses regulations with a
Performance Based rather than Prescriptive Based Strategy.
Residences in a subdivision are grouped in denser clusters than
the zoning requires, but includes opens space, protected green
areas, wildlife corridors, less hardscape, etc.
These produce societal benefits, fulfill the intent of the
regulations, and reduce the expense of the infrastructure to the
developer.
295. A Planned Unit Development (PUD) a) Follows the spirit, but not a) Follows the spirit, but not the letter of the law.
the letter of the law. b) In general, adds considerable cost to a
development project. C) Usually has adverse environmental
impacts.
296. Planning (Pre-Design) Phase Project is defined in terms of function, scope, size, and
economics
Site Selection and Assessment Feasibility and Marketing Studies
Building Program Defined Building Code Constraints Budget
and Financing
Critical to the success of project may depend on how well this
phase is defined and managed.
297. Platform Framing Advantages Each level is used as a Platform to Stage the next Level Cost
Reduced --- Shorter Pieces, Reduced Labor Floor Platforms
provide Fire Blocking between Floor Levels No Staging
Required
Safer Work Space
298. Platform Framing Disadvantages Dimensional Changes in Wood (Shrinkage) between floor
levels can impact drywall and wall finishes in double height
spaces, e.g. stairwells.
299. A Plot Survey is a legally binding document (t/f) true
300. Plywood 1905 First Plywood
Layers of Veneer (1/8") adhered by Glue, Heat, and Pressure
Veneers are called "Plies"
A Layer equals one or more Plies in the same direction
Always an Odd Number "Layer" construction, e.g. 3,5,7
Symmetry around Core (center layer) is Mandatory
Faces (top & bottom) Grain typically both run in the Length of
the Panel Other Layers are called Crossbands
301. Plywood Construction Rotary Sliced (same as LVL) so all Tangential Grain = Stable
along Length Layers are Alternating so Shrinkage is
Mechanically Restricted
Species is important for Strength
Standard plywood panels are 4' x 8' feet (special lengths can
be ordered) and range in thickness from 1/4 to 1 1/8" inch
Actual surface dimensions of the structural grades of plywood
are slightly less than nominal. This permits the panels to be
installed with small spaces between them to allow for moisture
expansion.
302. Plywood Grading Exposure Ext= Expected
1= Not Permanently Exposed 2 = Intermittent Exposure Int = No
Exterior Exposure
303. PLywood Veneer Grading A,B,C plugged, C,D
304. Plywood vs. OSB Equal under Code
Equal in Nail Withdrawal
Both must be spaced to allow for expansion (H Clips)
OSB swells faster at Edge (thickens) OSB stays Wet Longer
OSB does not return to shape after wetting Telegraphing is Issue (Ghosting)
Plywood has quicker response to Moisture Plywood will return to shape after wetting
OSB Non-Decay Resistant Species with Higher Sugar Content = Mold Issues
Plywood more Forgiving OSB more Homogeneous OSB stronger in Shear OSB less
Expensive
305. Portland Cement Basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco, and non-specialty grout.
Developed from types of hydraulic lime in England in the mid 19th century, and usually
originates from limestone.
Hydraulic Lime, produced by heating limestone and minerals (Iron, Silica, and Aluminum)
in a kiln to form clinker, grinding the clinker, and adding 2 to 3 percent of gypsum.
Low cost and widespread availability of the limestone, shales, and other naturally-
occurring materials used in Portland Cement make it one of the lowest-cost materials
widely used over the last century.
Substantial Energy Use and CO2 Impacts associated with manufacturing.
306. Portland Cement Types Eight Types: All contain necessary amounts of Lime, Iron, Silica, and Aluminum
Type 1 Normal, min 7 days curing period, general purpose
307. Prescriptive Code vs. Performance A Prescriptive Code requires that each component is built to a certain standard, e.g. Wall
Code R-value at least 20.
A Performance Code requires that the building as a whole performs to a certain standard,
e.g. uses less energy than the same building built to prescriptive code.
308. Pressure Treated Lumber is _______ Heartwood of non decay resistant species
309. Pressure Treated Lumber Types For ground contact, 0.40 pounds per cubic foot is needed.
For foundations, 0.60 pounds per cubic foot is the standard.
310. _______ provides nail base for vertical Ladder Blocking
siding attachment or perpendicular
partition wall.
311. ______ provides support for Utility Blocking
plumbing/mechanical elements as
required.
312. ____provides the matrix around which Clean Sand
the cured mortar forms.
313. Rain Screen: Lapped to the Weather
Drainage Plane: Lapped to the Weather and Sealed
Thermal Barrier: Continuous and Contiguous
Air Barrier: Continuous and Contiguous
Vapor Retarder/Barrier: "Continuous" and Contiguous
314. Rainscreen examples Masonry Veneer, Metal Panels, Stucco, Vinyl Siding, Clapboards/Shingle (Wood or
Synthetics)
315. Realtors Supply Retail Pathways
316. Reasons for Seasoning Lighter, Stiffer, Stronger Reduces Deformation
Less Chance of being attacked by Fungi

MC=(Ww-Dw)/Dw
20% limit=Limit of Dry Rot Occurring
15% limit= exterior coatings
9-14% interior woodwork
317. Rebar Steel Rods: sizes No. 3 to No.18
size= n/8"
grade- 60 and 60,000 psi yield strength
318. Reinforcing of CMU Walls are often reinforced with steel to increase its loadbearing capacity and its resistance to cracking.
CMUs Horizontal reinforcing is usually inserted in the form of welded grids of small-diameter steel rods that are laid
into the bed joints of mortar at the desired vertical intervals.
Vertical reinforcing bars are placed into the vertically aligned cores after the wall has been completed.
The cores containing rebar are then filled with grout to unify steel and masonry into one continuous structural
unit.
319. Reinforcing of CMU foundation walls subjected to high stresses are reinforced with both vertical and horizontal rebar.
CMUs High Stress Vertical reinforcing is done with ordinary reinforcing bars grouted into the cores of the blocks and aligned
with dowels projecting up from the footing.
Horizontal reinforcing is done with reinforcing bars grouted into the cores of bond beam blocks.
For extreme stresses, the entire wall, together with its vertical and horizontal rebar's, can be grouted solid.
320. Research & Innovate and Develop Products
Educational
Institutions
321. Residential Residential Foundation Design is relatively simple because foundation loads are low compared to those of
Foundation Design large buildings.
& Soil Testing Uncertainties in foundation design at the scale of a house are reduced by adopting a large safety factor in
calculating the bearing capacity of the soil.
322. Responsibilities of Drainage Plane: Keep Water Out
Doors Thermal Barrier: Control Heat Loss and Heat Gain
Air Barrier: Control Air Movement (Heat & Mass Transport) Vapor Barrier: Mass Transfer - a Barrier not a
Retarder
Radiative Transfer: Minimize and/or Allow Solar Heat Gain (if Transparent) Acoustic Buffer
Passive Ventilation
View (if Transparent)
Security
Allow passage and sometimes look really good
323. Responsibilities of Drainage Plane: Keep Water Out
Windows Thermal Barrier: Control Heat Loss and Heat Gain
Air Barrier: Control Air Movement (Heat & Mass Transport) Vapor Barrier: Mass Transfer - a Barrier not a
Retarder
Radiative Transfer: Minimize and/or Allow Solar Heat Gain Acoustic Buffer
Passive Ventilation
View
Security
324. Ridge Beam versus ridegboards have collar ties. Ridge Beams transfer their load right to the foundation
Ridge Board
325. Ridge Vents: Roof Sheathing is "stopped short" on each side of the ridge so that air can flow through the vents
Releases Hot Air in Summer
Removes Moist Air in Winter
"Helps" to prevent Ice Dams
326. Rigid Insulation - Provides continuous insulation with
Exterior Surface minimal thermal bridging.
Advantages Places Foundation wall within Conditioned Envelope resulting in less heat loss in winter or heat gain in
summer.
Buried Sections of Insulation are Protected.
No Reduction of interior basement floor area.
327. Rigid Insulation - Exterior Surface Above Grade Sections are vulnerable
Disadvantages even if parged or stuccoed. Care must be taken during backfill.
Drying to exterior is limited in the above grade section; so care must be taken to
allow drying to interior, i.e. no low permeability materials if finishing walls
(polyethylene vapor barrier, vinyl wallcovering, oil base paints).
328. Rigid Insulation - Interior Surface Provides continuous insulation with ?
Advantages minimal thermal bridging.
Panels are in Protected Space And can be installed late in construction.
EPS can be used rather than XPS (less expensive).
329. Rigid Insulation - Interior Surface Foundation wall has reduced drying capacity to the interior if wetting occurs as the
Disadvantages below-grade portion of the wall typically cannot dry to the exterior.
If the basement is to experience much traffic, an interior wall must be erected to
protect it overtime.
(*Fire Codes- depending on type of Board)
Reduction of interior basement floor area. Crawl Space is no problem.
330. Roofing Material is the ____ Rain Screen
331. Roofing Material no longer stops bulk Ice Damming
water for Shingled Roofs when there is Wind Driven Rain
_____
or certain conditions with ______
332. A Rough Opening is sized exactly to the False
dimensions of the door or window unit that
will be installed in it (T/F)
333. R-value of Polyiso _____ gradually over declines
time
XPS and most types of EPS are rated for
ground contact
334. Sapwood Living
Little Rot Resistant
335. Seasoning of Wood About 50% of the Weight of newly Cut Tree is Water.
After the Tree is cut, the Moisture within Starts to Evaporate.
First, Free Water in Lumen leaves; Second, Bound Water in Cell Walls (Fiber) leaves.
*Fiber Saturation Point of Wood is @ 28% (all free water is gone).
As the moisture evaporates from the fibers: Shrinkage increases and the Strength and
Stiffness Increase
336. Shop Drawings Prepared by
Contractor, Supplier, Manufacturer, Subcontractor, Fabricator
Typically required for Custom Components
Elevators, Structural Steel, Trusses, Cabinetry, Air Handling Distribution Systems
Typically done when actual built measuremets are available.
337. Slump Test Measure of the workability of Wet Concrete
Concrete is place into a 12" High Conical Cylinder
Cylinder is Removed
Loss of Height of Concrete Mass is Measured
4"-6" Slumps are Residentially Acceptable
338. A Snow Load is considered a Live Load or Live Load
a Dead Load
339. Softwood coniferous, simple with uniform grains, building, lower density, less durable, less
expensive, faster growth rate, poor resistance
340. Solar Heat Gain how well a product blocks heat caused by sunlight.
Coefficient (SHGC)
measures is the fraction of incident solar radiation admitted through a window (both directly transmitted and
absorbed & emitted) and subsequently released inward.

is expressed as a number between 0 and 1

The lower a window's SHGC, the less solar heat it transmits into the house.
341. Sold A building is defined as sold when the title to the building is legally transferred.
342. Spec Building Conservative --- Status Quo Appeals to the Masses Repetitive Design Purchasing Power Profit made in
Volume
343. Specifications (Specs) Integral Component of Construction Documentation.
Outlines the Levels of Quality and the Standards to be met in construction of a
project.
Provides Written Requirements
Materials, Equipment, Systems Standards for Workmanship
Specifications define the Qualitative Requirements of Materials and Products in order to ensure that
everyone understands the final product's requirements.
In most cases, follows CSI Format
344. Speculative Contractor Constructs for the open market not for customer.
RISK: if building does not sell, speculative contractor incurs cost of holding in inventory
345. Start Start of construction occurs when excavation begins for the footings or foundation of a building. All
housing units in a multifamily building are defined as being started when this excavation begins.
346. Steel to Wood Multiple Connection Strategies (Always takes Planning)
Connectors Below:
A Pressure Treated Plate is installed on the top of the I Beam (adhesives and mechanical connectors) in
order to provide a continuous horizontal plane for the beam, joist, I-joist, or trusses to sit on.
347. Steep slope roofs are 4:12
greater than
348. Stone Most expensive type of masonry used in construction Requires skilled craftsmanship and detail
349. Stone Patterns Rubble masonry is composed of unsquared pieces of stone, whereas Ashlar is made up of squared
pieces.
Coursed stone masonry has continuous horizontal joint lines, whereas Random stone or random does
not.
350. Structural Drawings S0. Sheets Site
S1. & S2. Sheets Framing Plans
S4. Sheets Sections
S5. or S7. Sheets Details
351. Structural Grades Dimensional, Structural, Decking Timber
352. Stucco Siding Advantages
Durable (Traditional more than EIFS) Fire Resistance
Insect Resistance
Lower Maintenance (if successful install) Materials Costs; Relatively Inexpensive Labor Costs: EIFS =
Moderate

Disadvantage
Difficult to Patch
Not recommended in rainy or earthquake prone areas Labor Costs: Traditional = High
Specific Aesthetic
353. Studs in a 2 x 4 wall stud would most likely be a) Compression
graded according to performance criteria
related to
354. Subcontractors Carpenters, plumbers, masons, electricians, who build the houses/buildings 31
355. Taped and Detailed =Air Barrier (controls Mass transport
_____)
356. "Tar Paper" vs. Building Wrap Asphalt Saturation Felt
Traditional Low Permeability 3' Rolls
Building Wrap
Lighter Stronger
UV Resistant Greater Taped = Air Barrier Larger Rolls Higher Permeability
Increased Material Cost; Decreased Labor
357. Testing for RH Hygrometer Reading gives Relative Humidity
358. Today is the final day of classes of the Fall 18 False
Semester. True or False.
359. Top Soil Removal After Vegetation in Work Area is Cleared
Surface Soil (Topsoil) containing Organic Matter (grasses, small roots, organic
nutrients) is Removed
Stockpiled for future use*
360. Tract A tract of land is an identifiable expanse of land. A land tract is generally
boundaried by geological formations, which make the tract simple to describe
and discuss.
It can have multiple owners.
361. Tree Protection Compacting Soil over Roots will Damage the Tree Protect under the tree to
edge of crown
Rule of Thumb 1' Radius for each 1.5" Trunk Diameter
362. Tree Stump Removal All trees within the building footprint or very close to the building must be
removed. Very small trees and brush are cut near the ground and removed from
the site.
Medium-sized and larger trees should be cut above the ground so that
excavators can later use the stumps as leverage when they are removing the
roots.
Do not bury on property: termites, ants, and sinkholes.
363. Turnkey Delivery Method Ready for immediate use.
Constructed so that it can be sold to any buyer as completed.
Ready for customer to move in with limited choices of final finishes, appliances,
fixtures, etc.
Common Usage is "Built on/for Spec."
364. Two Basic Mechanisms Contractors and Owners Competitive Bidding Direct Hire
Develop Contracts
365. The two primary components of a Wood I-Joist Web and Flanges or Chords
are
366. Type of connectors? Nails
Screws
Adhesives
Clips, hangers, plates
367. Types of Soil and ability Types of Soil
Rock (12,000 psf), Gravel (6000 psf),
Sand 2000 psf, Clay (1500 psf), Organic
Soils (0 psf)

Soil-Bearing Pressure=Ability to Carry

Load

Expansion Coefficient=Clay absorbs

water, i.e. high coefficient

Seasonal High-Water Mark=

Determines Degree of Foundation
Waterproofing/Dampproofing Septic
Related Design

Percolation (Perc Test)=Ability of Soil to

Drain Water
Septic Related Design
High Perc Rate = Straight to Aquifer;
Low Perc Rate = Increase Septic Field
Area
368. Typically, in the Conventional Design- Bid - Build Delivery Method the Project a&d
Manager is the liaison between (choose best answer) a) Builder / Owner and Architect
b) Architect and Consultants. c) General Contractor and Sub Contractor. d d)
Architect and General Contractor. e) a, b, & d. f) a & d.
369. U-Factor measures how well a product prevents heat from
escaping. U-Factor ratings generally fall
between 0.10 and 1.20. The lower the U-
Factor, the greater a window's resistance
to heat flow and the better its insulating
value.
370. Underline the true statement(s): According to NAHB: a) Small Sized Contracting a) Small Sized Contracting Companies
Companies account for 93% of single family home contractors, but only construct account for 93% of single family home
39% of all single family homes b) Midsized Contracting Companies construct most of contractors, but only construct 39% of
the Multi-Family Homes in the country c) Large Sized Contracting Companies account all single family homes
for 1.5% of single family home contractors, but construct 40% of all single family c) Large Sized Contracting Companies
homes. account for 1.5% of single family home
contractors, but construct 40% of all
single family homes.
371. Undisturbed Soil? Rule of Thumb is 10 years, but if in doubt = Soil
Engineer
If you dig too deep and replace the soil to
recover the grade, you are adding back soil that
has expanded by as much as 50%.
Under load, it will reconsolidate and cause
settling.
When you replace material, compact it
thoroughly
or use large gravel, ≥11⁄2" gravel is virtually self-
compacting when placed Under Residential
Load it will not compact.
372. Up to _____% of a Buildings Heat Loss/Gain is a result of Infiltration or 40
Exfiltration
373. Use the appropriate term: A _____ aligns the rafters and roof sheathing in a Ridge board
gable roof system. Similarly a _____ takes roof loads and transfers them Ridge Beam
through Ridge Posts / Supports to the foundation.
374. Vented Rain Screen 40" - 60" of Precipitation
Dedicated WRB & Air Space with Vent at Bottom
Back-up line of Defense (Robust)
Examples
Brick veneer with Clear Air Space.
Clapboards or Shingles with Furring Strips.
"Open" at Bottom of Cladding.
375. Ventilated Rain Screen 60" Plus of Precipitation
Back-up line of defense (Maximum) Dedicated
WRB & Air Space with vent at Top & Bottom
Examples
Brick veneer with Clear Air Space
Vent at Top & Bottom of Cladding
376. A Ventilated Rain Screen is the superior methodology used to facilitate True
drying if liquid water penetrates the rain screen and reaches the Drainage
Plane. (True or False)
377. Vinyl Advantages and Disadvantages Advantage
Affordability
Install Skill Level: Varies with Trim Incorporation
Durable
"Fade Resistant"
Capillarity = Zero
"Lower" Maintenance then Painted Substrates
Install incorporates Ventilation

Disadvantage
Brittleness with Age and/or Cold Temperatures
Melting
Trim to Siding Joining Aesthetic Limitations Trim
Detail Profile Limitations
378. Vinyl Frames(+,-,Performance) advantages
Light
Strong Expense "Maintenance Free"
Disadvantages
Limited Colors High Heat = Deformation
Performance
Vinyl has Low Conductivity
Hollow Cavities of vinyl frames can be filled with insulation improving performance
379. Visible Transmittance (VT) measures how much light comes through a product.

is an optical property that indicates the amount of visible light transmitted.

is expressed as a number between 0 and 1

The higher the VT, the more light is transmitted.

380. Water attacks the envelope via Bulk Transport
different transport mechanisms (high Capillarity
to low) Air Transport
Vapor Diffusion
381. Water / Cement (W/C) Ratio Ratio: Weight of Water to the Weight of Cement in a Concrete Mix is Critical
Lowering Proportion of Water to Cement
Increases Strength and Durability Decreases Workability
382. Water & Waste Line Installation 6" to 12" below frost line Minimum of 12" below grade

Minimum distance between trenches = 5'

However, if allowed, water and sewer line can be placed in the same trench
Provided they are separated in elevation, typically by at least 12"
383. Welded Wire Mesh Grid of wires spaced 2 to 12 inches apart.
Lightest Wires are 1⁄8" diameter; Heaviest Wires = 1⁄2 " diameter.
Common size for residential slabs is 6" grid of 1⁄8" wires.
Principal advantage of Welded Wire Mesh over individual bars is Economy of Labor.
384. Wells Massachusetts Minimal setback distances including: Property Line 10'
Public Private Roadway 25'
Right of Way 15'
Stable, Barnyard, Manure Storage 100' Above Ground Storage of Pesticides 100'
Underground Fuel or Pesticide Storage 250'
Title 5 Requirements: Sewer Line / Septic Tank 50' Leaching Field or Dry-well 100' •
Surface Water / Wetlands 25'
385. We need EWP for several Reasons Production of EWP = Less Wood.
Use of Lower Quality Wood, which means Lower Cost. Homogenization of Characteristics
like Stability, Defects. Dimensions like Length or Width do not depend on the Trunk of a
Tree.
386. What are the four primary Cement
components to make concrete? Course or Large Aggregate Fine or Small Aggregate Water
387. What are trusses attached to you? top plate
388. What environmental factor changes Moisture in either the form of liquid (if left unprotected from rain or if the building leaks or
the dimensional shape and size of moisture in the form of water vapor (humidity) in all conditions protected, unprotected,
wood the greatest degree? conditioned environment, unconditioned environment.
389. What is a collar tie? Keeps rafters from bowing out
390. What is Galvanic Action occurs when two electrochemically dissimilar metals
are in contact and a conductive path occurs for
electrons and ions to move from one metal to the
other.
One metal corrodes as its ions are deposited onto the
other metal.
Farther apart more Corrosive.
From anodic to cathodic
aluminum, zinc and galvanized steel, chromium, steel,
stainless steel, cadmium, nickel, tin, lead, brass,
bronze, copper
391. What is kickoff flashing? flashing that redirects water from the roof away from
the adjacent wall
392. What is Light-Frame Construction? System of construction using small and closely
spaced members (standardized dimensional lumber
or light-steel) that can be assembled with either nail
or screw fasteners.
393. What is Soil Testing? Provides subsurface condition information and data
(classification, unit weight, moisture content) for
foundation system design.
If Suspect:
Soils should be investigated by a soil scientist or
capable engineer to determine capacity of soil to
support loads & drain
10
Test Borings or Nuclear Gauge taken at Various Spots
Location of Structure Drainage Points
394. What is the diameter of #5 rebar? 5/8"
395. What is the difference between Prescriptive Code compliance and A Prescriptive Code requires that each component is
Performance Code compliance? built to a certain standard, e.g. Wall R-value at least
20.
A Performance Code requires that the building as a
whole performs to a certain standard, e.g. uses less
energy than the same building built to prescriptive
code.
396. What is the Drainage Plane for Roofs? Underlayments
397. When framing a horizontal R.O. within a floor diaphragm, a framing Trimmers and Headers
contractor will use:
398. When referencing a floor system, a Girder is a horizontal structural True
support member to which the floor joists can either attach to at the same
height, typically accomplished with hangers or floor joists can rest on
top. True or False
399. When reroofing it is permissible not to tear off (remove) a pre-existing True
asphalt roof, if that layer of roofing is the sole layer of roofing on the
building. (True or False)
400. Which of the following are true d. a&bareFalse
a. Clapboard Installations are Drainage Planes
b. Vinyl Siding Installations are Drainage Planes
c. a&bareTrue
d. a&bareFalse
e. a is True; b is False
f. a is False; b is True
401. Which of the following is true about jack rafters? c. They vary in length
a. They are uniform in length
b. They act as load-bearing supports for hip and valley rafters
c. They vary in length
d. None of the Above
402. Which of the following typically are not included in a set of site plan
"Stock Plans"? a) Specifications. b) Site Plan. c) Floor Plans.
403. Which of the following wall scenarios require Stack Single Top Plate
Construction:
404. While both can cause damage, the one that can cause the most mass transport
movement in the quickest amount of time is ______
405. Why is tear off mandatory, if there are two older roofs on the Additional weight of the third roof would exceed the designed
building: load capacity of the roof.
406. Why Soil Testing? All Foundations settle to some Extent
Soil around and Beneath Foundations Adjust to Loads
Uniform Settlement causes No Harm because all Parts Move in
Uniform
Differential Settlement does Cause Damage Damage to Slabs,
Floors, Walls, Doors, & Windows
Variability Of Soils Can Cause Differential Settlement
407. A _______ will be required in ____ (Aesthetics?) Headroom is Finished Soffit
always in consideration. Finished Spaces
408. A windows ___ is Dependent on its Frame. U-Factor
409. With this slope it is within code to install asphalt shingles on False
this roof and
eliminate the Ice and Water Shield. True or False
410. Wood Advantages Easy to Work with Easy to Fasten & Connect Readily Available
Renewable Material
411. Wood Disadvantages Decays (Food Source for Fungi*) Burns
Insect Susceptible Dimensionally Unstable
412. Wood Frames (+,-,Performance) Advantages
Traditional Light Strong Expense
Disadvantages
Maintenance
Performance
Storm Windows improve Performance Historic Storms
413. Wood I Joists Flanges of the members may be made from Solid Lumber or
LVL. Webs consist of Plywood or OSB,
Pre-punch with cutouts for ducts and other services in
structurally safe locations.
Lighter, Stronger, Stiffer, Straighter, Dimensionally more Stable, &
Longer Clear Spans than Conventional Rafters and Joists
Less Labor than Conventional.
414. Wood I Joists Disadvantages expense
Requires Technical Assistance
Careful Storage
Poor Matching Up to Dimensional
Lumber All sizes not stocked
415. Wood I Joists Strength and math Top Flange = Compression
Bottom Flange = Tension
Web Bending
*Increase Depth x 2 = 4x Strong (fB)
; 8 x Stiffness (E) Increase Width x 2
= 2x Strong (fB) ; 0 x Stiffness (E)
Deflection is 1/16" vs. 1/2"
Increase Depth is Cost Effective.
Allows for more insulation.
Reduces Thermal Bridging by 1/3
416. Wood Panel Products Non Structural: Fiberboard and
particle board
Structural: OSB and CLT
Both: Plywood
417. Wood Shrinkage Anisotropic = a physical property
that has a different value when
measured in different directions.
Tangential (Tangent to Growth
Rings) 8-10%
Radial (Perpendicular to Growth
Rings) @ 4% Longitudinal (Parallel
to Growth Rings) ≤ 1%
418. Wood Siding Advantages and Disadvantages Advantage
Traditional Affection
Durable (Varies with Species) Insect
Resistance (Some Species)
Unlimited Trim Geometries &
Species

Disadvantage
Expense (Both Materials & Labor)
Install Skill Level Increased++
Maintenance
419. ______ would be an appropriate use for an LVL Window and Door Header
420. You are a Developer / Builder who has done successful projects in the U.S. Northeast and c) U.S. Census Bureau
wish to expand your opportunities to the U.S. Southeast. To research and determine
marketing strategies in this new region you know that the best sort of data to help define
program for your projects is available at
421. You are a General Contractor who has hired a Framing Contractor to do the framing of a new Yes, this is not an acceptable
house (this involves construction of all structural floors, walls, and roofs including installation grade to be used on exterior
of necessary plywood sheathing). The Framing Contractor is responsible for supplying all sheathing and could only be
labor and all materials to execute their contract. While visiting the site you are inside the used inside of the buildings
building and notice on the interior side of the plywood that is part of the exterior sheathing envelope. The grade stamp
you notice "Exposure INT" on the plywood stamp. applies to both sides of the
Is there a problem? Yes or No. What is the problem? What is the solution? plywood.
Solution is to replace with the
correct grade. Exposure EXT
422. You are constructing a roof with a 5 in 12 Slope in Zone 5. This pitch is False
considered a Low-Sloped Roof. True or False
423. You are designing a typical Full Basement Foundation wall that will be 8' high, 10" thick, 32' Footing Depth: 10"
Long. Using Rule of Thumb, what are the dimensions you will specify for? Footing Width: 20"
Footing Depth:
Footing Width:
424. You are the Project Manager working on the restoration of an 1850 Brick Building, which is in False
need of repointing. You should repoint the walls using a contemporary mortar with a higher
compressive strength than the original mortar in order to increase the building's structurally
stability. (T/F)
425. You purchase a lot in an R2 District from a developer with the intent of hiring a contractor, The Local Municipality
who has built multiple houses in this area, to build a new home for your family. Zoning
Ordinances read that any structure in an R2 district must have a minimum setback from the
road of 30 feet. What agency is in charge of establishing this regulation?
426. You're checking the roof sheathing. Which of the following should you NOT see? b. Four corners that meet.
a. A row started with a full panel.
b. Four corners that meet.
c. A row started with a half panel.
d. None of the Above
427. Zip System Sheathing (Roof and Wall) when properly installed and taped is popular within the Performs as sheathing to
AEC Industry because it performs four functions. Name two of them: provide lateral stability
Performs as an Air Barrier
Performs as a Drainage Plane
Performs as a Vapor Retarder
428. Zoning: can you change it? Zoning Board of Appeal -
Variance Must maintain Health,
Safety and Welfare Cannot be
Arbitrary or Capricious
Reasonable and Consistent
Hardship
Zoning Board of Appeal -
Special Exemption Allows
Alternative Use
No Hardship
Zoning Board of Appeal -
Amendment Wholly Change
Ordinance Governing Body:
Voluntarily or Court Action
429. Zoning: What does it Lot Size Setback Frontage Structure Height Minimum House Size Maximum House Size Accessory Use
Control? Animals Parking Lighting Landscaping
430. Zoning: What does it Defines Building Type
do? Defines Land Use
Divides Municipality into Districts
Residential: where we live Commercial: where we shop and work
Industrial: where goods are produce Agricultural: where food is produced
District Types have Sub Categories
e.g. R-1, R-2, R-3
431. Zoning: Who controls Planning Board or Commission writes the Regulations
it? Regulations are Legally Binding controlling both Individual Sites and Subdivisions
432. Zoning: Why we need Protects General Health, Safety, Wellbeing of Community Protects Rights of Individuals
it? Protects Property Values
Always at the Municipality Level