J. Trop. Agric. and Fd. Sc. 46(1)(2018): 55 – 63 F.

Abdullah

Variability in fruit characteristics of Chokanan mango

(Mangifera indica L.)
[Kepelbagaian ciri-ciri buah mangga Chokanan (Mangifera indica L.)]

F. Abdullah1
1Director General’s Office, MARDI Arau, Lot PT 3747, Jalan Tambun Tulang, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
This study was conducted with the aim to evaluate the characteristics of
Chokanan mango at harvest. The Chokanan fruits were harvested from selected
trees in commercial mango plot at Sintok MARDI Research Station, Kedah,
Malaysia. Data on the fruit characteristics such as weight, length (L), width (W),
thickness (T) and total soluble solid (TSS, °Brix) were measured and recorded for
13 weeks. The results revealed high significant differences (p <0.001) in terms
of recorded weight, W, L, T, size (W x L x T) and TSS of the Chokanan fruits
among the selected trees. The mean value of the fruits weight at harvest ranged
from 120 to 380 g and TSS ranged from 14.5 ºBrix to 22.8 ºBrix. In the present
study, the distribution of fruits weight was skewed to the left indicating larger
percentage of smaller fruits, but normal distribution was recorded for the TSS.
Apart from that, high significant correlation (R2 >0.80) was found in the weight
and size, L, W and T of the fruits. However, the weight and size of Chokanan
were inversely correlated with TSS. The coefficient of variation (cv) differed
among the harvested trees with the highest were recorded on weight and size of
fruits (cv = 9.5 and 11.4, respectively). Finally, the possible causes of variability
of Chokanan fruits were reported and discussed.

Keywords: fruit weight, size, total soluble solid, fruit distribution

Introduction juice, fresh salad and dry snack. Chokanan

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of
the popular tropical fruits in the Northern
Region of Malaysia, especially in Perak,
Kedah and Perlis. In the year of 2014, an
estimated of 5,283 ha area has been planted
with mango trees in Malaysia (Anon. 2016).
The highest mango planting area is in Perak
with 1,274.8 ha. In Malaysia, most mango
trees are widely grown as commercial mixed
home gardens (Tengku Ab. Malik 2000c).
Besides consumed fresh, local mangoes
are also used for food processing, such as
is one of the mango cultivars that have
been commercially planted in Malaysia.
Originated from Thailand (Chintanawong
et al. 2001), this type of mango cultivar
has good external appearance with golden
yellow skin when ripe and sweet taste
with high TSS content (Zainal Abidin and
Tengku Ab. Malik 1996b). Even though
Chokanan mango is well accepted by the
consumers in Malaysia, fruits produced
at harvest were highly variable and it is
believed that it may directly or indirectly

Article history Author's full names: Fadhilnor Abdullah

Received:19.4.17
Accepted:1.9.17
E-mail: fadhil@mardi.gov.my
©Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute 2018

55
Variability in fruit characteristics of Chokanan mango
affect consumer preferences. Also, the
characteristics of Chokanan fruits such
as weight, size and sweetness at harvest
were highly variable between trees and
season. To the researchers’ knowledge, no
study has looked into the variation on fruit
characteristics or morphological traits of
this type of mango. Only a few publications
on the effect of preharvest and postharvest
factors on local mango cultivars have been
reported (e.g. Mohd Azhar et al. 2013;
Pauziah Muda et al. 2014). It is noteworthy
that the knowledge of correlations within
the fruit traits is beneficial in order to
improve breeding selection, which focuses
on special traits such as the size and colour
of the fruit. Apart from that, the assessment
of variability that present in this fruit crop
may be useful to improve the breeding
programme, especially in developing
suitable variety for better yield and
quality. Also, this information is of utmost
importance for the enhancement of cultural
management of mango (Tengku Ab. Malik
et al. 2000c; Léchaudel and Joas 2007).
Given such a backdrop, the present study
was undertaken to evaluate the variability
of Chokanan mango fruit at harvest. Hence,
the possible reason for the variability of
Chokanan fruit characteristics were reported
and discussed.
Materials and methods
Study site and growing condition
This study was carried out during fruiting
season at Sintok MARDI Research Station,
Bukit Kayu Hitam, Kedah, Malaysia. The
five-year-old Chokanan trees were planted
at 12 m x 12 m distance and managed under
standard normal horticultural practices for
mango in the Northern Region of Malaysia
(Tengku Ab. Malik et al. 1996). Based on
the standard nursery propagation method in
Malaysia, the trees were cleft grafted onto
seedling rootstock cv. Telur. As regards the
present study, twenty fruits per tree were
randomly harvested on the selected trees
(eleven trees) at 13 weeks after fruit setting.
56
The fruits were ripened by means of using
standard practice, i.e. using calcium carbide
induction method (Tengku Ab. Malik
et al. 1996).
Measurement of fruit characteristics
Digital balancing was used to measure
the fruit weight (g) at harvest (Satorius,
ELT6000). The characteristics of fruits
such as length-L (mm), width-W (mm) and
thickness-T (mm) were measured using
digital calliper (Mitutoyo, Digimatic Calliper
Series 500). The size of fruits expressed
by L x W x T was also calculated and total
soluble solid (TSS) was measured by using
handheld Refractometer (Atago Model DBX
-55, Japan). A few drops of solid liquid
from the sampled fruits were applied to
the measuring surface of the prism and the
results displayed on the screen panel were
recorded in ºBrix.
Statistical analysis
All the data were manually recorded in
an Excel spreadsheet and summarised
using Pivot Table Microsoft Excel. The
ANOVA procedure of SAS (version 9.0,
SAS Institute Inc., NC USA) was used
to carry out the analysis and the mean
separation were compared by using Duncan
Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at p = 0.05.
The correlation matrix between variables
in this study was analysed using Pearson
Correlation Coefficients in SAS to identify
the interaction among the characteristics.
The distributions of selected variables were
analysed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov at the
95% significance level (9.0, SAS Institute
Inc., NC USA). Data for the general
characteristics, correlation and distribution
analyses were conducted on pooled data
from all trees.
Results and discussion
The general characteristics of fruits
The weight of fruits ranged from 120
– 380 g with an average fruit weight of
200.9 g. The length (L), width (W) and
 F. Abdullah

thickness (T) of Chokanan fruits varied is closely approximated to the normal

from 7.8 mm to 13.4 mm, 5.3 mm to 8.3
mm, and 4.4 mm to 6.6 mm, respectively.
In addition, the size of Chokanan fruit
expressed by L x W x T ranged from 215
mm3 to 723 mm3 (Table 1). The average of
TSS was 18.8 ºBrix and ranged from 14.5
ºBrix to 22.8 ºBrix. Figure 1 presents the
distribution and descriptive statistics of fruit
weight and TSS. The fruit size distributions
(Figure 1a) of Chokanan cultivars (n = 220)
into six different classes showed a skewed
distribution curve to the left indicating larger
percentage of smaller fruit (i.e. more than
30% is smaller than 250 g).
As demonstrated in Figure 1a, this
result was confirmed by the statistical
significance (p <0.01) on the distribution
analysis. In contrast, the distribution of
TSS into nine different classes (Figure 1b)
distribution (p >0.15) with more than 50%
TSS higher than 18% °Brix.
The researchers deemed that the
correlation studies between the selected
traits of the crop will be of the breeders’
interest in planning the hybridization
programme and evaluating the individual
plants in segregating populations. Based on
the correlation matrix analysis (Table 2),
high significant correlation (p <0.0001) was
discovered among the fruits characteristics
of Chokanan mango. With regards to the
present study, the size of Chokanan fruits
was correlated well with fruit weight
(Table 2). The highest correlation coefficient
was recorded between fruit weight and
size (R2 = 0.96, Table 2), suggesting that
the yield per tree of Chokanan mango can
be predicted by simple measurement of L,

Table 1. The general characteristics of Chokanan mango fruits at harvest (n = 220)

Ranged Standard Standard

Fruit characteristics Means
(min – max) deviation error (±)
Fruit weight (g) 200.9 120 – 380 51.2 ± 4.9
Fruit length - L (mm) 10.6 7.8 – 13.4 1.1 ± 0.1
Fruit width - W (mm) 6.2 5.3 – 8.3 0.6 ± 0.1
Fruit thickness - T (mm) 5.2 4.4 – 6.6 0.5 ± 0.0
Fruit size (L xW x T) (mm3) 349.0 215.0 – 722.7 100.1 ± 9.5
TSS (°Brix) 18.8 14.5 – 22.8 1.9 ± 0.2

Table 2. Correlation coefficients among different fruit characteristics in Chokanan mango

Fresh Fruit-L Fruit-W Fruit-T TSS Fruit

Fruit
weight (mm) (mm) (mm) (ºBrix) size
characteristics
(g) (L x W x T)
Fruit weight (g) -
Fruit-L (mm) 0.85*** -
Fruit-W (mm) 0.80*** 0.63*** -
Fruit-T (mm) 0.91*** 0.65*** 0.75*** -
TSS (ºBrix) -0.37*** -0.45*** -0.30** -0.24* -
Fruit size (L x W x T) 0.96*** 0.86*** 0.89*** 0.90*** -0.39*** -
*significant at p = 0.05, **significant at p = 0.01 and ***significant at p = 0.0001 according to Pearson
Correlation Coefficients Analysis (9.0, SAS Institute Inc., NC USA)

57
Variability in fruit characteristics of Chokanan mango

50 25
(a) Mean = 200.9 g Mean = 18.8 °Brix
(b)
SD = 51.2 SD = 1.9
Distribution test (p <0.01) Distribution test (p >0.150)
40 n = 220 n = 220
20
Frequency of fruit weight (%)

30
15

Frequency of TSS (%)

20
10

10
5

0
100 – 149
150 – 199
200 – 249
250 – 299
300 – 349
350 – 399

0
14 – 15
15 – 16
16 – 17
17 – 18
18 – 19
19 – 20
20 – 21
21 – 22
22 – 23
Range of fruit weight (g)
Range of TSS (°Brix)
Figure 1. Percentages of fruit distributed into (a) different range of fruit weight (g) and (b)
different range of total soluble solid (°Brix)

W and T of fruits. It is worthy of note that compared to bigger fruits size. As soluble
fruit size is an important factor influencing solid and sugar content are related to dry
mango orchard profitability due to the fact matter content (Saranwong et al. 2004;
that mango fruit in Malaysia is normally Léchaudel and Joas 2007), it would also
graded by the size (the economic value of be reasonable to suggest that smaller fruit
a fruit). For future study, estimating yield size of Chokanan mango may have higher
from equations using simple measurements dry matter content compared to bigger fruit
of L, W and T of fruits could be employed size. Thus, it would be interesting for future
as a non-destructive alternative method for study to evaluate the dry matter content
assessing mango yield at the orchard level. of Chokanan fruits by specifically looking
Additionally, weight and size of into whether there is a relationship with the
Chokanan fruit were positively correlated different individual size. Since dry matter
with L, W and T of fruits (R2 >0.80, content is also related to the fruit quality
p <0.0001). However, they were inversely attribute (Saranwong et al. 2004; Léchaudel
correlated with TSS (Table 2). A general and Joas 2007), smaller size Chokanan fruits
trend indicating that higher fruit weight is deemed to be graded as unmarketable fruit
and size may contain lower TSS (Figure and discarded for marketing. Nevertheless,
2a and b) was also observed. Although the further study is still needed to evaluate
correlations are weaker (R2 = 0.14 and 0.16), this aspect of Chokanan and other tropical
these trends suggest that Chokanan fruits mango cultivars.
with smaller size and less weight tended to
have higher soluble solid and sugar content

58
 F. Abdullah

25
(a) (b)

20
Total soluble solid (°Brix)

15

y = -0.0139x + 21.604 y = -0.0076x + 21.457

(R2 = 0.14) (R2 = 0.16)
10
100 200 300 400 500 200 400 600 800

Fruit weight (g) Fruit size (L x W x T)

Figure 2. The relationship between total soluble solid (TSS, °Brix) and
(a) fruit weight (g) and (b) fruit size (L x W x T) of Chokanan mango

Fruit characteristics among trees significantly different (p <0.0001) among

Various sizes and shapes of Chokanan the trees (Table 3). It is evidenced in the
mango fruits were found during harvest present study that the mean value for L, W
(Figure 3). The coefficient of variation (cv) and T of Chokanan mango are slightly lower
also differed among the harvested trees than the observation made by Speer and
(Table 3) with the highest were recorded Müller (2011). They found that the mean
on weight and size of fruits (cv = 9.5 and value of L, W and T of Chokanan mango
11.4, respectively). These results imply in Thailand were around 115.8 mm, 74.0
that the fruit weight and size had higher mm and 64.3 mm, respectively (Speer and
amounts of genetic variability compared to Müller 2011). The differences in results
other characteristics (Table 3). Notably, the were due to the differences in the number of
weight, L, W, T and TSS of fruits among the samples collected, cultural management and
trees were significantly different (p <0.0001) environmental condition.
(Table 3). The highest mean fruit weight The largest fruit size was obtained
was recorded in trees R24T21, followed by from the trees with code number R24T21,
R1T17 and R7T15 with more than 200 g. followed by R1T17 and R7T15 with the size
According to Tengku Ab. Malik (1996), the value of 58,303.2 mm3, 45,452.8 mm3 and
standard fruit weight of Chokanan mango 40,769.3 mm3, respectively (Table 3 and
in Malaysia ranged from 250 g to 350 g. Figure 3). Depending on the environmental
In the present study, 82% of the observed condition, the accumulation of water and
trees produced fruits that are weight less dry matter in mango is in the various parts
than 250 g. In Thailand, the fruit weight of of fruits, for example the skin, stone and
more than 300 g is considered as the highest flesh during fruit growing stage that may
weight class and the weight below 200 g influence the final size (Léchaudel et al.
is classified as not marketable (Speer et al. 2002). It has been reported that the crop
2007). In addition to this result, the size load may affect the final fruit size of mango
(L x W x T) of Chokanan fruits was also (Bally 2007). Therefore, it is suggested that

59
Variability in fruit characteristics of Chokanan mango

3 cm
R1T17 R6T28 R7T15
R19T15 R6T27

R13T11 R21T10 R23T10 R24T21 R25T16 R27T11

Figure 3. Variability of fruit size and shape of Chokanan mango at harvest

(Scale: 1 section black or white equal to 3 cm)

Table 3. Comparison of the characteristics of Chokanan mango fruits at ripening stage from different
individual trees

Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Total soluble Fruit size

Tree code weight length-L width-W thickness-T solid (L x W x T)
(g) (mm) (mm) (mm) (ºBrix) (mm3)
R1T17 256.0 b 111.3 c 69.1 b 59.1 b 18.2 bc 45452.8 b
R6T27 196.0 d 102.1 d 59.8 cdef 51.8 de 20.9 a 31626.9 d
R6T28 144.0 f 88.3 e 55.9 f 50.5 def 20.8 a 24926.6 f
R7T15 237.0 c 117.9 b 63.8 c 54.2 c 18.6 bc 40769.3 c
R13T11 162.0 f 103.3 d 56.8 f 47.1 g 17.7 c 27635.6 ef
R19T15 180.0 def 101.7 d 59.8 cdef 50.1 ef 19.4 b 30469.1 de
R21T10 163.0 f 92.1 e 57.8 ef 49.5 f 18.6 bc 26137.8 f
R23T10 176.0 ef 105.4 d 59.2 def 48.9 f 16.6 d 30512.0 de
R24T21 315.0 a 127.4 a 74.9 a 61.1 a 16.3 d 58303.2 a
R25T16 183.0 de 103.1 d 63.3 c 51.8 de 18.5 bc 33805.9 d
R27T11 197.0 d 105.1 d 61.6 cde 52.5 dc 21.1 a 33989.3 d
CV 9.51 5.18 7.05 3.84 6.32 11.41
Significance p <0.0001 p <0.0001 p <0.0001 p <0.0001 p <0.0001 p <0.0001
*Means followed by similar letter within columns are not significantly different according to Duncan
Multiple range Test (DMRT) at p = 0.05
CV – Coefficient of variation

60

future studies should focus on evaluating
the relationship between fruit size and crop
load in tropical mango. In addition, as,
manipulation on the fruit growth is also
required in order to increase the percentage
of bigger fruit since tropical mango such as
Chokanan is graded by size. Hence, this will
help the growers to get higher income.
From the breeding perspective, one
possibility is to grow a selected Chokanan
accession with an inherent ability to produce
big fruit. Even though an attempt has
been made to breed and select a potential
Chokanan accession (e.g. Mohd Azhar et al.
2013), conventional breeding of mango fruit
trees is still constrained to certain inherent
characteristics, such as long juvenile period
and complex reproductive biology (Iyer and
Degani 1997).
Also, it was reported that the choice
of rootstocks and interstock may affect
the fruit quality and yield of mango, as
discovered on tropical cultivars such as
Masmuda and Harumanis (Ahmad Tarmizi
et al. 2005; Tengku Ab. Malik 2000a; b)
and other mango cultivars (Avilán et al.
1996; Smith et al.1996; 2003). To date,
the effect of rootstock on fruit quality of
Chokanan and other tropical mangoes is still
unknown. Nonetheless, considerable effort
has been made to study this matter in recent
year (e.g. Fadhilnor 2016). Other important
characteristics in mango are TSS and sugar
contents, which are related to dry matter
content (Léchaudel and Joas 2007). In the
present study, it was found that TSS (°Brix)
of Chokanan mango varied significantly
(p <0.0001) among trees (Table 3).
Generally, the TSS of Chokanan mango
is between 16 and 17 °Brix (Zainal Abidin
and Tengku Ab. Malik 1996b). The result
from the present study indicated that fruits
from some trees tended to produce higher
TSS up to 21 °Brix (Table 3). Similarly,
Mohd Azhar et al. (2013) also found that a
few selected Chokanan accessions produced
higher TSS. Dry matter content in mango
mainly consists of carbohydrates and almost
60% compounds are sugar and acids (Ueda
F. Abdullah
et al. 2000). Both compounds contributed
to the sweetness and acidity of the mango
fruits (Malundo et al. 2001). It is noteworthy
that the carbohydrate level in mango fruit
is dependent on the amount produced by
leaf photosynthesis and the availability of
the reserve pool, and also sink demand
(Léchaudel and Joas 2007). However,
in most tropical mango cultivars, the
knowledge of these aspects is still wanting.
As regards tropical mango, it is worth
highlighting that the source of variation
for fruit characteristics within a tree,
such as limb position, canopy position
and fruit position within a cluster have
not been characterised. The researchers
strongly believe that various factors such as
environmental condition (i.e. light, canopy
management and crop load) and pre-harvest
cultural practices may influence the final
quality of tropical mango (Léchaudel and
Joas 2007). Moreover, phenotypic variation
of Chokanan mango fruits could also be
affected by genetic effect of maternal plants
as found in the present study. Therefore, to
improve the manipulation of quantitative
and qualitative traits of tropical mango
trees, these aspects warrant further study in
the future.
Furthermore, information with regards
to fruit and tree variability is a prerequisite
for the cultivar improvement or breeding
purposes. The phenotypic variability among
fruit characteristics provides an indication
of potential genotypic variability. Further
research to explore more on phenotypic and
genotypic characteristics in tropical mango
trees is of utmost importance.
Conclusion
It is of advantageous to breeders to know
the information of variability that is
available in some important economic traits
and their heritability in order to improve
breeding programmes for tropical mango.
Overall, it was found that the characteristics
of Chokanan mango at harvest were highly
variable and this supported the review by
the Léchaudel and Joas (2007).
61
Variability in fruit characteristics of Chokanan mango
As highlighted in the literature,
variation in fruit characteristics of mango at
harvest is believed to affect the final quality
and consumer preferences. The results
of the present study can be employed for
further evaluation on breeding program of
Chokanan cultivar. Furthermore, similar
studies on other local mango cultivars
such as Harumanis and Sala are needed
in order to gain information on preharvest
and postharvest factors that may affect the
quality of local mango cultivars in Malaysia.
Acknowledgements
The researchers would like to express their
deepest appreciation to Mdm. Normah
Ahmad, Mr. Ahmad Mahdzir Ahmad, Mr.
Abdul Aziz Abu Seman, Mr. Ros Shahidan
Abd Aziz, Mr. Hamdan Zainon and Mr.
Hassan Abu of Sintok MARDI Research
Station for their technical assistance. This
project was sponsored by Horticultural
Development Project MARDI 2008
(Research Grant No. J-JH017).
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Abstrak
Kajian ini dijalankan bertujuan untuk menilai ciri-ciri buah mangga Chokanan
semasa tuaian. Buah Chokanan tersebut dituai daripada pokok yang terpilih di
plot mangga komersial di Stesen Penyelidikan MARDI Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia.
Data ciri-ciri buah seperti berat, panjang (L), lebar (W), ketebalan (T) buah-
buahan dan jumlah larut pepejal TSS (°Brix) telah diukur dan direkodkan pada
minggu ke-13. Keputusan kajian menunjukkan perbezaan yang bererti (p <0.001)
telah direkodkan pada berat buah, W, L, T, saiz (W x L x T) dan TSS daripada
buah Chokanan di antara pokok. Berat minimum buah yang dituai adalah di
antara 120 – 380 g dan TSS adalah di antara 14.5 ºBrix dan 22.8 ºBrix. Kajian
ini mendapati bahawa taburan berat buah telah condong ke kiri dan menunjukkan
bahawa peratusan yang lebih besar untuk buah yang kecil, tetapi taburan
normal dicatatkan bagi TSS. Selain itu, hubungan yang amat bererti (R2 >0.80)
telah diperoleh antara berat dan saiz, L, W dan T buah. Walau bagaimanapun,
perhubungan yang songsang telah dikaitkan antara berat buah dan saiz Chokanan
dengan TSS. Di samping itu, pekali variasi (cv) juga berbeza antara pokok-pokok
dengan berat dan saiz buah menunjukkan catatan yang tertinggi (cv = 9.5 dan
11.4, masing-masing). Akhir sekali, kemungkinan dan punca kepelbagaian ciri-
ciri buah Chokanan turut dilaporkan dan dibincangkan.

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