BEE EXPERIMENTS

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

POINTERS TO FOLLOW:
• This document contains all the discussion ques. along with
the answers categorized according to their experiments.
• The document also contains ques. that are not only
involved in the lab but in the theory subject too.
• Also, Ctrl+F is always there.

MAY ‘21

Page | 1
 EXPERIMENT – I
VERIFICATIONS OF OHM’S LAW

Q1. Write definition of Ohm’s law. Express Ohm’s law in term of V, I and R.
Ohm’s law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly
proportional to the voltage across the two points.
According to ohm’s law: -
V(voltage)= I(current) ×R(resistance)
The SI unit of resistance is ohms and is denoted by Ω.

Q2. State the applications of Ohm’s law.

1. To determine the voltage, resistance or current of an electric circuit.
2. To maintain the desired voltage drop across the electronic component.
3. Used in DC ammeter and other DC shunts to divert the current.

Q3. State whether Ohm’s law should true for both DC and AC circuits.
Ohm's Law is valid for both direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC). But in AC circuits
consisting of purely resistive elements, the current and voltage are always in phase with each
other.

Q4. A Charging system producing 14.5 Volts with a current flow of 43.5 Amps, what is
the circuit resistance?
A.T.Q.,
V=14.5v
I=43.5A
Using formula: - V=IR
R=14.5/43.5 = 0.33 Ω

Q5. What is a unit resistance?

1 Ohm is defined as the resistance of a conductor with a potential difference of 1 volt applied
to the ends through which 1-ampere current flows.

Q6.
What is positive temperature coefficient of a conductor?
A positive coefficient for a material means that its resistance increases with an increase in
temperature.

Q7. State which material has negative temperature coefficient?

Semiconductor materials typically have negative temperature coefficients of resistance.
EX. – Carbon, Silicon, Germanium

Q8.
Mention the effect of temperature on resistance?
Increase in the temperature results in increase in the amplitude of vibration of atoms as a result
of which the number of collisions among the electrons and atom increases, and hence resistance
increases.

Page | 2
Q9. What is resistivity?
The electrical resistivity of a material is the measure of how strongly the material opposes the
flow of current. The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm⋅ metre (Ω⋅ m). It is commonly
represented by the Greek letter ρ, rho.

Q10.
Reciprocal of resistance is conductance.

Page | 3
 EXPERIMENT – II
VERIFICATION OF KVL & KCL

Q.1. Define KVL?

Ans: KVL states that at any instant the algebraic sum of voltages around a closed loop or
circuit is zero.

Q.2. What is the difference between a loop and a mesh?

Ans: A loop is defined as any closed path in a circuit, while a mesh is an elementary loop, i.e.
the smallest loop which can’t be divided further.

Q.3. Define KCL?

Ans: KCL states that the algebraic sum of currents meeting at a junction in a circuit is zero.

Q.4. What is the difference between a node and a junction?

Ans: A point at which two or more elements are joints together is called node. While a point
where three or more branches meet together is called a junction.

Q.5. What is Current Divider Rule (CDR)?

Ans: CDR states the method of distribution of current in a parallel circuit, into the different
paths.

Q.6. What is Voltage Divider Rule (VDR)?

Ans: VDR states the method of distribution of voltage among different resistoror loads in a
series circuit.

Q.7. What do you mean by dependent and independent voltage sources?

Ans: Independent voltage sources are ideal voltage sources, whose value depends only upon
source , while those sources whose value depends upon magnitude and direction of current
are known as Dependent voltage sources.

Q.8. Differentiate between ideal and non-ideal current sources?

Page | 4
Ans: An ideal current source does not have an internal resistance whereas a non-ideal current
source has an internal resistance which affects the value of the current flowing in the circuit.

Q.9. Differentiate between ideal and non-ideal voltage sources?

Ans: Ideal Voltage sources are those sources whose value is unaffected by any other factor
whereas the voltage from non-ideal voltage source gets affected by magnitude and direction
of current.

Q.10. Define super node?

Ans: The two ends of a voltage source are not independent nodes, as one node voltage can be
determined using the other node voltage and source voltage. These two end nodes and
voltage node together are called Super node.

Page | 5
 EXPERIMENT – III
(A) UNDERSTANDING ELECTRICITY (ENERGY) METER AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION
OF DIFFERENT HOME APPLIANCES.
(B) MAKE SIMPLE DC CIRCUITS WITH CELLS, LAMPS AND SWITCHES

(A)

1. How do you measure power?

Ans: The dimension of power is energy divided by time. In the International System of Units
(SI), the unit of power is the watt (W), which is equal to one joule per second. Other common
and traditional measures are horsepower(hp), comparing to the power of a horse; one
mechanical horsepower equals about 745.7 watts.

2. State the difference between watt-meter and an energy meter?

Ans: The significant difference between the Watt-meter and the energy meter is that the
Watt-meter measures the electrical power flows in the circuit, whereas the energy meter
measures the total electrical energy consumes by the electrical load.The Joules (unit of
energy) is the product of the watt (unit of power) and time.

3. What is an energy meter?

Ans: An electricity meter, electric meter, electrical meter, or energy meter is a device that
measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a residence, a business, or an
electrically powered device. Electric utilities use electric meters installed at customers'
premises for billing and monitoring purposes

4. What are the types of energy meter?

Ans: Basically three types of energy meters are present.

⚫ Electro Mechanical Induction Type Energy Meter. It consists of rotatingaluminum disc

mounted on a spindle between two electro magnets.
⚫ Electronic Energy Meter.
⚫ Smart Energy Meters.

The following factors are taken into consideration:

• Types of displays analog or digital electric meter.
• Types of metering points: secondary transmission, grid, local and primary distribution.
• End applications like commercial, industrial, and domestic purpose
• Technical aspects like single phases, three phases, High Tension (HT), Low Tension (LT)
and accuracy class materials.

Page | 6
5. When does the disc on the spindle rotate with a constant speed?
Ans: In CAV mode, the spindle motor turns at a constant speed, which makes the medium
pass by the read/write head faster when the head is positioned at the outside of the disk.

6. The operating torque is directly proportional to speed, state true or false.

Ans: True

(B)
1. Why internal resistance of ideal voltage source is 0 and why it is infinity for
ideal current source?

Ans: An ideal current source would provides no energy to a short circuit and
approaches infinite energy and voltage as the load resistance approaches infinity (an open
circuit). An ideal current source has an infinite output impedance in parallel with the source.
The internal resistance of an ideal current source is infinite.

2. Why the internal resistance would be shown in series for ideal voltage source and the
same would be shown in parallel for ideal current source?
Ans: We put a resistance in series with the source because the output voltage will vary with
the load by a simple voltage divider equation. Whereas, if we modelled our source with a
resistor in parallel, then the output voltage would always be our ideal voltage (1V below) -
not a useful model.

3. What happens if ideal ammeter is connected in parallel with the load?

Ans: An ammeter has a very low internal resistance. So, if it is connected in parallel with a
load, it will short-out that load in resulting a high current flowing through the ammeter may
severely damage the ammeter (and possible harm the user), although most are fitted with
fuses to protect them.

4. What happens if ideal voltmeter is connected in series with the load?

Ans: Voltmeter has very high resistance to ensure that its connection does not alter flow of
current in the circuit. Now if it is connected in series then no current will be there in the
circuit due to its high resistance.

Page | 7
5. Do we connect different loads in series with the supply or parallel? Why?
Ans: We connect the loads in parallel. In the parallel system, each of the load elements is
connected across the same terminals, therefore each has the same voltage drop. The electric
power supplied to each load is equal to V^2/R. As long as the power supply maintains
enough voltage, it can handle any time of loads simultaneously. Voltage across each resistor
is the same as the voltage across the parallel combination.

Page | 8
 EXPERIMENT – IV
VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

1. State super position theorem?

Ans. The superposition theorem states that “in a linear circuit, containing more than one
independent sources (which include equivalent sources due to initial conditions), the overall
response (that is the current through or voltage across) in any branch is equal to the sum of the
response due to each independent source acting one at a time with all other ideal independent
sources set equal to zero”

2. What is the meaning of linear network?

Ans. A network in which the parameters of resistance, inductance, and capacitance are
constant with respect to current or voltage, and in which the voltage or current of sources is
independent of or directly proportional to other voltages and currents, or their derivatives, in
the network is called linear network.

3. What is the meaning of bilateral network?

Ans. A network or circuit in which the magnitude of the current remains the same when
the voltage polarity is reversed is called a bilateral network.

4. What is difference between active element and passive element?

Ans.

S. No. ACTIVE ELEMENTS PASSIVE ELEMENTS

They provide power to the They store the power present in the
1.
circuit. circuit

2. External source is required. External source isn’t required.

3. Act as generator Act as attenuators.

4. They are uni-directional. They are bi-directional.

5. They are non-linear elements. They are linear elements.

6. They provide power gain. They don’t provide power gain.

7. Ex. – Diode, Transistor etc. Ex. – Resistor, Capacitor etc.

Page | 9
5. While doing the experiment, what will happen if the two variacs are wrongly
connected?

Ans. The current going through those branches might differ if those 2 variacs
aren’t connected in the proper way.

6. What are the dependent sources?

Ans. A dependent source is a current or voltage source whose value is not fixed (i.e.,
independent) but rather which depends on some other circuit current or voltage. The
general form for the value of a dependent source is Y=kX where X and Y are currents
and/or voltages and k is the proportionality factor.

In simple words, a dependent source is a voltage source or a current source whose value
depends on a voltage or current elsewhere in the network.

7. Is Superposition theorem valid for only linear systems?

Ans. Superposition theorem is valid only for linear systems because the
effect of a single source can’t be individually calculated in a non-linear
system. Power across an element is not equal to the power across it due to all
the other sources in the system.

8. In this experiment why the phase angles of the currents are not considered?

Ans. The phase angles don’t play a major & calculative role in Superposition
theorem & hence they aren’t considered.

9. What are the limitations of superposition theorem?

Ans. The superposition theorem has certain limitations:

1. It is used to measure current and voltage but cannot be used to measure power.
2. Applicable only for linear circuits.
3. There must be more than one active source to apply this theorem.
4. This is not applicable for unbalanced bridge circuits.

Page | 10
 10. State maximum power transfer theorem.

Ans. The maximum power transfer theorem states that, to obtain maximum external
power from a source with a finite internal resistance, the resistance of the load must equal
the resistance of the source as viewed from its output terminals.

OR

Maximum power transfer theorem states that the DC voltage source

will deliver maximum power to the variable load resistor only when
the load resistance is equal to the source resistance.

Page | 11
 EXPERIMENT – V
VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN’S THEOREM

1) Apply Thevenin’s theorem to the circuit shown to determine the current

through the resistor R2.

Ans.

Page | 12
2) Using Thevenin’s theorem to the circuit shown to determine the current
through the resistor R5.

Ans.

Page | 13
3) For the circuit given use Thevenin’s theorem to determine the current
through the resistor R4 when R1 is open circuited.

Ans.

Page | 14
4) In the circuit shown, determine the current through R3 using Thevenin’s
theorem.

Ans.

Page | 15
5) Calculate the current through R3 in the figure below by the use of
Thevenin’s theorem.

Ans.

Page | 16
 EXPERIMENT – VI
TO STUDY THE R-L-C SERIES CIRCUIT AND UNDERSTANDING THE USAGE OF CRO

1. What are the different sources of error in this experiment?

Ans.
1. Systematic error: The connection might not be correct.
2. The current should be watched carefully under no circumstances, the current should be
allowed to exceed the safe value device or instrumental error.

2. Draw the phasor diagram with XL>XC in a series RLC circuit.

Ans.

When X L > Xc
Also VL > Vc (or) IXL > IXc
So, resultant of VL and Vc will directed towards VL i.e. leading current I. Hence I lags
V i.e. current I will lags the resultant of VL and Vc i.e. (VL - Vc). The circuit is said to be
inductive in nature.
From voltage triangle,
V = √ (VR2 + (VL – Vc) 2) = √ ((IR) 2 + (IXL – IXc) 2)
V = I √ (R2 + (XL – Xc) 2)
V = IZ
Z = √ (R2 + (XL - Xc) 2 )
If , V = Vm Sin wt ; i = Im Sin (wt - ф)

3. Calculate the internal resistance of the inductor and capacitor for any one reading.
Ans.
50.25
XL= 𝑉𝐿
𝐼
= 0.34 = 147.79 Ohms.

Page | 17
 0.66
XC= 𝑉𝐶
𝐼
= 0.34 = 1.94 Ohms.

4. Knowing V, I, VR, VL, and VC, in this experiment, and considering the resistance of
the inductor coil, draw the phasor diagram. Neglect losses in the capacitor.
Ans.

5. Define resonance.
Ans.
In an electrical circuit, the condition that exists when the inductive reactance and the
capacitive reactance are of equal magnitude, causing electrical energy to oscillate between
the magnetic field of the inductor and the electric field of the capacitor.

Points to consider:
1. Resonance occurs because the collapsing magnetic field of the inductor generates an
electric current in its windings that charges the capacitor and the discharging capacitor
provides an electric current that builds the magnetic field in the inductor, and the process is
repeated.
2. At resonance, the series impedance of the two elements is at a minimum and the parallel
impedance is a maximum.
3.At resonance the inductive reactance and the capacitive reactance are of equal magnitude.
Therefore, L = 1/ C , where = 2 f , in which f is the resonant frequency in hertz, L is
the inductance in henrys, and C is the capacity in farads when standard SI units are used.
Thus,

𝝅
𝒇=
𝟐√𝐋𝐂

6. What do you mean by lagging power factor?

Ans.
1. There is a phase difference between voltage and current where load current lags the supply
voltage.
2. The nature of load in electrical circuit is inductive.
3. The correction of low power factor is done by adding capacitive load.
4. Value exists between 0 and 1.

Page | 18
5. Examples include Inductive load: Power generator, inductor etc.

7. Define selectivity.
Ans.
Selectivity is the ability of a particular circuit to respond to a particular frequency by simply
neglecting all other frequencies. This is usually seen in resonant circuits.

For example take a radio, if you tune it to a particular station (you are actually changing the
frequency to match the station’s frequency-creating resonance), you will find that you can
hear music not only at that frequency, but also nearer to it (higher or lower). This is called the
bandwidth.

8. Define Quality factor of a resonant circuit.

Ans.
The Q, or quality, factor of a resonant circuit is a measure of the “goodness” or quality of a
resonant circuit. A higher value for this figure of merit corresponds to a more narrow
bandwidth, which is desirable in many applications. More formally, Q is the ratio of power
stored to power dissipated in the circuit reactance and resistance, respectively:

Q = Pstored/Pdissipated = I2X/I2R Q = X/R

where:
X = Capacitive or Inductive reactance at resonance
R = Series resistance.

9. What is the condition for resonance for a RLC series circuit?

Ans.
Resonance occurs when XL = XC and the imaginary part of the transfer function is zero.
At resonance the impedance of the circuit is equal to the resistance value as Z = R.

10. Write the expression for resonant frequency of series RLC circuit?
Ans.

Page | 19
 EXPERIMENT – VII
TO MEASURE THE POWER OF 3-Φ LOAD (STAR)

1. What are star & delta connections?

Ans.
Star Connection:
1. The terminals of the three branches are connected to a common point. The network formed
is known as Star Connection.
2. The starting and the finishing point that is the similar ends of the three coils are connected
together.
3. Neutral or the star point exists in the star connection.
4. Phase voltage is low as 1/√3 times of the line voltage.
5. Line current is equal to the Phase current.
6. Line voltage is equal to root three times of the Phase Voltage

Delta Connection:
1. The three branches of the network are connected in such a way that it forms a closed loop
known as Delta Connection
2. The end of each coil is connected to the starting point of the other coil that means the
opposite terminals of the coils are connected together.
3. Neutral point does not exist in the delta connection.
4. Line current is equal to root three times of the Phase Current.
5. Line voltage is equal to the Phase voltage.
6. Phase voltage is equal to the line voltage.

2. If one of the wattmeter reads zero, what is the power factor of the load?
Ans.
As cos of positive angle and negative angle gives same answer, we can consider any
wattmeter reading as zero as both leads to the same answer.

As per formula,
tan θ = 1.732 (W1-W2)/(W1+W2).
So, tan θ = 1.732 (0.5-0)/(0.5+0).
So, tan θ = 1.732.
so, θ = 60.
cos 60 = 0.5.

Hence the power factor will be 0.5.

3. What is the advantage of star connection over delta connection?

Ans.
1. In a star connection, phase voltage Vph = VL/ (3)1/2. Since the induced emf in the primary
winding of an alternator is directly proportional to the number of turns, a star connected

Page | 20
alternator will require less number of turns than a delta connected alternator for the same
voltage.
2. For the same line voltage, a star connected alternator requires less insulation than a delta
connected alternator. Due to the above reasons three phase alternators are generally star
connected.
3. In star connection, we get 3-phase and 4-wire system. This permits the use of two voltages
(phase voltages as well as line voltages). Single phase loads can be connected between any
one lie and neutral wire while the 3-phase loads can be put across the three lines. Such a
flexibility is not available in delta connection.

4. What is the advantage of delta connection over star connection?

Ans.
1. For a given 3 phase voltage, less current flows through star connections than delta
connections. The main use of the star connection is in star-delta starters for electric motors.
The star-delta starter first impresses the available voltage across the motor windings with
them in star connection. This provides lower voltage to each winding for a soft start. After the
motor is started, the star-delta starter switches the connection to delta, to run the motor at full
voltage.
2. The delta connection has higher reliability. If one of the three primary windings fails, the
secondary will still produce full voltage on all three phases.

5. Why three phase is more preferred over single phase?

Ans.
1. Power to weight ratio of 3-ø alternator is high as compared to 1-ø alternator. That means
for generation for same amount of Electric Power, the size of 3-ø alternator is small as
compare to 1-ø alternator. Hence, the overall cost of alternator is reduced for generation of
same amount of power. Moreover, due to reduction in weight, transportation and installation
of alternator become convenient and less space is required to accommodate the alternator in
power houses.
2. For electric power transmission and distribution of same amount of power, the requirement
of conductor material is less in 3-ø system as compare to 1-ø system.
3. 3-phase motor is having better power factor
4. A 3-phase system can be used to feed a 1-ø load, whereas vice-versa is not possible.
5. If a fault occurs in any winding of a 3-phase transformer, the rest of two winding can be
used in the open delta to serve the 3-phase load. The same is not possible in 1-ø transformer.
This ability of 3-phase transformer further increases the reliability of 3-phase transformer.

6. What is a balanced 3 phase supply?

Ans.
The power supply system is said to be balanced if it fulfils the following criteria.

1. The supply voltage is balanced in magnitude and phase angle.

2. The impedance of the circuit is balanced
Page | 21
If the above two criteria are met the current in all three phases will be balanced and the
system is said to be a balanced three-phase supply system.

7. What is active power and what is its unit?

Ans.
The power which is actually consumed or utilised in an AC Circuit is called True
power or Active power or Real power. It is measured in kilowatt (kW) or MW. Also, it’s
typical unit is Watt(W). It is the actual outcome of the electrical system which runs the
electric circuits or load.

8. What are the disadvantages of an unbalanced power supply?

Ans.
Disadvantages of an unbalanced power supply are :-
1. Reduces the life of the appliance.
2. Leads to vibration and noise.

9. A delta connection contains three equal impedance of 60 Ω. The impedance of the

equivalent star connection for each star load will be how much?
60 𝑋 60
Ans. 𝑍𝑎 = 60+60+60

3600
= = 20 ohm
180

10. Write the expression for 3 phase power?

Ans.

P = √3 × pf × I × V

Where: pf is the power factor

I is the current
V is the voltage
P is the power

Page | 22
 EXPERIMENT – VIII
(A)DETERMINATION OF THE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMATION RATIO (K) OF A SINGLE
PHASE TRANSFORMER
(B)TO DETERMINE NO LOAD CURRENT AND CORE LOSS OF A SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER

(A)
1. What is the emf equation of a transformer?
Ans.
E=4.44f (phi)m volts

2. What is meant by rating of transformer?

Ans.
Load carrying capability of the transformer is called rating of transformer. The maximum
value of the voltage at which the transformer is designed, and the current consumption occurs
at that voltage.

3. What are the main parts of transformer?

Ans.
An iron core, a primary and a secondary winding.

4. What is meant by step up & step down transformer?

Ans.
A transformer that increases the voltage from primary to secondary is called step up
transformer And, conversely which is designed to decrease the voltage is called step down
transformer.

5. Write the function of

a. Breather
b. Buchholz relay
c. Conservator
Ans.
a. Breather: It helps to prevent atmospheric moisture from entering the transformer.

b. Buchholz relay: It gives the protection to a transformer from the different faults happening
in the transformer.

c. Conservator: It provides adequate space to the expanded transformer oil.

6. What are the types of insulating material used in transformer?

Ans.
Paper, press-board and transformer board which are formed from the cellulose formed in
plants.

Page | 23
7. Write types of material of following parts used in transformer.
a. Winding
b. Main tank
c. Bushing
Ans.
Winding: Copper & Aluminium
Main tank: Steel
Bushing: Porcelain and other insulating materials

8. What is an auto transformer?

Ans.
It is an electrical transformer with only one winding. And portions of the same winding act as
both the primary winding and secondary winding.

9. What is other name of auto transformer?

Ans.
AC transformer

10. What do you mean by Mutual Induction?

Ans.
The production of an electromotive force in a circuit by a change in the current in an adjacent
circuit which is linked to the first by the flux lines of a magnetic field.

(B)
1. Why transformer rating is always in kVA?
Ans.
The copper and iron are the two type of losses occur in the transformer. The copper loss
depends on the current(ampere) flows through the windings of the transformer while the iron
loss depends on the voltage(volts).

2. Draw the phasor diagram of a transformer on no-load?

Ans.

Page | 24
3. Write the principle of operation of transformer.
Ans.
It works on the principle of mutual inductance between two circuits linked by a common
magnetic flux.

4. Why no load current of transformer is very small?

Ans.
No load of transformer is very small because no-load current of 3 amperes is very small
compared to the larger 56 amperes drawn by the primary winding from the supply. So the
primary and secondary windings of a transformer possess both resistance and reactance.

5. Why the current coil of watt-meter have less resistance & pressure coil have high
resistance?
Ans.
The resistance of current coil is less because it is always connected in series and if its high
then there will be more voltage dropped power loss And, the resistance of pressure coil is
high because it is connected in parallel with wattmeter.

6. What are the losses occurred in a transformer?

Ans.
Heat losses and the eddy current are the losses that occur in a transformer along with stray &
hysteresis loss.

7. Why frequency is constant in transformer?

Ans.
As the supply frequency to the transformer causes production of alternating flux in the core 2
and same frequency links with the secondary winding so the frequency is constant in
transformer.

8. Why the core of transformer is made of iron?

Ans.
The core of transformer is made of iron because it has high permeability so it provides
complete linkage of magnetic flux of the primary coil to the secondary coil.

Page | 25
9. What is the function of breather?
Ans.
To prevent atmospheric pressure entering the transformer.

10. Why transformer works with AC supply only?

Ans.
Transformer works with AC supply only because a transformer needs an alternating current
that create a changing magnetic field. A changing magnetic field also induces a changing
voltage in a coil.

Page | 26
 EXPERIMENT – IX
(A)DEMONSTRATION OF FARADAY'S LAW
(B)STUDY AND USE OF MEGGER

(A)
1. The magnetic flux through a single wire loop changes from 3.5 Wb to 1.5 Wb in 2.0
s. What emf is induced in the loop?
Ans.

= -1 V

2. What is the emf for a 10-turn coil through which the flux changes at 10 Wb/s?
Ans.

= -100 V

3. Given a bar magnet, how can you induce an electric current in a wire loop?
Ans.
An electric current is induced if a bar magnet is moved constantly through the wire loop.

4. What factors can cause an induced current in a wire loop through which a magnetic
field passes?
Ans.
Induced current can be created by changing the strength of the magnetic field, changing the
size of the wire loop, or changing the orientation of the wire loop.

(B)
1. What is megger?
Ans.
The Megger is the instrument uses for measuring the resistance off the insulation.

2. What are different ranges of resistance?

Ans.
Resistance is classified as:
• Low resistance is the range of 0.1 𝛺 to 1 𝛺.
• Medium resistance is the range of 1 𝛺 to low mega ohm.
• High resistance is 0.1 M 𝛺 to higher range.

3. How the low resistance can be measured.

Ans.
Low resistance can be measured by following methods:

Page | 27
• Kelvin’s Double Bridge Method
• Potentiometer Method
• Ducter Ohmmeter

4. Explain the working of a megger.

Ans.
The Megger has three coils two pressure coils and one current coil. The pressure coil rotates
the moving coil in the anticlockwise direction, whereas the current coil rotates it in the
clockwise direction.
When the unknown resistance is connected in the circuit, the pointer of the moving coil
becomes stable. The pressure coil and the current coil balance the pointer and set it in the
middle of the scale.
The deflection of the pointer is directly proportional to the voltage applied to the external
circuit. When the testing circuit is applied across the Megger, and if there is no shorting
throughout the insulation then the pointer deflects towards the infinity. Which shows that the
resistance has high insulation. For low resistance, the pointer moves towards zero.

5. How the medium resistance can be measured.

Ans.
The medium resistance can be measured by following methods:
• Ammeter-Voltmeter Method
• Wheatstone Bridge Method
• Substitution Method
• Carey- Foster Bridge Method
• Ohmmeter Method

6. Write the applications of a megger.

Ans.
Megger is used in:
• Motors, transformers, and cables
• Railways
• Power generation
• Quality Testing Companies
• Solar generation
• Industrial companies

7. Compare Earth tester and Megger.

Ans.

Page | 28
8. Write the necessity of earthling for any electrical circuit.
Ans.
Earthing is necessary for any electric circuit because of following reasons:
• It keeps people safe by prevention electric shocks.
• It prevents damage to electrical appliances and devices by prevention excessive current
from running through the circuit.
• It prevents the risk of fire that could otherwise be caused by current leakage.

9. What do you mean by restoring torque?

Ans.
As the coil of the generator rotates, the controlling springs are twisted and an elastic restoring
torque is proportional to the angle of rotation of the coil. When the restoring torque becomes
equal to the deflecting torque, the coil rests in equilibrium position.

10. List out different bridges to measure:

a) resistance
b) inductance
c) capacitance
Ans.
a) Resistance:
• Wheatstone Bridge Method
• Megohm Bridge Method
• Kelvin Bridge Method
• Meter Bridge Method
• Carey- Foster Bridge Method

b) Inductance:
• Maxwell’s Bridge Method
• Anderson Bridge Method

c) Capacitance:

Page | 29
• De Sauty’s Bridge Method
• Schering Bridge Method
• Wien Series Bridge
• Capacitor Bridge

Page | 30
 EXPERIMENT – X
(A)STUDY OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF DC MACHINE
(B)STUDY OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

(A)
1. What is the function of commutator?
Ans.
The commutator assures that the current from the generator always flows in one direction.
The brushes ride on the commutator and make good electrical connections between the
generator and the load.
On DC and most AC motors the purpose of the commutator is to ensure that the current
flowing through the rotor windings is always in the same direction, and the proper coil on the
rotor is energized in respect to the field coils.

2. In which material commutator is made up?

Ans.
The commutator itself is a split ring, typically made of copper, while the brushes are made of
carbon.

3. Compare lap and wave winding of DC machine.

Ans.
1. In lap winding, the coil is lap back to the succeeding coil whereas in the case of the wave
winding the coil are connected in the wave shape.
2. In lap winding, the end of the armature coil is connected to the adjacent commutator
segment, whereas is wave winding the end of the armature coil is placed in the
commutator segment which is placed apart.
3. In lap winding the number of parallel paths is equal to the total number of poles of the
coil and in the wave winding the number of parallel paths is always equal to two.
4. The lap winding is also called parallel winding because their coils are connected in
parallel whereas in the wave winding the coils are connected in series and hence it is
called series winding.
5. The emf of the lap winding is less as compared to wave winding.

4. What are the different types of DC machines?

Ans.
There are 4 major types of DC motor. They are:

1. Series DC Motor
2. Shunt/Parallel DC Motor
3. Compound DC Motors
4. Permanent Magnet DC Motor

5. What is meant by
a. Progressive winding
b. Simplex winding

Page | 31
Ans.
a. Progressive winding: If after one round of the armature the coil falls in a slot right to
itsstarting slot the winging is called Progressive wave winding.
b. Simplex winding: A winding in which the number of parallel path between the brushes
isequal to the number of poles is called simplex lap winding.

6. Write the emf equation of DC generator from 1st principle.

Ans.
The emf equation of the DC generator is given by the equation:
Eg=PϕZN60A

Where:
Z is the total number of armature conductor
P is the number of poles in a generator
A is the number of parallel lanes within the armature
N is the rotation of armature in r.p.m
E is the induced e.m.f in any parallel lane within the armature
Eg is the generated e.m.f in any one of the parallel lane
N/60 is the number of turns per second
Time for one turn will be dt=60/N sec

7. Write the uses of

a. DC shunt generator
b. DC series motor
c. DC shunt motor.
d. Differential compound motor
Ans.
• Uses of DC shunt generator:
They are used for general lighting.
They are used for giving the excitation to the alternators

• Uses of series motor:

It is a variable speed motor i.e. very low speed at high torque and vice versa.
Its high starting torque makes it particularly suitable for a wide range of traction
applications.

• Uses of DC shunt motor:

These motors are used wherever stable speed is required.

This kind of DC motor can be used in centrifugal pumps, lifts, weaving machine,
lathemachines, blowers, fans, conveyors, spinning machines, etc.

• Uses of differential compound motor:

Page | 32
Differential compound motors are mostly used in elevator, escalator, etc.
where youneed constant speed.

8. Why carbon brushes are preferred to copper brushes for high rating DC machine?
Ans.
Carbon brushes are preferred in DC Machines to Copper Brushes because carbon brushes
reduce sparking.

Additionally, the copper brushes cause faster wear and create more heat than carbon. A
carbon brush on the other hand is designed to wear down much faster as and afterwards it can
be cheaply replaced.

Carbon also has a very high melting point (~3500degC) compared with other conductors. So,
it is less prone to those high temperature effects and associated impacts to the generator
operation.

(B)
1. Compare Squirrel cage IM and Slip ring IM.
Ans.
1. The slip ring motor has brushes for transferring the power whereas the squirrel cage
motor is brushless.
2. The copper loss in the phase wound motor is high as compared to squirrel cage motor.
3. The efficiency of the slip ring motor is low whereas the squirrel cage motor has high
efficiency.
4. The speed of the phase wound motor is controlled by using the resistance circuit. It is
impossible to control the speed of the squirrel cage motor.
5. The slip ring motor has low power factor as compared to squirrel cage motor.

2. Write the starting torque expression of 3-phase Induction Motor.

Ans.

3. Define
a. Synchronous speed
b. Rated speed
c. Slip speed
d. Write the equation governing the speed of induction motor.
Ans.
a. Synchronous speed:
Synchronous speed is a significant parameter for the rotating magnetic field-type AC
motor. It is determined by the frequency and the number of magnetic poles.
b. Rated speed:
Page | 33
 The rated speed is the maximum speed at which the motor will first produce its
maximum power output and maximum designed.
c. Slip speed:
The speed at which the induction motor work is known as the slip speed. The
difference between the synchronous speed and the actual speed of the rotor is known
as the slip speed.
d. Nr=l 20f(l -s)/P

4. Why are the rotor bars skewed in a squirrel cage induction motor.
Ans.
The rotor bars in a squirrel cage motor are skewed for eluding the condition of magnetic lock
between stator and rotor.
They also help in the following:
1. To improve starting torque
2. To prevent magnetic locking between rotor and stator
3. To prevent unnecessary oscillations i.e. crawling of motor.

5. Draw Torque-slip characteristics of 3-phase Induction Motor.

Ans.

6. How 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor can be started.

Ans.
A three phase Induction Motor is Self Starting. When the supply is connected to the
stator of a three-phase induction motor, a rotating magnetic field is produced, and the
rotor starts rotating and the induction motor starts.

Page | 34
7. Write the application of squirrel cage Induction motor.
Ans.
The applications of squirrel cage induction motor include the following.

• Suitable for industrial drives of small power where speed control is not required
such as for printing machinery, flour mills, and other shaft drives of small power.
• Centrifugal pumps, fans, blowers, etc
• In driving air compressors, conveyors, reciprocating pumps, crushers, mixers,
large refrigerating machines, etc.
• Punch presses, shears, bulldozers, small hoists, etc.

8. What is meant in rotating magnetic field?

Ans.
When we apply a three-phase supply to a three-phase distributed winding of a rotating
machine, a rotating magnetic field is produced which rotates in synchronous speed.
Basically, it is a magnetic field that has moving polarities in which its opposite poles
rotate about a central point or axis.

9. Why frequency of rotor & stator are different?

Ans.
We know, f′=sf′ where f′ is rotor frequency, f is stator frequency and s is slip.
In motoring mode slip lies between 0 and 1. So, rotor frequency may be 0, less than stator
frequency or equal to stator frequency.

In generating mode slip s lies between -1 and 0. So, rotor frequency can’t be greater than
stator frequency here too.

So, it is clear that when slip s>1, only then f′>f . Thus in Braking or plugging mode, the
rotor frequency can be greater than stator cause slip s > 1 here only.
The rotor also has lower insulation compared to the stator.

10. Slip ring is made up which materials?

Ans.
A wound rotor motor uses three slip rings typically made of copper or a copper alloy
mounted to (but insulated from) the motor shaft. Each slip ring is connected to one of the
three phases of rotor windings. The slip ring brushes, made of graphite, are connected to a
resistive device, such as a rheostat.

Page | 35