CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN OF G+18 APARTMENT BUILDING USING

TUNNEL FORMWORK TECHNOLOGY AND ALUMINIUM FORMWORK

FOR MONOLITHIC CONSTRUCTION

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

RAHUL KASAUDHAN 17UECV0072

LEKHNATH SHRESTHA 17UECV0105
MANISH BHAGAT 17UECV0055

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Guided by

Mr. R. ROBERT SINGH

Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL & CONSTRUCTION

MAY 2021
i
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN OF G+18 APARTMENT
BUILDING USING TUNNEL FORMWORK TECHNOLOGY AND ALUMINIUM
FORMWORK FOR MONOLITHIC CONSTRUCTION” is the bonafide work of “RAHUL
KASAUDHAN (17UECV0072), LEKHNATH SHRESTHA (17UECV0105), and MANISH
BHAGAT (17UECV0055)” who carried out work under my supervision. Certified further that to the
best of my knowledge the work reported herein doesn’t form part of any other report or dissertation
based on which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

Signature Signature

Mr. R. Robert Singh Prof. Dr. Geetha Selvarani

Assistant Professor Head of the Department

Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering VelTech

VelTech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D VelTech Rangarajan Dr.Sagunthala R&D

Institute of Science and Technology Institute of Science and Technology

Chennai – 600062. Chennai – 600062.

ii
 CERTIFICATE FOR EVALUATION

PROGRAM : Bachelor of Technology

DEPARTMENT : Civil engineering

SEMESTER : VIII
Name of students Rahul Kasaudhan (17UECV0072)
Lekhnath Shrestha (17UECV0105)
Manish Bhagat (17UECV0055)

Title of Project “Construction and Design of G+18 Apartment

Building using Tunnel Formwork Technology
and Aluminium Formwork for Monolithic
Construction”
Detail of Guide Mr. R. Robert Singh
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D
Institute of science and technology
Chennai -600062

The report of the project work submitted by the above students in partial fulfillment for
the award of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering of Vel Tech Rangarajan
Dr.Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science of Technology.

REVIEWER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

Name: Name:

Designation: Designation:

iii
 ABSTRACT

Rapid urbanization has resulted in a drastic increase in housing demand today. The traditional
or conventional method of construction for mass housing is comparatively, a slow process and has
limited quality control, particularly when a large size project is involved. It is therefore important to
work out a method or a scheme where the speed and quality of construction are controlled
automatically by a systematic approach. Many methods have emerged and have been tried out and
are still being adopted all over the world. The concept of modern methods of construction seems to
provide faster and more efficient construction increasingly in the construction industry. These
modern methods provide features and solutions to the problems of cost, durability, and speed. Tunnel
formwork system and Aluminum formwork system are some of the modern methods for the
construction industry with increment in durability, speed, and safety.

Keywords: Aluminum Formwork. Concrete walls, Tunnel formwork system.

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
It is my proud privilege and duty to acknowledge the kind of help and guidance received from
several people in preparation for this report. It would not have been possible to prepare this report in
this form without their valuable help, cooperation, and guidance.
First and foremost, I wish to record my sincere gratitude to Dr. A. T. Ravichandran, Dean,
School of Mechanical and Construction, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of
Science and Technology, Chennai for his constant support and encouragement in the preparation of
this report and for making the available library and laboratory facilities needed to prepare this report.
My sincere thanks to Prof., Dr. Geetha Shelvarni, M.E, Ph.D, Department of Civil Engineering,
Vel Tech, for her valuable suggestions and guidance throughout this report.
I express my sincere gratitude to my internal guide, Mr. R. Robert Singh, Asst. Prof. Department of
Civil Engineering, Vel Tech and external guide Er. L. Suresh Kumar Asst. Engineer, CPWD,
Chennai for guiding me in investigations for this project and in carrying out experimental work. The
numerous discussions with him were extremely helpful. We hold him in esteem for guidance,
encouragement, and inspiration received from him.
The project on Construction and Design of G+18 Apartment Building using Tunnel Formwork
Technology and Aluminium Formwork for Monolithic Construction was very helpful to me in
giving the necessary background information and inspiration in choosing this topic for the project. My
sincere thanks to Mr. M. Sridhar, Asst. Prof the major project Coordinator for having supported the work
related to this project. His contributions and technical support in preparing this report are greatly
acknowledged.
Last but not the least, I wish to thank our parents for financing our studies in this college as
well as for constantly encouraging me to learn to engineer. Their sacrifice in providing this opportunity
to learn engineering is gratefully acknowledged. Place: Chennai, Rahul Kasaudhan, Lekhnath
Shrestha and Manish Bhagat, Department of Civil Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala
R&D Institute of Science and Technology, 2021.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO. NO.
1. BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE ii
2. CERTIFICATE FOR EVALUATION iii
3. ABSTRACT iv
4. ACKNOWLEDGMENT v
5. TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
6. LIST OF TABLES vii
7. LIST OF FIGURES viii

1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2
3 METHODOLOGY 3
4 TUNNEL FORMWORK SYSTEM 6
5 SLAB CYCLE OF TUNNEL FORMWORK SYSTEM 8
6
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATION 9
6.1 ADVANTAGES 9
6.2 LIMITATION 9
7 ALUMINUM FORMWORK 10
8 SLAB CYCLE OF ALUMINUM FORMWORK 11
9 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATION OF AFS 12
10 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TFS, AFS AND CF 13
11 FOUNDATION OF BUILDING
12 LOAD TRANSMISSION
13 DESIGN OF SLAB AND STAIRCASE
13.1 SLAB DESIGN
13.2 STAIRCASE DESIGN
14 CALCULATION OF WIND LOAD 34
15 BASE SHEAR FOR EARTHQUAKE 36
16 MIX DESIGN OF SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE 39
17 CONCLUSION 41
18 REFERENCE 42

vi
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TABLE NAME PAGE

NO. NO.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TFS, AFS, AND 13
1.
CFS
2. BOREHOLE DETAILS 15
3. WIND SPEED DESIGN FACTORS 36
4. BASE SHEAR CALCULATION FACTORS 39
5. MIX DESIGN OF SSC 41

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE FIGURE NAME PAGE

NO. NO.
1 TUNNEL FORMWORK SYSTEM 6
2 WINDOW BLOCKOUT 6
3 STEEL SHEET OF TUNNEL 7
4 THE PLATFORM 7
5 SLAB CYCLE OF TUNNEL FORMWORK 8
6 ALUMINUM FORMWORK SYSTEM 10
7 PILE FOUNDATION 14
8 FRONT VIEW OF APARTMENT 17
9 LATERAL LOAD PATH 17
10 LOAD PATH IN ONE WAY SLAB 18
11 LOAD PATH IN TWO WAY SLAB 18
12 LOAD PATH IN SLAB WITH BEAM 19
13 A SLAB OF THE APARTMENT 21
14 SECTION OF STAIRCASE 31
15 AUTOCAD PLAN OF STAIRCASE 34

viii
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

Tremendous demand for housing and accommodation in a limited area has increased the trend of
vertical expansion of the buildings. Taking the concepts of vertical expansion, CPWD has the proposed
Construction of 726 Nos. Residential Quarters (288 Nos. Type-II. 288 Nos. Type- III with stilt parking
& 150 Nos. Type- IV) for Customs/Central Excise Department at Ranganathan Gardens. Anna Nagar
West, Chennai, was entrusted to M/s. Geo Foundations and Structures (P) Ltd., Adyar, Chennai-
600020, by M/s. D.E.C Infrastructure and Projects Pvt. Ltd. For rapid construction for this project,
Tunnel formwork technology has been introduced instead of the conventional method of construction.
Tunnel Formwork Technology is a modern method of construction in which steel tunnels are used
to cast the slab and wall in a single time/operation. It is based on two half-shells that are placed together
to form a room or cell. Several cells make an apartment. This is used for office buildings, apartments,
and mostly the building which has repetitive units.
The tunnel Formwork system is manufactured by many companies. But Only two of them are used
in the Central Revenue Quarters i.e.
Neru Tunnel Formwork system
Mesa Tunnel Formwork system

1.2 NEED FOR THE STUDY

The current project focuses on extending vertically for the accommodation of human beings
compacting with the scarcity of land in urban areas. This also aims to reduce the use of natural
resources during construction and distinct the sustainable way of construction.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To study and understand Shear Wall Concept.

2. To learn about Tunnel Formwork Technology.

3. To understand the problems and their rectification on the construction site.

4. To understand the difference between the conventional method of construction and rapid
construction technology.

1
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

This project is based on the reference of various ASCE journals, books, and websites of
the reputed institution where authors and publishers have briefly explained the topics related
to the objectives of this project. The reviews of the literature are listed below:

1. Mr Taehoon Kim, et.al (2018): Formwork Management Based on Ubiquitous

computing For High-Rise Building construction: They studied formwork
management based on ubiquitous computing for high-rise building construction. The
study intends to develop formwork management. They conclude that ubiquitous
computing has resulted in the improvement of management performance through real-
time monitoring and control.

2. Mr. Manas A. Shalgar, et.al (2020): Introduction to advanced TUNNEL

Formwork system: a case study of “Rohan-Abhilasha”: They studied on
introduction to advanced tunnel formwork system. They conclude that "Time is money”
because the time loss is ultimately money loss as the current situation of labor-oriented
to machine-oriented and also shows that the formwork is the best factor where we can
move from labor to machine. Also, conclude that new emerging technology which is
more beneficial than that of aluminum or mivan formwork.

3. MESA IMALAT (Member of MESA GROUP OF COMPANIES) (1978): Analysis

and Design of Tunnel Formwork: They studied the behavior of tunnel formwork and
have introduced an innovative product that has been designed and improved constantly
by connecting experience with engineering skills.

4. Mr. Dillip Chaudhary et.al (2020): Study of Tunnel Formwork System &
Comparative Analysis with conventional Formwork: They studied tunnel formwork
systems and comparative analysis with conventional formwork and also, they show the
aim at focusing on the benefits and limitation of tunnel formwork in contrast to
conventional formwork. Thus, changing the mindset of local construction industries
that are still dependent on conventional formwork techniques.

5. T.D Aradhye, M.R.E Apte (2016) studied an advanced tunnel formwork system in
high rise building in Pune and concluded that 1-3 days slab can be achieved by this
technology. Also initial investment is higher for long terms tunnel formwork is better.

2
2.1 Literature Summary

1. By this literature study, we know that every construction has a set of guidelines to meet
standards of safety and design.

2. The Planning, analysis, and design are done by referring to the codebook of various
Indian and American Standards.

3. This method of construction is faster than the conventional method i.e., one G+18 story
structure can be completed in 7 months.

4. Although the initial investment is higher for long terms tunnel formwork is 20% less
economic than the conventional method.

3
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

Site Selection

Survey

Soil Investigation

Plan & Design

Sub Structure

Plinth Wall
Pile Pile Cap

Super Structure

Wall Reinforcement

Tunnel & Mivan Formwork System

4
 Slab Reinforcement

Concreting

De Shuttering of formwork

Chemical Curing

Propping

AAC Block work as per plan

Plastering

This flowchart shows how this project was started with the various aspects to the final stage for the
completion of the project.

5
 CHAPTER 4

TUNNEL FORMWORK TECHNOLOGY

Tunnel Formwork Technology is a modern method of construction in which steel tunnels are used
to cast the slab and wall in a single time/operation. It is based on two half-shells that are placed together
to form a room or cell. Several cells
make an apartment. This is used for
office buildings, apartments, and
mostly the building which has
repetitive units.
The tunnel Formwork system is
manufactured by many companies.
But Only two of them are used in the
Central Revenue Quarters i.e.
1. Neru Tunnel Formwork
system
2. Mesa Tunnel Formwork
system

Fig 1: Tunnel Formwork system

Door Block out and window Block out are

openings provided on shear walls for doors
and windows. They are of various
dimensions according to design. They are
generally connected in two parts with nuts
and bolts and are attached in the middle of
two tunnel shutters using T nuts.

Fig 2: Window Block out

6
The Tunnel form System consists of inverted L- shaped
half tunnels (one vertical panel and one horizontal panel)
joined together to create a tunnel.
The panels are built of 3 mm sheet steel, stiffened by
folded sheet metal sections.
Hot-dip galvanized steel sheet – 3 mm thick shall
conform to IS 277:2003/ NF A 35-503

Fig 3: Steel Sheet of Tunnel

The platform is an elevated working base or stage which is provided for maintenance or easy
access for the worker to do work. It is projected out from the actual building and all the load coming
on the platform is transferred to the slab
through the inverted truss and is properly set
on a wooden edge on top supported by a
gable shoe and tied inside with the tie rod
and wingnuts.
Girders are provided along the x and y-axis
to support plywood over it. Overall load
action is transferred to the wall.

Fig 4: The Platform

7
 CHAPTER 5

SLAB CYCLE OF TUNNEL FORMWORK TECHNOLOGY

When the engineer gives permission, the tunnels are struck, manually
pushed onto dismantling platform, picked up by the crane, scraped,
oiled and repositioned. Meanwhile, reinforcement fixing is underway
and stop ends are installed.

After the concreting is finished,

engineer conducts a concrete test
to make sure that the concrete has
achieved the required strength.
After the satisfactory result, the
tunnels are removed and propped
are used to support the slab.

When Everything is
ready and tunnels are
placed in their
Tunnel respective position, it
is ready for concrete
Formwork pouring.
Cycle.

Mostly, concreting
is done at night to
prevent the slab
from cracking up
during the day.
-This can take up to
three to four hours
depending upon the
Fig 5: Slab Cycle of Tunnel Formwork System concreting area.

8
 CHAPTER 6

ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATION OF TUNNEL FORMWORK SYSTEM

6.1 ADVANTAGES

1. A hi-tech all-steel system of tunnel form with a 3 mm steel surface provides durability and
strength.
2. High quality and dimensional accuracy are achieved.
3. The obtained surface is smooth which minimizes much of the finishing work and allows direct
application of paint or wallpaper.
4. Tunnel form buildings provide superior seismic performance.
5. Speed of Construction is great even with a small crew.
6. Tunnel form can be adapted to special building features, like balconies. It gives freedom and
variety in architectural design.

6.2 LIMITATIONS

1. The total construction costs increase continuously with an increase in building height.
2. The high initial investment is high and it further increases for small-sized projects.
3. Large spans of the slab cannot be executed due to an increased gap between the tunnel form
panels. Here the combination of formwork systems may be adopted.
4. A very short span of slab incorporates difficulty in re-moval of tunnel form at the time of
stripping and a suspended ceiling is needed. Basement stories are avoided as it is difficult to
remove the formwork.
5. Proper training is required to impart skills to handle tunnel formwork.
6. Implementing all internal walls in the form of reinforced concrete is unnecessary which causes a
lack of changes in the plan and concrete increases the dead load of the building.

9
 CHAPTER 7

ALUMINUM FORMWORK SYSTEM

Aluminum Formwork System, comparatively new technology in the construction world, saves cost,
time and improves the quality of construction. Aluminum Formwork is successfully used in Japan,
Singapore, Malaysia, and the Middle East for the construction of apartments and buildings, both low
and high rises. For repetition of building layouts and for above-the-plinth work, the Aluminum
Formwork System is very cost-effective. Aluminum Formwork panels can be designed for any
condition/component of a building such as bay windows, stairs, balconies, and special architectural
features. This system is unique as all the components in a building, including slabs, floors, walls,
columns, beams, staircases, balconies, and window hood, are concrete and there is no need for block
works or brickworks. As all the periphery of the resulting structure/component is concrete and at the
same time, we can control the concrete quality, the durability of the structure increases. It gives form
finish, eliminates the need for external and internal plaster and the walls can be directly painted with a
minimal skim coat, all these ultimately resulting in cost saving. Aluminum Formwork System is highly
suited to load-bearing wall construction
whereas traditional formwork consisting of
plywood and timber is not suitable for the high
pressures of fresh concrete on the wall. Use of
this formwork in load-bearing design gives an
average of 15 percent cost saving in the
structure of the building and increased usable
floor space of 8 percent over RCC design.
Aluminum Formwork is used in the lift area
in the project. The lift area requires horizontal
beams and other structural elements which
cannot be accompanied by tunnel formwork.

Fig 6: Aluminum Formwork System

10
 CHAPTER 8

SLAB CYCLE OF ALUMINUM FORMWORK SYSTEM

Wall Reinforcement

Formwork Formwork
Erection Erection

De-Shuttering slab and Beam and Slab

beam panels Reinforcement

Slab Reinforcement and

Concrete Pouring Electrical

Electrical work and

Overall Checking

11
 CHAPTER 9

ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATION OF ALUMINUM FORMWORK SYSTEM

9.1 ADVANTAGES

1. It can be used repeatedly with low average use-cost.

2. The assembly of aluminum alloy formwork is simple and convenient which can complete
assembly by manual without any machine’s assistance.
3. The aluminum alloy formwork system is a fast assembles and removal system that shortens the
construction period and saves the administration cost.
4. Aluminum alloy formwork is best to apply to the position such fields as the wall, horizontal
floor, column, beam, stairs, window sills, floating plate, etc.
5. All parts of aluminum alloy formwork are reusable, and there’s no garbage on site after the
formwork is removed to ensure the construction environment is safe, clean, and tidy.
6. The quality of the concrete surface is smooth after removing the aluminum alloy formwork and
requirement of finished and exposed concrete. There’s no need for plastering and hence save the
plastering cost.

9.2 LIMITATIONS

1. High cost and the one-time investment are large. Even if it is rented, the cost is high.
2. After the deformation, it is difficult to repair.
3. Its initial setup takes time.
4. To be cost-effective uniform planning as well as elevation are needed.
5. More number of components.
6. Not suitable for small construction work.

12
 CHAPTER 10

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CONVENTIONAL, TUNNEL, AND ALUMINUM

FORMWORK SYSTEM

Table 1: Comparative study of TFS, AFS, and CFS

Conventional Tunnel Aluminum

Formwork Formwork Formwork
Material Timber &Ply Steel panels Aluminium Panels

Durability 20 times 500 times 250 times

Plastering Need for leveling the Plastering is Plastering is

concrete surface eliminated eliminated
Labour Skilled workers needed Unskilled workers Unskilled workers
can also do when can also do when
required amount of required amount of
productivity productivity
Cost Double the cost High initial cost but High initial cost but
required by steel panel balances in long balances in long
in the long run term saving term saving
Quality Subjected to the High quality assured High quality assured
workmanship of labor in a short period due in a short period due
to technique to technique
Speed 8 days 2 day 4 days

Operations Manually Crane oriented Crane not required

Environmental Loss of natural Most scarce natural Most scarce natural

Issues resources resources of forest resources of forest
can be saved can be saved
Application of Minor construction For repetitive layout For repetitive
system works i.e., a residential mass building architectural layout
building mass building

13
 CHAPTER 11

FOUNDATION OF BUILDING

Foundations provide support to the structure, transfers the loads from the structure to the soil.
But the layer at which the foundation transfers the load shall have an adequate bearing capacity and
suitable settlement characteristics. In the case of the project, the pile foundation was a suitable
foundation for the building which has the great load-bearing capacity and transferability ability. The
foundation was designed by Geo Foundations Pvt. Ltd, Chennai.

11.1 SOIL INVESTIGATION

The work of soil investigation for the proposed construction of the G+18 building
was done to determine the nature and characteristics of sub-soil below the ground level. The
main objective of this investigation is to identify a suitable type of foundation for the proposed
G+18 structure and assessment of safe bearing capacity.

The investigation was done by conducting the standard penetration test in the
boreholes and collecting disturbed but
representative soil samples and the samples were
tested in the laboratory for various tests such as
sieve analysis, triaxial test, direct shear test, and
many more. During the investigation, 5 boreholes
of 150 mm diameter were bored to a maximum
depth of 30m below ground level as per relevant
Indian Standard I.S 1892 standard procedure of
SPT was followed and SPTN value was collected.
During excavation, groundwater levels were met
at a depth ranging from 1 m to 1.8 m from the
ground level.

During Investigation, the soil profile in borehole

“BH1” was found as:

Fig 7: Pile Foundation

Medium stiff clay of high plasticity occurs
from ground level up to 4 m, followed by medium dense silty sand up to 6.5 m, stiff
sandy clay of high plasticity up to 8 m, medium dense clayey sand up to 12.5 m, very
stiff gravelly sandy clay of medium plasticity up to 14 m, stiff clay of medium plasticity up
to 15.5 m, stiff sandy clay of medium plasticity up to 17 m, medium dense clayey sand up to
20 m, hard clay of medium plasticity up to 21.50 m, mudstone up to 24.5 m, followed by
sandy stone up to 27 m at which depth the borehole was terminated.

14
Similarly, other boreholes were also investigated and soil profile was found as:

Table 2: Borehole Details

S.N Soil Description Depth(m) SPTN value

1) Clay 0-4 6

2) Silty Sand 4-6.5 12

3) Sandy Clay 6.5-8 12

4) Clayey Sand 8-11 14

5) Medium dense clayey sand 11-12.5 15

6) Gravelly Sandy Clay 12.5-14 18

7) Clay 14-15.5 12

8) Sandy Clay 15.5-17 13

9) Clayey Sand 17-20 18

10) Clay 20-21.5 >100

11) Mudstone 21.5-23 >100

15
 Based on this soil profile and various test performed for calculation in the laboratory, a
geotechnical engineer has recommended that:

• Bored Cast In-situ concrete piles of diameter 600 mm are to be used.

• Piles are to be terminated at depth of a minimum of three times diameter of piles into
hard strata.

To allow underwater concreting, an M30 grade of concrete is required.

16
 CHAPTER 12

LOAD TRANSMISSION

Gravity load acts on building structure, including dead load and live load due to occupancy or snow.
Gravity load, live load, dead load from the slabs is transferred to the shear and from it, down to the
foundations, and then to the supporting soil beneath. Figure 8 shows an isometric view of a concrete structure
and a gravity load path to the pile foundation. Spandrel beams are made above door and window sections to
transmit the load diagonally to the walls.

Fig 8: Front view of Apartment

LATERAL LOAD PATH

The lateral load path is the way lateral loads (mainly

due to wind and earthquakes) are transferred through a
building. Shear walls and frames are the primary lateral-
load resisting elements; however, these members also
carry gravity loads.
Shear walls receive lateral forces from diaphragms and
transmit them to the foundations. Foundations from the
final link in the load path is done by collecting the lateral
forces from all stories and transmitting them to the ground.

Fig 9: Lateral Load Path

17
The load transmission from slab to the shear wall with different conditions is explained below with appropriate
figure:-

(Condition-I)

1) In the case of one-way slab:

Ly/Lx > 2 Then, the load will be

distributed as shown in fig 10.

where S1, S2, 33 & S4 are the shear walls

- In the case of one-way slab, half of the load is distributed

on shear wall S2 & half of the load is distributed by shear wall Fig 10: Load Path in one way
slab

-Total distributed load on shear wall (S₂) =Wulx/2

(Condition-2)

2) For Two way slab.

In the case of Two way Slab, the load will be distributed to four

sides as

Shown in fig:11

1. Total distributed load from triangular portion = Wulx/3

Total distributed load from Trapezoidal portion = Wulx/2 {1-

1/2β2} where, β = Ly/Lx

Ly = longer length of the slab

Fig 11: Load Path in two-way slab

Lx = Shorter length of the slab

18
 (Condition-3)
In this case, the load will be distributed as shown in fig 12.

Note: The total distributed load on beam B1 will going to act as half of the load on the beam as a point
load.

Fig 12: Load Path in slab with the beam.

Total distributed load on beam = Wulx/4+ Wulx/4

=Wulx/2

19
 Taking a slab into consideration which is a two way slab, the manual load transmission is
numericized below:

Live load =4 KN/m²

Floor finish load = 1.5 KN/m²

Dead load = 0.18*25

=4.5KN/m2

Total load =10KN/m²

Total factored load on slab =15 KN/m²
Total distributed load from the trapezoidal portion (W)=
WuLx/2(1-1/2β²)
We know, β=Ly/Lx
=8.9/5.64
=1.6
W=15*5.64/2*(1-1/(2*1.6²)
=34.03 KN/m
Total distributed load from the triangular portion(W)=WuLx/3
=15*5.64/3
=28.2 KN/m
So, S1 and S2 shear walls carry 34.03 KN/m loads each, and S3 and S4 shear wall carry
28.2 KN/m each.

20
 CHAPTER 13

DESIGN OF SLAB AND STAIRCASE

13.1 SLAB DESIGN

Given data:

Fck =40 N/mm² Fy =

500 N/mm²
L.L = 4 KN/m²
F.F.L = 1.5 KN/m² Here,
Check for one way & Two-way slab.
Fig 13: A slab of the apartment
Ly/lx= 8.9 /5.64 = 1.6

since, ly/lx < 2. So, the slab

Can be designed as Two way Stab. Now,

Calculate the depth of two way Slab. Lx/d

=26 x M.F
For Continuers slab.
M.F. Modification factor Assume,
M.F =1.3
So,
Lx/d =26*1.3

d = 5.64 /26x13 = 0.2m

d= 200mm Assume,
effective cover (d') = 25mm

Overall depth (D) = d+d'

=200+25
21
 D = 225mm
Trial & error method:
The required depth of slab is 86.5 mm but earlier, we provided 200mm which is more. To
make the structure economical, we can provide the depth of Slap (d) =165m Overall depth(D)
=d+d'
=165+ 25
D=180 mm
2) Load Calculation:
a) D.L = b*D*r
=1* 0.18 * 25
=4.5 KN/m
(b) L. L= 4 * b KN/m ,b=1m
= 4KN/m
C) F.F. L= 1. 5 * b
=1.5 KN/m

Total Load (W) = D.L + L·L+ F.FL

= 4.5+4+1.5
=10KN/m
Factored Lood (Wv) = 1.5xw.

= 1.5*10
=15 KN/m
3) Bending moment Calculation:
In two way slab, the bending moment shall be calculated as per the support Condition from Is 456-2000
Table -26. Here,
Support Condition= Two adjacent edges discontinuous
Now,
For αn+

The value of αn+ depends Upon the support Condition and ly/lx ratio.

22
So,
1.5x1 0.56y1

1.6 x y=?
1.75x2 0.063 y2

Interpolation, Interpolation,
x-x1/x2-x1 = y-y1/y2-y1 x-x1/x2-x1 = y-y1/y2-y1
y = 0.056 y = 0.075
i.e i.e αx- = 0.075
αn+ = 0.056 so,
So, Mux- = 0.075× 1SX 5.64²
Mum+ =0.056*15*5.642 =35.8 KN*m
αn+ = 26.7 kN/m MUY- = αy+ Wvlx2
Similarly, = 0.035x 15x 5.642
Mux- = αn- Wvlm2 =16.7 kN.m
1.5x1 0.075y1 MUY-= αY- wvlx2
1.6x y =? =0.047*15*5.642
1.75x2 0.084 y2 =22.4 M kN.m

4) Check for depth by Considering higher moment So,

Mu1 lim = 0.133*Fck*bd2 D=√ Mu1 lim/0.133*Fck*b

=√25.8*106/0.133*4*1000

Dreq = 82mm Since

dreq(165MM) > dreq (82 M)

hence, the depth is ok.

23
5 )Area of steel Calculation. Astx+=0.5fck/fy*{1-√1-4.6Mux +/Fckbd2}*bd
2
= 0.5*40/500* {1-√1- 4.6× 26.7×10ux/40*1000*1652}*1000*165

AStx+= 389.4 mm² Similarly,

AStx-=0.5x40/500* {1-√1- 4.6× 35.8×106/40*1000*1652}*1000*165

=521.4mm2

A +=0.5*40/500*
Y {1-√1- 4.6× 16.7×106/40*1000*1652}*1000*165

=237.6 mm4

A -= 0.5*40 6 2
Y /500* {1-√1- 4.6× 22.4×10 /40*1000*165 }*1000*165

=323.4 mm4

6 ) Check for Ast (Ast)=Min 0.12% of b*D

=0.12/100*1000*180

=216 mm2

Since all the calculated Ast is are greater than 0.12%, Hence

7) Calculation of spacing

#Assume, dia of bar = 12m Along X direction for the span

Ast =πd2/4 = π*122/4 = 113mm2 Now,

Spacing (Sx+) = Ast/ Astx *1000

=113/389.4*1000

=290.19mm c/c

24

provide (Sx+) = 200 mm c/c
Actual Astx+ due to the
Provided Spacing is
Astx+ = 113/200*1000
Astx+ = 565 mm2
Along X-direction for support :
Assume, dia of bar = 10 mm so,
Ast = πd2/4 = π*102/4
= 78.59 mm²
Spacing (Sx-) = ast/Astx *1000
= 78.53/ 521.4 *1000
=150.6 mm
25
provide Spacing (Sx-) : 130 mm c/c
Actual Astx- due to the provided Spacing (Sx-)
is Astx- = ast/Sx- *1000
=78.53/ 130 *1000
Astx- = 805 mm².
Along Y-direction for span :
Assume, dia of bar = 8mm
so,
Ast = πd2/4 = π*82/4
= 50.26 mm²
Spacing (Sy-) = ast/Asty- *1000
= 50.26 / 237.6 *1000
=211.53 mm c/c
provide Spacing (Sy-) : 200 mm
c/c
Actual Astx- due to the provided Spacing (Sx-)
is Asty- = ast/Sy- *1000
=50.26/ 200 *1000
 Asty- = 251.3 mm². Asty- = 251.3 mm².
*) Along Y-direction for support : *) Along Y-direction for support :
Assume, dia of bar = 10mm Assume, dia of bar = 10mm
so, so,
Ast = πd2/4 Ast = πd2/4 = π*102/4
= π*102/4 = 78.53 mm²
= 78.53 mm²

Spacing (Sy-) = ast/Asty- *1000

Spacing (Sy-) = ast/Asty- *1000
= 78.53 / 324.4 *1000
= 78.53/ 324.4 *1000
=242.84 mm c/c =242.84 mm c/c provide

provide Spacing (Sy-) : 230 mm c/c Spacing (Sy-) : 230 mm c/c

Actual Asty- due to the provided Spacing

Provided Ast are
(Sy-) is
sty- = ast/Sy- *1000
=78.53/ 230 *1000

Astx- = 341.43 mm².

Hence,
Calculated Ast are

Astx+ = 389.4 mm² Astx+ = 565 mm² Astx-= 805 mm2

Astx- = 521.4 mm2 Asty+= 251.3 mm²
Astý-= 341.43 mm²
Asty+ = 237.6 mm²
Asty - = 323.4 mm².

26
 7) Calculate the percentage of Steel by considering the higher Ast
So,
Pt = Ast /bD *100

= 805/1000*180 *100
=0.44% > 0.12

Hence,Ok

8 )Check for Shear:

a) Nominal shear stress (τv) = Vv/bd

Where,

Vv = Applied shear force. Vv = Wvle/2

=15*5.64/2

42.3 KN le = l + d
Where,
W = Width of support
τv = 42.3x 103/1000*165 = 0.256 N/mm2

(b) shear strength of Concrete (Ic):

It depends upon the Pt & grade of Concrete. (from 15

code 456-2000)
(Table -19)

27
 0.25x1 y
0.44 x 0.38 y1

Interpolation:

x-x1/x2-x1 = y-y1/y2-y1

0.44-0.25/0.50-0.25 = y-0.38/0.51-0.38

Y= 0.47
τ₁ = 0.47 N/mm².
Since,
τ v< τ e. hence, the Slab is safe in shear. y = ?

0.50x2 0.51y2

9)Torsional Reinforcement.
Here,

• At = 3/4*(Ast)max = 3/4 * 805.

=603.75 mm².
• At = 3/8 * (Ast)max

= 3/8 * 805

= 301.27 mm².
length of Torsional bar = I/5 *lx

=5.64/ 5
=1.128 m..

10) Check for deflection is: {l/d}max = Basic valve * K here,

K= Modification factor.

28
for k value,
Fs = 0.58 Fy Ast req/( Ast )prov

=0.58x 500 x 521.4/805

=187.83
Pt = 0.44 %

So,
K = 1.2

Hence,
{l/d}max = 26*1.3

= 33.8
{l/d}prov = 5640/180

=31. 33

Since,
{l/d}max > {l/d}prov

Hence it is safe in deflection.

29
13.2 STAIRCASE DESIGN

We have area to build staircase =5860mm*3240mm² Height of floor = 3.1m

Tread=300mm
Riser=155mm
Height of each flight=3.1/2
=1.55m
Space between flight=3240-1390*2-(200+160/2)
=280mm
No. of risers = 1.55/0.155
=10 no. of steps in each flight

No of treads = 10-1

=9 in each flight

Space occupied by tread= 9*300 Fig 14: Section of Staircase

=2700mm

Width of landing = 5860-(2700)-1000-(160/2)*2

=1500mm

Effective span =5860+(160/2)*2

=6020mm (l/d)=30-

40

Thickness of waist slab = effective span/30

=6020/30

D=160mm

d=160-25(cover)
30
d=140mm

Weight of slab = D√(1+R²/T²)*25

=0.160* √(1+0.155²/0.300²)*25

=4.50KN/m

Weight of steps = 25RT/2T

=25*0.155*0.300/2*0.300

=1.93 KN/m

Total load = 4.50+1.93

=7.72 KN/m

Live load = 3 KN/m (IS CODE 875 ,PART 2)

Total load= D.L+L.L

= 7.72+3

=10.72 KN/m

Factored load = 1.5*10.75

=16.08 KN/m

31
Landing

D.L = 0.160*1*25

=4KN/m

Live load = 3KN/m Total load

= 4+3

=7 KN/m

Factored load = 10.5 KN/m

Mu= WL²/8

=(16.08+10.5)*6.020²/8

MU=120.40 KN.m

Check for the thickness of waist

slab

Mu=kbd²*fck (CHECK FOR

DEPTH) 120.40*10^6 =

0.133*1000*d² *40 D² =

120.40*10^6/5520

d= √21811.59

d= 160 mm

32
Main reinforcement

Mu= 0.87*Ast*fy*d [1-Ast*fy/fck*bd)(moment of resistance )

120.40*10^6=0.87*Ast*500*140[1-Ast*500/40*1000*140]

5.43Ast²-60900Ast+120.40*10^6=0

Ast=2562.47mm²

Spacing= (∏*12²/4 *1000)/2562

=100mm c/c

Distribution reinforcement 0.12% of BD²

Area of reinforcement=0.12%*1000*160

=192 mm²

spacing = ((∏*8)/4)*1000)/192

=180 mm c/c

Hence, provide Y 12ø @100mm c/c in main reinforcement & Y8ø @ 180 c/c in distribution
reinforcement.

Figure 15: AutoCAD Plan of Staircase

33
 CHAPTER 14

CALCULATION OF WIND LOAD

In this analysis, we had done a hand calculation of the wind load for the 55.8 m height of the
building. For others, we did it in an excel file and presented it here in tabular form.

From IS:875, Part-3:

Basic wind speed (Vb) obtained from appendix according to a location on site.

i.e Chennai=50m/s Design Wind Speed

(Vz)=Vb*k1*k2*k3

K1=risk factor/probability factor(Page-11,Table-1) So,K1=1.08 (life

of building=100 years, Vb=50m/s)

K2 depends upon Terrain, height & structure size factor (Page-12, table -2)So, K2=0.796

(Height=27.9,Tarrain category-4, Class-C)

K3 depends on topographic factor So,

K3=1

Now, Vz= Vb*k1*k2*k3

= 50*1.08*0.796*1

= 43.2 m/s

Design wind pressure(Pz)= 0.6(Vz)2

=0.6(43.2)2

=1,108.575 Pa

34
 Table 3: Wind speed Design Factors

Height Vb K1 K2 K3 Vz Pz
12.4 50 1.08 0.67 1 36.18 785.3954
15.5 50 1.08 0.67 1 36.18 785.3954
18.6 50 1.08 0.67 1 36.18 785.3954
21.7 50 1.08 0.697 1 37.638 849.9714
24.8 50 1.08 0.746 1 40.284 973.6804
27.9 50 1.08 0.796 1 42.984 1108.575
31 50 1.08 0.836 1 45.144 1222.788
34.1 50 1.08 0.854 1 46.116 1276.011
37.2 50 1.08 0.873 1 47.142 1333.421
40.3 50 1.08 0.891 1 48.114 1388.974
43.4 50 1.08 0.91 1 49.14 1448.844
46.5 50 1.08 0.923 1 49.842 1490.535
49.6 50 1.08 0.947 1 51.138 1569.057
52.7 50 1.08 0.955 1 51.57 1595.679
55.8 50 1.08 0.961 1 51.894 1615.792

35
 CHAPTER 15

BASE SHEAR FOR EARTHQUAKE

When it’s come to earthquake, the horizontal force due to earthquake is the predominant force
that is the force in the x-direction and z-direction that’s all that we need to find out when it comes to
earthquake loads, so we will be utilizing is code 1893 part I which has been recently revised (2016).
We had followed the static analysis’s method for evaluating horizontal force.

Solution,

In this x direction, h=22.6m d=36.01m Tx=0.09h/√d

Where h= height of building , d= base dimension of building at plinth level

=(0.09*31.9)/√(36.01)

=0.47sec ( which is greater than 0.40s )

So, condition satisfy for 1/T for the x-direction, similarly for

z-direction also

Tz=0.09h/√d (h=22.6m d=20.940)

Tz=0.44 sec, so the condition satisfy 1/T

Now, for the x-direction, the design acceleration coefficient for different soil is

Sa/g=2.12

Similarly

for z-direction, the design acceleration coefficient for different soil is Sa/g=2.27

Importance factor(I)=1.2 (occupancy more than 200 people)

Response reduction factor(R)= 4 (Building with ductile RCC wall)

Now,

Ah= (Z/2 * Sa/g) / (R/I)

36
where Ah (Design horizontal seismic coefficient)
Ahx=0.058 Ahx=5.08%

Similarly for z-direction

AhZ =0.05448

Ahz =5.448%

Seismic weight (W)

For all floor W1=W2=W3… ............................................. W19

Live load =3 KN/m Floor finish load = 1 KN

Total seismic load on the floor(W)= W.D.L.+W.L.L+F.F.L

Vb= Ah*W where Ah ((Design horizontal seismic coefficient)

Vb = Design base shear

37
 Table 4: Base Shear Calculation Factors
Storey Lateral
Level Height Wi(KN) Wi*H^2 Qi Forces
(m)
X Z
Seismic
weight Vbx*Qi Vbz*Qi
terrace
floor 62 5228.2872 20097536 0.070945077 42.28767315 29483.74111
19 58.9 11087.343 38464321.21 0.135780538 80.93363501 56428.41433
18 55.8 11087.343 34521994.66 0.121863973 72.63849791 50644.89264
17 52.7 11087.343 30792766.84 0.108699655 64.79174659 45173.99375
16 49.6 11087.343 27276637.75 0.096287584 57.39338106 40015.71764
15 46.5 11087.343 23973607.4 0.084627759 50.44340133 35170.06434
14 43.4 11087.343 20883675.78 0.073720181 43.94180738 30637.03382
13 40.3 11087.343 18006842.89 0.06356485 37.88859922 26416.6261
12 37.2 11087.343 15343108.74 0.054161766 32.28377685 22508.84117
11 34.1 11087.343 12892473.31 0.045510928 27.12734027 18913.67904
10 31 11087.343 10654936.62 0.037612337 22.41928948 15631.1397
9 27.9 11087.343 8630498.665 0.030465993 18.15962448 12661.22316
8 24.8 11087.343 6819159.439 0.024071896 14.34834527 10003.92941
7 21.7 11087.343 5220918.945 0.018430045 10.98545184 7659.258455
6 18.6 11087.343 3835777.184 0.013540441 8.070944212 5627.210294
5 15.5 11087.343 2663734.156 0.009403084 5.604822369 3907.784926
4 12.4 11087.343 1704789.86 0.006017974 3.587086316 2500.982353
3 9.3 11087.343 958944.2961 0.00338511 2.017736053 1406.802573
2 6.2 11087.343 426197.4649 0.001504493 0.896771579 625.2455882
1 3.1 11087.343 106549.3662 0.000376123 0.224192895 156.311397
Grade
beam 0.9 10558.35 8552.2635 3.01898E-05 0.017995008 12.54644962
Total
self
load 65.05 226446.1542 283283022.8 1

38
 CHAPTER 16
MIX DESIGN OF SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE

Step 1
Target strength for mix proportioning = 40 (1.65 x 5.0) = 48.25 MPa
Step 2
For an M40 grade concrete, w/c required from experience is = 0.35
Step 3
From Table 4 of 1S 10262:2019, water content for a slump of 25 to 50 mm for 20 mm
aggregates is 186 kg/m³. Being a pumped concrete, the slump at the time of production should be in the
range of 150-175 mm so that the same can be placed at a stump ranging from 90-120 mm.
Estimated Water content for a slump of around 175 mm 186 186 (15/100) 214 kg/m³. As
Superplasticizer is used, the water content can be reduced up to 20 percent and above. Based on
trials with Auramix 300, Water contents (a reduction of nearly 21.5 %) for a slump of
175 mm at the time of production arrives as 168 kg/m².
Step 4
Water Cementitious ratio = 0.35
Water Content Binder content
= 168 kg/ m²
= 168 / 0.35
= 480 kg/m³
Cement content (75%) = 360 kg/m³
Fly ash Content (25 %) 120 kg/m³
Step 5
For pumping concrete and based on experience, the volume of the coarse aggregate
content to achieve a cohesive and pumping mix = 0.50
Therefore, the volume of the fine aggregate content is 1 -0.50
= 0.50
Step 6
The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete are as follows;
Volume of Cement = 360/ (3.15 x 1000)
= 0.114 Volume of Fly Ash 120/ (2.10 x 1000)
= 0.057
39
 Volume of water = 0.168
Volume of Admixture (@1.2 % by the mass of Binder) (5.76/ (1.09 1000)) - 0.005
Note: Maximum dosage of 1.2 % is considered in the design mix for the volume calculation
The volume of all in aggregate Mass of Coarse aggregate 12.5 mm
Mass of Fine Aggregate M. Sand
Step 7
1.. Final Mixture Proportions in kg/m³

Table 5: Mix Design of SSC

Grade of Coarse Fine

Water cement Fly Water Admixture
concrete Cement aggregate aggregate
ratio ash 0.6%
12.5mm M.sand

120 168
M40 0.35 360 kg 899 kg 866 kg 2.88 kg
kg kg

40
 CHAPTER 12

CONCLUSION

This internship was a great opportunity to face real challenges at the construction site along
with the advantage of learning new methods of construction. The tunnel formwork technology and
aluminium formwork was a new method to understand. Overall, it provided an enhanced understanding
of the outside working environment before the student graduate. In our three-month staying at the
Revenue Quarters (Site), we have acquired much knowledge in different tasks such as the various
formwork systems, Pile foundation, construction materials, apartment design and various structural
elements of the building.
This training program is an excellent opportunity for us to get to the ground level and
experience the things that we would have never gained through going straight into a job.

41
 CHAPTER 13

REFERENCES

[ 1 ] IS 875:1987 (Part 1): Code of Practic e for Design Loads: Dead Loads- Unit Weights of building
materials and stored materials.

[ 2 ] IS 875:1987 ( Part 2): Code of Practice for Design Loads: Imposed Loads.

[ 3 ] IS 456:2000: Plain and Reinforced Concrete Is 800:2007: Code of Practice for General Construction
in Steel.

[ 4 ] Mr. Tejas D. Aradhye, Emeritus M. R. Apte ( 2016), “A Study Of Advanced Tunnel Formwork System
In High Rise Building”. International Rersearch Journal Of Engineering And Technology (Irjet). Volume:
05 Issue: 05 | May-2016
Link: http: //Irjet.Esatiournals.Org

[ 5 ] Manas A. Shalgar1, Mr. Tejas D. Aradhye2 " Introduction To Advanced Tunnel Formwork System:
Case Study Of ‘Rohan - Abhilasha’ " E-Issn: 2395 -0056 P-Issn: 2395-0072 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar
-2020.
Link: http://Www.Ijcrt.Org/

[ 6 ] Ms Aakankasha Dillip Chaudhary (2017), “Study of Tunnel Formwork system and comparative
analysis with conventional formwork”. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research
Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017. ISSN 2229-5518

[ 7 ] Ms. Zeynep Yesim (2013), “Construction Cost of Tunnels from Buildings”. Gradevinar 2/2013
Link: www.researchgate.net/publication/290323577_Construction_costs_of_tunnel_form_buildings

[ 8 ] Mr. Can Balkaya et.al (2004), “Seismic vulnerability,behavior and design of tunnel form building
structures”. Engineering Structures 26 (2004) 2081–2099.
Link: https://quakelogic.net/Pubs/26.pdf

[ 9 ] R. Thiyagarajan, V.Panneerselvam, K. Nagamani " Aluminium Formwork System Using In Highrise

Buildings Construction " International Journal Of Advanced Research In Engineering And Technology
(Ijaret) Volume 8, Issue 6, Nov - Dec 2019, Pp. 29–41, Article Id: Ijaret_08_06_004 Issn Print: 0976-
6480 And Issn Online: 0976-6499.
Link: http://Www.Iaeme.Com/Ijaret/Issues.Asp?Jtype=Ijaret&Vtype=8&Itype=6

[ 10 ] Taehoon Kim, Hunhee Cho*, And Kyung-In Kang" Formwork Management Based On Ubiquitous
Computing For High-Rise Building Construction " Code’09 R&D A01)2018.
Link: https://Koreauniv.Pure.Elsevier.Com/En/Publications/Advanced-Planning-Model-Of-Formwork-Layout

[ 11 ] Tejas D. Aradhye And Prof. Emeritus M. R. Apte “Study Of Advanced Tunnel Formwork System
In High Rise Building” Eissn: 2319-1163 | Pissn: 2321-7308.
Link: https://Ijret.Org/Volumes/2016v05/I05/Ijret20160505100.Pdf
42