Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ky-Thuat-So - kts1 - c2 - Trang-Thai-Logic-Cua-Tin-Hieu-So - (Cuuduongthancong - Com)
Ky-Thuat-So - kts1 - c2 - Trang-Thai-Logic-Cua-Tin-Hieu-So - (Cuuduongthancong - Com)
NguyenTrongLuat 1
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
Chöông 2: ÑAÏI SOÁ BOOLE – COÅNG LOGIC
I. Caáu truùc ñaïi soá Boole:
Laø caáu truùc ñaïi soá ñöôïc ñònh nghóa treân 1 taäp phaàn töû nhò
phaân B = {0, 1} vaø caùc pheùp toaùn nhò phaân: AND (.), OR (+),
NOT (’).
x y x . y (x AND y) x y x + y (x OR y)
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
x x’ (NOT x, x )
0 1
1 0
NguyenTrongLuat 2
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
* Thöù töï pheùp toaùn: theo thöù töï daáu ngoaëc (), NOT, AND, OR
1. Caùc tieân ñeà (Axioms):
a. Tính kín (Closure Property)
b. Phaàn töû ñoàng nhaát (Identity Element):
x.1 = 1.x = x
x+0 = 0+x = x
c. Tính giao hoaùn (Commutative Property):
x.y = y.x
x+y = y+x
d. Tính phaân boá (Distributive Property):
x.(y+z) =x.y + x.z
x+(y.z) = (x+y). (x+z)
e. Phaàn töû buø (Complement Element):
x+x =1 x.x =0
NguyenTrongLuat 3
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2. Caùc ñònh lyù cô baûn (Basic Theorems):
a. Ñònh lyù 1: x = x
b. Ñònh lyù 2: x+x = x x.x = x
c. Ñònh lyù 3: x+1 = 1 x.0 = 0
x y z F
0 0 0 X F (x, y, z) = (1, 2, 5, 6) + d (0, 7)
= (3, 4) . D (0, 7)
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 X
NguyenTrongLuat 9
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
3. Daïng chuaån (Standard Form):
a. Daïng chuaån 1:
laø daïng toång caùc tích (S.O.P – Sum of Product)
F (x, y, z) = x y + z
* F (x, y, z) = x y + z
= x y (z + z) + (x + x) (y + y) z
= xyz+xyz+ xyz+xyz+xyz+xyz
= m6 + m7 + m1 + m5 + m3
= (1, 3, 5, 6, 7)
* F (x, y, z) = x y + z
= (x + z) (y + z)
= (x + y y + z) (x x + y + z)
= (x + y + z) (x + y + z) (x + y + z) (x + y + z)
= M2 . M0 . M4
= (0, 2, 4)
NguyenTrongLuat 10
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
b. Daïng chuaån 2:
laø daïng tích caùc toång (P.O.S – Product of Sum)
F (x, y, z) = (x + z) y
* F (x, y, z) = (x + z) y = xy + yz
= x y (z + z) + (x + x) y z
= xyz+xyz+ xyz +xyz
= m4 + m5 + m0
= (0, 4, 5)
* F (x, y, z) = (x + z) y
= (x + y y + z) (x x + y + z z)
= (x + y + z) (x + y + z)
(x + y + z)(x + y + z)(x + y + z)(x + y + z)
= M3 . M1 . M7 . M6 . M2
= (1, 2, 3, 6, 7)
NguyenTrongLuat 11
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
IV. Coång logic:
1. Coång NOT:
x t
x x
x
2. Coång AND:
x
x z = x.y
y y
z
x y z
0 0 0
0 1 0 Vôùi coång AND coù nhieàu ngoõ vaøo,
1 0 0 ngoõ ra seõ laø 1 neáu taát caû caùc ngoõ vaøo ñeàu laø 1
1 1 1
NguyenTrongLuat 12
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
3. Coång OR:
x z = x+y x
y
y
x y z
0 0 0 z
0 1 1
1 0 1 Vôùi coång OR coù nhieàu ngoõ vaøo,
1 1 1 ngoõ ra seõ laø 0 neáu taát caû caùc ngoõ vaøo ñeàu laø 0
4. Coång NAND:
x x
z = x.y
y y
x y z
z
0 0 1
0 1 1 Vôùi coång NAND coù nhieàu ngoõ vaøo,
1 0 1 ngoõ ra seõ laø 0 neáu taát caû caùc ngoõ vaøo ñeàu laø 1
1 1 0
NguyenTrongLuat 13
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
5. Coång NOR:
x z = x+y x
y
y
x y z
0 0 1 z
0 1 0
1 0 0 Vôùi coång NOR coù nhieàu ngoõ vaøo,
1 1 0 ngoõ ra seõ laø 1 neáu taát caû caùc ngoõ vaøo ñeàu laø 0
6. Coång XOR (Exclusive_OR):
x z = xy x
y
y
x y z
0 0 0 z
0 1 1
1 0 1 Vôùi coång XOR coù nhieàu ngoõ vaøo, ngoõ ra seõ laø
1 1 0 1 neáu toång soá bit 1 ôû caùc ngoõ vaøo laø soá leû
z = xy = x y + x y = (x + y)(x + y)
NguyenTrongLuat 14
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
7. Coång XNOR (Exclusive_NOR):
x z = xy x
y
y
x y z
0 0 1 z
0 1 0
1 0 Vôùi coång XNOR coù nhieàu ngoõ vaøo, ngoõ ra seõ laø 1
0
1 1 1 neáu toång soá bit 1 ôû caùc ngoõ vaøo laø soá chaün
z = xy = x y + x y = (x + y)(x + y)
NguyenTrongLuat 15
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
V. Ruùt goïn haøm Boole:
Ruùt goïn (toái thieåu hoùa) haøm Boole nghóa laø ñöa haøm Boole
veà daïng bieåu dieãn ñôn giaûn nhaát, sao cho:
- Bieåu thöùc coù chöùa ít nhaát caùc thöøa soá vaø moãi thöøa soá
chöùa ít nhaát caùc bieán.
- Maïch logic thöïc hieän coù chöùa ít nhaát caùc vi maïch soá.
1. Phöông phaùp ñaïi soá:
Duøng caùc ñònh lyù vaø tieân ñeà ñeå ruùt goïn haøm.
F (A, B, C) = (2, 3, 5, 6, 7)
= ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC
= AB(C + C) + AC(B + B) + AB(C + C)
= AB + AC + AB
= (A + A)B + AC
= B + AC
NguyenTrongLuat 16
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2. Phöông phaùp bìa KARNAUGH:
a. Caùch bieåu dieãn:
- Bìa K goàm caùc oâ vuoâng, moãi oâ vuoâng bieåu dieãn cho toå
hôïp n bieán. Nhö vaäy bìa K cho n bieán seõ coù 2n oâ.
- Hai oâ ñöôïc goïi laø keà caän nhau khi toå hôïp bieán maø chuùng
bieåu dieãn chæ khaùc nhau 1 bieán.
- Trong oâ seõ ghi giaù trò töông öùng cuûa haøm Boole taïi toå hôïp
đoù. ÔÛû daïng chính taéc 1 thì ñöa caùc giaù trò 1 vaø X leân caùc oâ,
khoâng ñöa caùc giaù trò 0. Ngöôïc laïi, daïng chính taéc 2 thì chæ ñöa
giaù trò 0 vaø X.
F AB F AB
C 00 01 11 10 C 00 01 11 10
0 X 1 1 0 X 0
1 X 1 1 X 0 0
NguyenTrongLuat 18
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
F AB
* Bìa 4 bieán:
CD 00 01 11 10
00 0 4 12 8
01 1 5 13 9
11 3 7 15 11
10 2 6 14 10
* Bìa 5 bieán:
F A 0 1
BC 00 01 11 10 10 11 01 00
DE
00 0 4 12 8 24 28 20 16
01 1 5 13 9 25 29 21 17
11 3 7 15 11 27 31 23 19
10 2 6 14 10 26 30 22 18
NguyenTrongLuat 19
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
b. Ruùt goïn bìa Karnaugh:
* Nguyeân taéc:
- Lieân keát ñoâi: Khi lieân keát (OR) hai oâ coù giaù trò 1 (OÂ_1)
keà caän vôùi nhau treân bìa K, ta seõ ñöôïc 1 soá haïng tích maát ñi 1
bieán so vôùi tích chuaån (bieán maát ñi laø bieán khaùc nhau giöõa 2 oâ).
Hoaëc khi lieân keát (AND) hai oâ coù giaù trò 0 (OÂ_0) keà caän vôùi
nhau treân bìa K, ta seõ ñöôïc 1 soá haïng toång maát ñi 1 bieán so vôùi
toång chuaån (bieán maát ñi laø bieán khaùc nhau giöõa 2 oâ).
F AB F AB
C 00 01 11 10 C 00 01 11 10
0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0
BC A +B
NguyenTrongLuat 20
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
- Lieân keát 4: Töông töï nhö lieân keát ñoâi khi lieân keát 4
OÂ_1 hoaëc 4 OÂ_ 0 keà caän vôùi nhau, ta seõ loaïi ñi ñöôïc 2 bieán (2
bieán khaùc nhau giöõa 4 oâ)
F AB F AB
C 00 01 11 10 C 00 01 11 10
0 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
B C
NguyenTrongLuat 21
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
- Lieân keát 8: lieân keát 8 oâ keà caän vôùi nhau, ta seõ loaïi ñi
ñöôïc 3 bieán (3 bieán khaùc nhau giöõa 8 oâ)
F AB F AB
CD 00 01 11 10 CD 00 01 11 10
00 00 0 0
01 1 1 1 1 01 0 0
11 1 1 1 1 11 0 0
10 10 0 0
D B
- Lieân keát 2k: khi ta lieân keát 2k OÂ_1 hoaëc 2k OÂ_0 keà caän
vôùi nhau ta seõ loaïi ñi ñöôïc k bieán (k bieán khaùc nhau giöõa 2k
oâ)
NguyenTrongLuat 22
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
* Caùc böôùc thöïc hieän ruùt goïn theo daïng S.O.P:
- Bieåu dieãn caùc OÂ_1 leân bìa Karnaugh
- Thöïc hieän caùc lieân keát coù theå coù sao cho caùc OÂ_1 ñöôïc
lieân keát ít nhaát 1 laàn; moãi lieân keát cho ta 1 soá haïng tích.
(Neáu OÂ_1 khoâng coù keà caän vôùi caùc OÂ_1 khaùc thì ta coù lieân
keát 1: soá haïng tích chính baèng minterm cuûa oâ ñoù).
- Bieåu thöùc ruùt goïn coù ñöôïc baèng caùch laáy toång (OR) cuûa
caùc soá hạng tích lieân keát treân.
F(A, B, C) = (0, 1, 3, 5, 6) = A B + A C + B C + A B C
F AB
C 00 01 11 10 ABC
0 1 1
AB 1 1 1 1
BC
AC
NguyenTrongLuat 23
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
* Caùc böôùc thöïc hieän ruùt goïn theo daïng P.O.S:
- Bieåu dieãn caùc OÂ_0 leân bìa Karnaugh
- Thöïc hieän caùc lieân keát coù theå coù sao cho caùc OÂ_0 ñöôïc
lieân keát ít nhaát 1 laàn; moãi lieân keát cho ta 1 soá haïng tổng.
- Bieåu thöùc ruùt goïn coù ñöôïc baèng caùch laáy tích (AND) cuûa
caùc soá hạng tổng lieân keát treân.
F(A, B, C, D) = (0, 4, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15)
= (C + D) (A + C) (A + B + D)
F AB
CD 00 01 11 10
00 0 0 0 0
(A + C)
(C + D)
01 0 0
11 0
10 (A + B + D)
NguyenTrongLuat 24
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
* Tröôøng hôïp ruùt goïn haøm Boole coù tuøy ñònh: thì ta coù theå coi
caùc OÂ tuøy ñònh naøy laø OÂ_1 hoaëc OÂ_0 sao cho coù lôïi khi lieân keát
(nghóa laø coù ñöôïc lieân keát nhieàu OÂ keà caän nhaát)
F(A, B, C, D) = (0, 4, 8, 10) + d (2, 12, 15)
= BD +CD
F AB
CD 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 X 1 CD
01
11 X
10 X 1
BD
NguyenTrongLuat 25
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
F(A, B, C, D) = (0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 14) . D (8, 9, 11, 12, 13)
= D (B + C)
F AB
CD 00 01 11 10
00 0 0 X X D
01 X X
11 0 X
(B + C)
10 0 0 0 0
NguyenTrongLuat 26
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
* Chuù yù:
- Öu tieân lieân keát cho caùc oâ chæ coù 1 kieåu lieân keát (phaûi laø lieân
keát coù nhieàu oâ nhaát).
- Khi lieân keát phaûi ñaûm baûo coù chöùa ít nhaát 1 oâ chöa ñöôïc lieân
keát laàn naøo.
- Coù theå coù nhieàu caùch lieân keát coù keát quaû töông ñöông nhau
- Ta coi caùc tuøy ñònh nhö laø nhöõng oâ ñaõ lieân keát roài.
Vd: Ruùt goïn caùc haøm
F1(A, B, C, D) = (1, 3, 5, 12, 13, 14, 15) + d (7, 8, 9)
F(A, B, C, D) = A B D + C D
B F(A, B, C, D)
C
D
AND 0R
NguyenTrongLuat 28
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2. Caáu truùc coång OR _ AND :
Caáu truùc OR_AND laø sô ñoà logic thöïc hieän cho haøm Boole
bieåu dieãn theo daïng tích caùc toång (P.O.S).
F(A, B, C, D) = (A + D) (B + C+ D)
A
B F(A, B, C, D)
C
OR AND
NguyenTrongLuat 29
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
3. Caáu truùc coång AND _ OR _ INVERTER (AOI):
Caáu truùc AOI laø sô ñoà logic thöïc hieän cho haøm Boole bieåu
dieãn theo daïng buø (INVERTER = NOT) cuûa toång caùc tích.
F(A, B, C, D) = A D + B C
A
F(A, B, C, D)
B
C
D
AND NOR
NguyenTrongLuat 30
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
4. Caáu truùc coång OR _ AND _ INVERTER (OAI):
Caáu truùc OAI laø sô ñoà logic thöïc hieän cho haøm Boole bieåu
dieãn theo daïng buø cuûa tích caùc toång.
F(A, B, C, D) = (A + D) (B + C)
A
F(A, B, C, D)
B
C
D
OR NAND
NguyenTrongLuat 31
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
5. Caáu truùc toaøn coång NAND:
Caáu truùc NAND laø sô ñoà logic thöïc hieän cho haøm Boole coù
bieåu thöùc laø daïng buø cuûa 1 soá haïng tích.
- Duøng ñònh lyù De-Morgan ñeå bieán ñoåi soá haïng toång thaønh tích.
- Coång NOT cuõng ñöôïc thay theá baèng coång NAND
F(A, B, C, D) = A B D + C D
= ABD . CD
A
B F(A, B, C, D)
C
D
= AD . BCD
A
B F(A, B, C, D)
NguyenTrongLuat 33
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
- Trong thöïc teá ngöôøi ta chæ söû duïng 1 loaïi coång NAND 2 ngoõ vaøo;
khi ñoù ta phaûi bieán ñoåi bieåu thöùc sao cho chæ coù daïng buø treân 1 soá
haïng tích chæ coù 2 bieán
F (A, B, C, D) = A B D . C D
= ABD . CD
B F(A, B, C, D)
C
D
NguyenTrongLuat 34
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
6. Caáu truùc toaøn coång NOR:
Caáu truùc NOR laø sô ñoà logic thöïc hieän cho haøm Boole coù
bieåu thöùc laø daïng buø cuûa 1 soá haïng toång.
- Duøng ñònh lyù De-Morgan ñeå bieán ñoåi soá haïng tích thaønh toång
- Coång NOT cuõng ñöôïc thay theá baèng coång NOR
F(A, B, C, D) = (A + D) (B + C+ D)
= (A + D) + (B + C+ D)
A
B F(A, B, C, D)
C
= (A + B + D) + (C + D)
B F(A, B, C, D)
C
D
NguyenTrongLuat 36
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
F(A, B, C, D) = (A + D) (B + C) (C + D)
= (A + D) + (B + C) + (C + D)
= (A + D) + (B + C) + (C + D)
A
F(A, B, C, D)
B
C
D
NguyenTrongLuat 37
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt