PROVIDING LED POWERED TECHNOLOGIES SINCE 1983

BINAY
LED Aviation Obstruction
LIGHTS

All BINAY Aviation Lights are based on Non-switching passive type circuitry (NO SMPS)
The circuitry incorporated inside the LED Aviation Obstruction Lights is passive electronic (solid-state) in nature, and does not use internal SMPS
driver switching units to control the light unit. Internal LED current control is by non-switching electronic means only. No electrolytic capacitors
are used inside the Aviation Obstruction Light unit.
The above is necessary to ensure reliability of the LED Aviation Obstruction Light. This system design effectively eliminates any active components
and circuits inside the aviation light itself, and enhances the solid-state passive reliability of the LEDs (mounted in relatively inaccessible locations
at the height of tall structures). This drastically reduces the possibility of component failure - and hence possibility of any maintenance require-
ment – in the LED Aviation Obstruction Lights themselves (which are mounted at extreme heights in the system).

Binay Opto Electronics Pvt. Ltd. Ph.:+91 85850 07174, +91 (33) 4006 9875, 2475 0062, 2475 0030
27, Panditia Terrace, Calcutta 700 029, India Email: info@binayLED.com Website: www.binayled.com
SAFELY Control
airborne infection
from viruses
and bacteria
Continuously and online in
indoor occupied public spaces
with
BINAY UPPER ROOM
ULTRAVIOLET-C
GERMICIDAL
IRRADIATION SYSTEM

Upper Room systems operate continuously in indoor occupied areas, and are safe
for occupied-area use. They are a relatively simple and effective means of controlling airborne
infection and can be cost-effective for many types of facilities, including offices, cabins, corridors,
industrial plants, canteens, hospital applications, waiting rooms, and any indoor occupied area
• Safe for active use in occupied areas – Occupants in the room are not exposed to UVC radiation
• Proven Technology – Used globally against viruses and bacteria for over 70 years (widely used in North America)

Improves Air Quality (IAQ) by reducing Continuously clean upper Produces no

bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and air in rooms, reducing airborne ozone or other
therefore the risk of COVID-19, cold, and/or bio-aerosol transmission secondary
flu, allergies and other illnesses of bacteria, viruses, and fungi contaminants

Binay Opto Electronics Pvt. Ltd. Ph.:+91 85850 07174, +91 (33) 4006 9875, 2475 0062, 2475 0030
27, Panditia Terrace, Calcutta 700 029, India Email: info@binayLED.com Website: www.binayled.com
IVR: 9620203281
 APRIL 2021 | VOL. 1 NO. 6

CONTENTS EDITOR : Rahul Chopra

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08 Feedback: Your Suggestions
10 Q&A: Things You Wanted To Know!
12 Tech News: Technology Updates
20 Truly Innovative Tech
24 New Products
56 Dashboard: Key Industry Trends That
Can Shape The Future Of Your Business
67 Industry News: Industry Updates
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 FeedBack
Your suggestions
BATTERIES FROM NUCLEAR
WASTE
I thought the ‘Batteries From Nuclear
Waste That Last Thousands Of Years’
article published in November 2020
issue was a great piece and exciting
technology. However, I’m shocked to
hear there’s a shortage of potential fuel
in the USA. We hear the opposite, and
the controversy of where to store spent
nuclear waste.
James Copeland
 I liked this article. Good and simple
information. Became a little lengthy but
good!
Dipro Sarkar
 Disposal of nuclear waste in such
batteries does make sense. Probably it
will open ways of making long lasting
batteries in future.
Jai Singh Baghel
 This is the future. May be in hun-
dred years we will power all electronic
devices with lifetime batteries. Bravo!
Ivana TGTG
 It is a nice article. Thank you!
Hasan
•••
ARTICLES IN MARCH ISSUE
I would like to comment on some of the
articles published in March issue.
• Presently, due to increase in excise
duty, the prices of electronic goods are
likely to increase but in the long run we
will have better indigenous electronic
goods.
• The design of crystal radio is quite
simple but its antenna realisation is a
tedious task.
• The autonomous vehicles are
interesting but their realisation and
8 april 2021 • electronics For you express
availability for regular use without a
driver will take some more time.
O. Subrahmanyam
Retired Scientist, DRDO, Visakhapatnam
EFY. Thanks to everyone for the feedback!
•••
FM TRANSMITTER
The specification of ‘Make A Crystal-
Locked FM Transmitter’ DIY article
published in April 2020 issue is dreadful.
The spurious products are only -20dBc.
Proper transmitters have spurs in the
range of -70dBc to -90dBc.
Albert H.
The author Joy Mukherji replies:
This circuit was aimed at an average
hobbyist. To keep things simple, there
is only a single variable capacitor for
tuning. It will work the first time, if built
properly, and has a decent range.
The distortion is low enough for voice.
It illustrates the simple technique of modu-
lating a crystal for narrow-band frequency
modulation. This technique has been used
in VHF amateur radio transceivers as well
as for 2-metre band ham radio.
My main design goals were rock
solid frequency stability, a usable output
power with common 2N3904 transistors,
and simplicity.
•••
AUTOMATIC HAND-WASH
TIMER
In the ‘Automatic Hand-Wash Timer’
DIY project published in July 2020 issue,
how does it turn on for twenty seconds?
Is capacitor C2 (100µF) of fixed value?
Arjun S.
EFY. Resistor R3 and capacitor C2 are
timing components. The given values of
these components decide the ‘on’ duration
of around twenty seconds. Capacitor C2
used in the circuit is not variable. However,
you can replace it with a variable capacitor
if you want to change the output ‘on’ time.
•••
AUTOMATIC HAND-WASH
TIMER
I have assembled the ‘Automatic Hand-
Wash Timer’ DIY project published in
July 2020 issue, as shown in the circuit
diagram, but it is not working. When I
checked it using multimeter, the current
is flowing in the circuit. Please help me.
Muhammed Sinan
EFY. Problem could be loose connections
in the circuit. For testing, first remove
the IR sensor and short pin 2 of NE555 to
ground using a wire and then disconnect
the wire. You should see the LED glow for
twenty seconds. If the LED does not glow,
check your connections properly. If you
have assembled the circuit on PCB, check
dry soldering and, if necessary, reheat the
solder joint(s) using a good soldering iron.
•••
HI-FI AUDIO AMPLIFIER
This is regarding ‘14-Watt Hi-Fi Audio Ampli-
fier Using TDA2030A’ DIY project published
in September 2020 issue. I want to build this
project on the PCB. Kindly inform about
the availability of its PCB, components, and
other accessories used in the project.
Rahit Kumar Roy
EFY. The PCB is not available with us
right now. You can easily assemble the
circuit either on a Veroboard (general-
purpose PCB) or on a breadboard.
The rest of the components, including
Veroboard, can be purchased from kitsns-
pares.com (or you may contact them at
info@kitsnspares.com).
Note. Most articles published in EFY magazine
can also be read at our website https://www.
electronicsforu.com after some time, including DIY
articles whose components can be purchased from
our kitsnspares.com website (or by writing to info@
kitsnspares.com).
www.EFYMag.com
 Q&A
Things You Wanted to Know!

Q1. Why are filter capacitors used in some battery charger circuits across charging
terminals and not in some others? What is the purpose of using a filter capacitor
in a battery charger circuit?
Anirvan Kule, Kolkata

A1. The design of a battery charging circuit with or without ripple volt-
filter capacitor depends on many factors including the type age low when
of battery and the charging method used. One must follow the battery is
the safety precautions and have basic knowledge about the disconnected.
batteries being charged. The use of a
The most common battery charger circuit is the constant- bypass capac-
voltage battery charger. It is basically a DC power supply that itor across the
consists of a step-down transformer to reduce the AC mains output termi-
voltage and a rectifier to provide the DC voltage to charge the nals is shown
battery. in Fig. 2.
Some chargers do not deliver pure DC and instead supply a There are
pulsating (uneven) DC voltage. In such cases an output capac- mainly two Fig. 2: Battery charger with bypass capacitor across
itor can be added across the circuit to smoothen the pulses. types of filter output terminals (Credit: analog.com)
In most of the common lead-acid battery charger circuits, capacitors in
capacitors are not required across the output terminals. battery charging circuits: input filter capacitor and output
However, charging filter capacitor. The AC voltage across the step-down trans-
a lithium-ion battery former is rectified and often filtered using capacitors to obtain
is slightly different a regulated DC voltage through a voltage regulator chip to
and requires addi- charge the battery.
tional circuitry and a In most cases, the voltage regulator chip requires input
capacitor to protect capacitor at its input and also output capacitor at its output
the battery. terminals. These input and output capacitors are located
In some designs, close to the chip. The input capacitor ensures that the voltage
a capacitor is used regulator chip connected across the transformer is stable and
as a bypass capaci- does not oscillate.
tor across the output In a simple battery charging circuit, the battery is directly
terminals to keep the connected across the output capacitor of the voltage regulator
Fig. 1: Battery charger without output capacitor control loop stable chip. In most cases additional filter capacitors are not required
(Credit: analog.com) a n d t o ke e p t h e in such circuits.

Q2. How does an inverter LED bulb work? How does it detect the switch state
even during power cut?
A. Samiuddhin

A2. An inverter LED bulb is essentially an emergency LED Thereafter the charging voltage is automatically cut to protect
bulb. Actually, such products are somewhat confusing the battery from getting overcharged. The bulb is designed
because there is no inversion process (DC to AC, or vice versa) to charge the internal battery even during normal operation.
involved in the circuits where these are used. However, most inverter LED bulbs come with charge-only
The technology used in these bulbs enables them to auto- mode. This mode is used to charge the internal battery with
matically turn on the LED light during a power cut and automati- the LED bulb off.
cally charge the internal battery when AC mains is available. When AC mains power goes off, this inverter bulb auto-
Basically, inverter LED bulb is a two-in-one bulb. That is, when matically switches on to act as a DC emergency light. It can
there is AC mains power, it works as a normal light bulb but be switched off when not required.
when there is a power cut, it works as an emergency light bulb. The features of an inverter LED bulb include fully automatic
Most inverter LED bulbs have lithium-ion batteries that control, low power consumption, and high efficiency. Since it
provide three- to four-hour backup. These internal batteries has internal backup power source and electronic control circuit,
require three to four hours of charging time to fully charge. it can detect the switch state even during power cut.
Answers compiled by Sani Theo, technical editor. Letters and questions for publication may be addressed to Editor, Electronics For You, D-87/1, Okhla Industrial Area,
Phase 1, New Delhi 110020 (e-mail: editsec@efy.in) and should include name and address of the sender.

10 APRIL 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express www.EFYMag.com

 Tech News
Technology Updates

Contactless superconducting coils for better power transmission

Contactless power transmission has
established itself as a key technol-
ogy when it comes to charging small
electronic devices. However, the
current transmission systems for
high-performance recharging in the
kilowatt range and above are large
and heavy, since they are based on
copper coils. Now a team of physicists
at the Technical University of Munich
(TUM) has succeeded in making a
coil with superconducting wires that
is capable of transmitting contact-
less power in the range of more than
five kilowatts and with only small
losses. Possible wide-scale applica-
tions include autonomous industrial
robots, medical equipment, electric
a coil made of superconducting wires that can contactlessly transmit power of more than five kilowatts vehicles, as well as autonomous elec-
without major losses (Credit: www.tum.de) tric aircraft.

Covid-19 detection using bioelectronic substrate on skin

The demand for bioelectronic weara-
bles has grown in recent years, large-
ly fuelled by their ability to record
and monitor a person’s health—from
heart rate to sleep quality. Soon, such
bioelectronic devices would be able
to wirelessly transmit a person’s
vital signs, providing early detection
of health issues such as Covid-19 or
heart disease to eliminate the need
for in-person visits. With this in con-
sideration, large-scale development
of bioelectronic wearables that have
breathable, waterproof, and passive
cooling capabilities is set to take
place at the College of Engineering,
University of Missouri. And in order
to mass-produce the bioelectronic
sensors, these will be directly printed
onto the supportive material using
a method called mask-free inkjet A customisable device capable of simultaneously tracking multiple vital signs such as blood pressure,
printing. heart activity, and skin hydration (Credit: https://engineering.missouri.edu)

12 april 2021 • electronics For you express www.EFYMag.com

 Tech News
Tiny drones that can operate in cramped spaces
New generation of tiny, agile drones (Credit: https://news.mit.edu)
Insects are remarkably acrobatic and resilient in flight, which
allows them to navigate through wind gusts, obstacles, and
general uncertainties. Such traits are hard to incorporate into
flying robots. However, at the Department of Electrical Engi-
neering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, an insect-sized drone has been developed that is
quite dexterous and resilient. The aerial robot is powered by
a soft actuator made of thin rubber cylinders coated in carbon
nanotubes. When voltage is applied to them, an electrostatic
force is produced that squeezes and elongates the rubber cyl-
inder. Repeated elongation and contraction cause the drone’s
wings to beat fast. It is hoped that the tiny robots could one
day aid humans in industry and agriculture.

Small gadgets powered by

the human body
Nanoengineers at the University of California San Diego
have developed a wearable ‘microgrid’ that harvests and
stores energy from the human body to power small electron-
ics. The wearable is built from a combination of flexible
electronic parts and consists of sweat-powered biofuel cells,
motion-powered triboelectric generators, and energy-storing
supercapacitors. All parts are flexible, washable, and can be
screen printed onto clothing. Just like a city microgrid inte-
grates a variety of local, renewable power sources, a wearable
microgrid integrates devices that locally harvest energy from
different parts of the body, like sweat and movement, while
containing energy storage.

The wearable microgrid that uses energy from

human sweat and movement to power an
LCD wristwatch and electrochromic device
(Credit: https://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu)

Smart OLED tattoo for TV and smartphone screens

Light-emitting smart tattoo (Credit: www.ucl.ac.uk)
Scientists at the University College London (UCL) and the
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (Italian Institute of Technology)
have created a temporary tattoo with light-emitting technol-
ogy that can be used in TV and smartphone screens, paving
the way for a new type of ‘smart tattoo’ with a range of poten-
tial uses. The technology uses organic light-emitting diodes
(OLEDs) and is applied in the same way as water transfer tat-
toos. That is, the OLEDs are fabricated on to temporary tattoo
paper and transferred to a new surface by pressing on to it
and dabbed with water. The process could be combined with
other tattoo electronics to emit light in case of dehydration or
to get out of the sun to avoid sunburn. OLEDs could be tattooed
on packaging or fruit to signal when a product has passed its
expiry date, or will soon become inedible. These could also be
used for fashion in the form of glowing tattoos.

14 april 2021 • electronics For you express www.EFYMag.com

www.varta-ag.com/industry
Book your battery expert consultation at Email:
nelson.seng@varta-microbattery.com

in wearables, medical, IoT,

smart metering and automotive applications.
Empowering independence
 Tech News
Autonomous robots for work in hazardous places
A University of Texas at Dallas research
group has developed an autonomous robotic
team of devices that can be used at hazard-
ous or difficult-to-reach sites to make surveys
and collect data, providing more and faster
insights than human beings can deliver.
The autonomous robotic team can rapidly
learn the characteristics of environments
it has never seen before. This allows rapid
acquisition of holistic data by coordinated
robotic teams to make data-driven decisions.
The approach allows for more real-time data
to be gathered rapidly and for streamlined
software updates for the machines. The
multi-robot, multi-sensor team includes a
robot boat that carries sensors to measure
water composition, as well as sonar to track
objects below the surface and to provide
aquatic remote sensing. At the same time, an
overflying aerial robot collects hyperspectral
Aerial robot that can carry several cameras, an array of onboard sensors and a downwelling
images, providing an entire spectrum for irradiance spectrometer—all used to gather data for mapping and to learn the characteristics of
every pixel in the image. environments (Credit: https://news.utdallas.edu)

Silicon chips for rapid

data transfer using
hair-width cables
Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT) have developed a data transfer
system that can transmit information ten times
faster than a USB. The new link pairs high-fre-
quency silicon chips with a polymer cable as thin
as a hair strand. The system may one day boost
energy efficiency in data centres and lighten the
loads of electronics-rich spacecraft. The new link
draws on benefits of both copper and fibre-optic
conduits made of plastic polymer, so it is lighter
and potentially cheaper to manufacture than
traditional copper cables. But when the polymer
link is operated with sub-terahertz electromag-
a data transfer system that pairs high-frequency silicon chips with a polymer cable as netic signals, it is far more energy-efficient than
thin as a strand of hair (Credit: https://news.mit.edu/2021) copper in transmitting a high data load.

Automated sensor network for greenhouse gas emissions

Claimed to be the world’s first, a fully automated sensor net-
work for measuring urban greenhouse gas emissions using
ground-based remote sensing of the atmosphere has been
developed by scientists at the TUM Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering of the Technical University of
Munich (TUM). The sensor network called Munich Urban
Carbon Column network (MUCCnet) consists of five high-
precision optical instruments that analyse the sun’s light
spectra. They measure the concentration of carbon dioxide
(CO2), methane (CH4), and carbon monoxide (CO). The sen-

16 april 2021 • electronics For you express www.EFYMag.com

 Tech News
sors have been set up in such a way that
one is upwind from the city and the second
downwind, covering as many wind direc-
tions as possible. With the input of the
sensor data and meteorological param-
eters, high-performance computers can
create a spatially resolved emission map
of the city.

Prof. Jia Chen and project manager Florian

Dietrich at one of the sensors for measuring
urban greenhouse gas emissions (Credit:
www.tum.de/nc/en)

AI and wearable cameras for self-walking robotic exoskeletons

Robotics researchers at the University of Waterloo
are developing exoskeleton legs capable of thinking
and making control decisions on their own using
sophisticated artificial intelligence (AI) technology.
The system combines computer vision and deep-
learning AI to mimic how able-bodied people walk
by seeing their surroundings and adjusting their
movements. To address the limitation of manu-
ally controlling the motors, the researchers fitted
exoskeleton users with wearable cameras and are
now optimising AI computer software to process
the video feed to accurately recognise stairs, doors,
and other features of the surrounding environment.
The researchers are also working to improve the
energy efficiency of motors for robotic exoskeletons
by using human motion to self-charge the batteries.
Use of AI and wearable cameras (Credit: https://uwaterloo.ca/news)

Soon to be rolled out robot healthcare helpers

Sensing robots that could perform healthcare
tasks for supporting doctors and nurses are
being developed by researchers at the School
of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon
Fraser University. Created using 3D printed
structures, the robot contains biomedical
electrodes at the tip of each finger, which
allows detection and measurement of human
physiological signals on touching a person.
These signals include electrocardiogram
(which monitors heartbeat), respiration
rate, electromyogram (monitoring electrical
signals from muscle movements), and tem-
perature. The humanoid robot can also moni-
tor oxygen levels, beneficial for supervising
the condition of those who develop severe
Covid-19. The data can be viewed in real time
on the robot’s monitor or sent directly to the
Sensing robot healthcare helpers (Credit: www.sfu.ca/university-communications) healthcare provider.

18 april 2021 • electronics For you express www.EFYMag.com


STMicroelectronics Pvt Ltd
Plot No 1, Knowledge Park III,
Greater Noida 201308,Uttar Pradesh, India
Email: nidhi-sehgal.kaul@st.com
Authorized distributors www.st.com
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 Truly Innovative Tech
Amongst numerous press releases of new products received by us, these are the ones
we found worthy of the title Truly Innovative Tech
‘5-minute charge’
EV batteries
StoreDot’s extreme fast charging (XFC)
batteries for two-wheel electric vehicles
(EVs) charge fully within five minutes
and can thus eliminate range and charg-
ing issues thanks to their small form-
factor battery cell. This is achieved by
replacing graphite in the Li-ion battery
cell’s anode with metalloid nano-parti-
cles—a key breakthrough in overcoming
major issues in safety, battery cycle life,
and swelling. Besides EVs, the ultra-fast
charging batteries can be used for com-
mercial drones and consumer electron-
ics. The XFC batteries comply with UN
38.3 standard, which ensures safety
during shipping.
StoreDot
www.store-dot.com
Flexible organic
solar cell
Epishine’s ‘light cell’ is a thin and flex-
ible organic solar cell that can be inte-
grated in sensors, consumer electronics,
and other low power devices to reduce
or eliminate the use of batteries.
The new light energy harvesting cells
are non-toxic, based on organic elec-
tronics, and encapsulated in recyclable
plastics. The light cells are optimised
for ambient light indoors. All electronic
devices powered by small batteries that
last for a year or more can potentially be
20 APRIL 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express
powered by harvesting ordinary indoor
light with this innovation. Their manu-
facturing process is based on different
printing techniques, roll-to-roll.
Epishine
www.epishine.com
Vehicle passengers’ 4D
safety solution
Vayyar’s multifunctional single-sensor
platform addresses the challenging
current and upcoming safety require-
ments, offering vehicles up to ten in-
cabin points while dramatically reducing
complexity and costs. The lifesaving
single-sensor solution offers child pres-
ence detection plus enhanced seat-belt
reminders. Its high-resolution 4D data
enables all OEMs and Tier 1s to inde-
pendently develop advanced safety and
comfort applications over the platform,
creating a safe in-cabin ecosystem. One
high-performance 4D imaging radar-on-
chip covers the entire cabin, reducing
hardware, wiring and overall costs,
while replacing seven in-car sensors.
Vayyar
www.vayyar.com
Integrated solution for
audio video bridging
Microchip’s LAN9360 audio endpoint
controller interconnects vehicles’ info-
tainment devices including speakers,
amplifiers, microphones, navigation
systems, radio tuners, and smart head-
rests with Ethernet AVB. It bridges audio
between Ethernet AVB and inter-IC
sound, time division multiplexing, and
pulse density modulation local audio
interfaces. LAN9360 completely sup-
ports audio transmission over Ethernet
AVB, including generalised precision time
protocol, timestamping, transport proto-
cols, and content protection with high-
bandwidth digital content protection.
It also supports secure boot and secure
remote updates over Ethernet. It requires
no software integration, enabling design-
ers to configure the device simply and
quickly to manufacturers’ unique audio
and networking requirements.
MicrochipTechnology
www.microchip.com
Compact odour
imaging sensor
Aroma Bit has developed the world’s
first compact odour imaging sensor
that digitises odours with visualisation
patterns, similar to an animal’s sense of
smell. It differs from conventional gas
sensors, which can only detect specific
substances. The device has a wide range
of applications, including the food, agri-
culture, daily commodities, industrial
machinery, mobility, healthcare, robot-
ics, mobile information service, home
electronics, and IoT industries. The
silicon CMOS sensor module develop-
ment kit 5C-SSM-H1 launched in January
features 80 elements arranged on a 6mm
×3mm silicon chip (5 types of odour-
sensitive membrane×16 elements per
membrane). 
Aroma Bit
www.aromabit.com
www.EFYMag.com
 Truly Innovative Tech
Terrain mapping
flexible LiDAR sensor
The Leica TerrainMapper-2 linear-mode
LiDAR airborne sensor for regional
mapping projects delivers outstanding
accuracy, unmatched point density, and
even-point distribution even in moun-
tainous terrain thanks to gateless MPiA.
It is designed to offer the maximum
flexibility for all applications from
narrow-swath corridors to high-altitude
applications over complex and changing
environments for the delivery of high-
est fidelity data. The TerrainMapper-2
includes a 2MHz LiDAR sensor com-
bined with two nadir 150MP cameras in
RGB and NIR. With the integration of the
most innovative optical system on the
market the sensor delivers high-quality
images with every flight, even during
long collection days and low sun angles.
The sensor can easily be upgraded with
four additional oblique cameras, turn-
ing the system into a 3D city-mapping
machine.
Leica Geosystems
www.leica-geosystems.com
Low-cost yet efficient
network accelerator
The MAX78000 low-power neural net-
work accelerated microcontroller from
Maxim executes artificial intelligence
(AI) inferences at less than 1/100th the
energy of software solutions, dramati-
cally improves run-time for battery-
powered AI applications, while enabling
complex new AI use cases previously
considered impossible. With no compro-
mise in latency or cost, the MAX78000
executes inferences at a fraction of
22 APRIL 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express
the cost of FPGA or GPU solutions. By
integrating a dedicated neural network
accelerator with a pair of microcontroller
cores, the MAX78000 overcomes serious
limitations, enabling machines to see
and hear complex patterns with local,
low-power AI processing that executes
in real time. Applications such as
machine vision, audio, and facial recog-
nition can thus be made more efficient.
Maxim Integrated
www.maximintegrated.com
Real-time industrial 3D
camera
Based on the latest generation of lasers
and algorithms, this real-time industrial
3D camera from Orbbec provides excep-
tional 3D precision and accuracy. It can
acquire a highly accurate image with
full-colour texture at a working distance.
The camera also offers improved picture
precision with a focus on real-time 3D
vision processing and endurance in
harsh environmental environments.
The company engineers’ expertise in
machine learning, AI, depth algorithms,
and smart computer vision helps to
create compact standard solutions with
technically mature functions for indus-
trial applications.
Orbbec
www.orbbec3d.com
Deep learning chip for
audio and sensor apps
Syntiant’s NDP120 neural decision pro-
cessor is a special-purpose chip for audio
and sensor processing for always-on
applications in battery-powered devices.
It applies neural processing to run mul-
tiple applications simultaneously with
minimal battery power consumption,
including echo-cancellation, beamform-
ing, noise suppression, speech enhance-
ment, speaker identification, keyword
spotting, multiple wake words, event
detection, and local commands recogni-
tion. NDP120 brings always-on neural
processing to all types of consumer prod-
ucts, including mobile phones, earbuds,
wearables, smart speakers, laptops,
smart home applications, and security
devices. Ideal for use where audio filter-
ing and echo cancelation are required for
far-field speech processing, it packages
a highly flexible, ultra-low-power deep
neural network inference engine, with
a highly configurable audio front-end
interface. It also supports multi-modal
sensor fusion, including sensors for infra-
red detection, multi-axis acceleration,
tilt, magnetic field, and pressure.
Syntiant
www.syntiant.com
Turnkey power module
for energy harvesting
The Xidas EHM-UNIV-1 is a small, turn-
key surface mount module designed
to capture small amounts of harvested
energy from such sources as  photovoltaic
cells, piezoelectric, electro-mechanical,
and thermoelectric generators, and con-
tinuously trickle charges storage elements
like rechargeable Li-ion batteries, thin-
film batteries, or conventional capacitors.
It can be used to power small electronic
devices and battery-free systems. When
used with the Xidas’s RHB-1530 small
hybrid supercapacitor/lithium battery,
it provides an ideal solution for driving
wireless sensors. Its power management
IC reduces the number of required exter-
nal components and thus development
cost. The signal conditioning provides
a direct input for DC input sources (like
photovoltaic cells) or built-in rectification
circuitry for AC sources (like electromag-
netic transducers). It can harvest energy
from signals as low as 380mV.
Xidasiot
www.xidasiot.com
www.EFYMag.com
 New Products
COMPONENTS
BLDC motor driver
The new highly integrated Grade 0
brushless DC (BLDC) motor driver
DRV3255-Q1 helps automobile manu-
facturers produce mild hybrid electric
vehicles (MHEVs) with minimised
emissions from a vehicle’s internal com-
bustion engine.
It helps design-
ers shrink their
motor system
size by as much as 30 percent while
providing a high gate-drive current for
increased protection and output power.
At the same time, board space and bill
of materials are reduced. The DRV3255-
Q1 was designed using TI’s certified
functional safety hardware development
process and includes built-in safety
mechanisms and documentation such
as failure modes, effects and diagnostic
analysis and a functional safety manual.
Texas Instruments
www.ti.com
Energy-efficient microcontroller
Silicon Labs has launched the
EFM32PG22 (PG22) 32-bit microcon-
troller unit (MCU), a
low-cost, high-perfor-
mance solution with
an industry-leading
combination of energy
efficiency, performance, and security.
With easy-to-use, cost-efficient analogue
capabilities, the PG22 MCU is ideally
suited for rapid development of con-
sumer and industrial applications with
demanding size constraints and low-
power operation requirements. Offering
100 percent form factor and code align-
ment with xG22 SoCs, developers can
take advantage of application sharing
and a drop-in upgrade path to Bluetooth
Low Energy (LE), Zigbee, or Proprietary
(2.4GHz) wireless connectivity.
Silicon Labs
www.silabs.com
24 APRIL 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express
Smart TV chip
The MT9638, a new 4K smart TV
chip, comes with an integrated high-
performance AI processing unit to
support cutting-edge AI-enhancement
technologies such as AI super-resolu-
tion, AI picture quality, and AI voice
assistants, along with
variable refresh rate
and motion estima-
tion and motion com-
pensation, so that
graphics appear smoother. It also
supports applications powered by
AI voice recognition and AI-enabled
video calls, opening up new ways
for consumers to interact with their
smart TV and deliver new, immersive
experiences in streaming, gaming. and
entertainment.
MediaTek
www.mediatek.com
Enhanced ultrasonic sensors
Offering a range of transmitter, receiver,
and transceiver options with analogue
outputs, the newly launched ultrasonic
sensors feature dis-
tance ratings from
0.2 to 18 metres
and beam angles
of 75 or 80 degrees.
These are housed
in compact aluminium or plastic cases
with through-hole mounting styles,
providing an economical solution for
precise measurement in a variety of
detection, distance, and proximity
applications. With frequency ratings
of 23 to 40kHz, peak-to-peak voltage
ratings of 80 to 180V, and operating
temperature from -30 degrees to +85
degrees Celsius, these ultrasonic sen-
sors offer sound pressure levels from
105 to 115dB and sensitivity ratings from
-75 to -68dBV.
CUI Devices
www.cuidevices.com
NEW
High-efficiency switching
regulator
Traco Power’s new TSR 1.5E series of
1.5-ampere step-down switching regu-
lators are modern
drop-in replacements
for older, inefficient
step-down regula-
tors in the industry-
standard SIP-3/TO-220 footprint. This
new generation of non-isolated DC-DC
converters is cost-optimised to support
price-sensitive and high-volume require-
ments. These drop-down regulators
provide high-efficiency operation up to
97 percent and provide full-load opera-
tion over an ambient temperature of -40
degrees to +85 degrees Celsius without
heat sinks, temperature derating, forced-
air cooling, or external capacitors.
Traco Power
www.tracopower.com
Array for LiDAR
The new RDM-series silicon photomul-
tiplier (SiPM) ArrayRDM0112A20-QFN
extends the LiDAR sensor capabilities
to intelligent sensing solu-
tions for the automotive
industry and beyond. It is
a monolithic 1×12 array
of SiPM pixels, which
enables high sensitivity to near-infrared
light to achieve industry-leading 18.5%
photon detection efficiency at 905nm.
The high internal gain of the SiPM
allows sensitivity down to the single-
photon level. This results in the ability
to range to greater distances even with
low reflective targets.
ON Semiconductor
www.onsemi.com
Precision measurement ICs
Designers can now achieve double
the battery life, robust protection,
and highest accuracy for IoT, indus-
trial, and healthcare applications with
three new Analog ICs from Maxim—
MAX41400 instrumentation ampli-
www.EFYMag.com
 JOIN
OUR
• Intelligent TFT
DISPLAY
solutions
• Innovative
chip-on-glass
WORLD
• New OLED for industry
• Multifunction uniTFT
• App for uniTFT
• RS232, I²C, SPI, USB
• New intelligent OLED
• Touch Panel solutions
• IPS Displays
• Evaluation Kits
• Full programmable
• No lead time
• Long availability

sales@displayvisions.com www.displayvisions.com
 New Products
fier, MAX40108 precision operational
amplifier, and MAX31343 real-time clock
(RTC) with integrated MEMS oscillator.
The MAX41400 enhances sensor system
accuracy by 4x and
extends battery life
by 55 percent com-
pared to the closest
competitor. It pro-
vides low offset of 25µV, low noise, and
programmable gain with only 65µA
current consumption. The MAX40108
requires supplies as low as 0.9V, which
helps double sensors’ battery life. The
MAX31343 provides timekeeping accu-
racy of ±5ppm, plus robust protection
by its integrated resonator that elimi-
nates crystal mechanical failures and
enables the smallest WLP compared to
any other in the market.
Maxim Integrated
www.maximintegrated.com
Snap-in electrolytic capacitors
EPCOS aluminium electrolytic capacitor
series B43548 with snap-in terminals
claim excellent maximum ripple current
capability of 9.80A (400V,
100Hz, 60°C). This makes
them ideal for demanding
applications in frequency
converters, industrial power
supplies, UPS systems, medi-
cal devices, and photovoltaic
inverters. The capacitors are designed
for a maximum operating temperature
of 105°C, have a rated voltage range of
400V to 500V, and reach under these con-
ditions a useful life-time of 3,000 hours.
Depending on the rated voltage, they
offer a capacitance range of 68 to
820µF in case sizes of 25mm×25mm to
35mm×55mm (d×l). Their high level
of resilience against rapid charging and
discharging cycles helps them meet the
demanding requirements of servo drive
applications as well.
TDK Corporation
www.tdk-electronics.tdk.com
WE LOVE TO
SHOWCASE
NEW PRODUCTS!
26 APRIL 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express
Low-power cellular IoT chipset
Altair ALT1255, a new low-power NB2
chipset designed with an integrated SIM
(iSIM), user MCU, rich application layer,
and GSM/GPRS fallback modem is 5G
ready. It will enable low-
power, cost-sensitive
connected devices to
monitor, manage, and
control critical infra-
structure, medical devices, logistic
trackers, and a large variety of LPWA
applications. The ALT1255, developed
in-house by Sony Semiconductor Israel,
shares software architecture, modem
application and networking layer, and
APIs for fast and easy integration within
the Altair product family.
Altair Semiconductor
www.altair-semi.com
AI-enabled gas sensor
Bosch Sensortec’s BME688 is the world’s
smallest four-in-one air-quality MEMS
sensor. which combines gas, humidity,
temperature, and barometric pressure
sensing with innovative AI capability.
It reduces total cost of
ownership, cuts develop-
ment time, and simpli-
fies design. BME688 is
ideal for food spoilage
detection and timely forest fire detection
by detecting the gases present and tracking
temperature and humidity changes. Its AI
features and new BME AI-Studio software
help rapidly develop custom solutions
for specific use cases. The sensor detects
many gases, including volatile organic
compounds, volatile sulphur compounds,
and other gas types such as carbon
monoxide and hydrogen in ppb range.
Current consumption can be configured
between 2.1µA and 11mA depending on
the required data rates and functions. It
measures just 3.0× 3.0×0.9mm3.
Bosch Sensortec
www.bosch-sensortec.com
Launched a New Product related to electronics?
Share its details with us at newproduct@efy.in
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review it, and if it matches our guidelines—
we will publish it here, for FREE!
Circular power connectors
Bulgin 9000 series Buccaneer multi-pin
circular power connectors comprises a
range of high-amperage flex body, flex
in-line, and flange mount connectors
for high current applications where easy
connection and protection
from high levels of dust and
moisture are critical. These
are available with either
a bayonet ¼ turn locking
mechanism for quick con-
nector mating and release
or a screw turn locking mechanism that
achieves a secure, robust connection but
is also easy to disconnect. Both variants
have visual alignment features to ensure
correct mating, and positive feedback
on the locking mechanism. Suitable for
mains power to signal applications in
multiple industrial environments, the
connectors feature robust housings and
are available as male and female, with a
choice of 2 to 11 poles up to 225A, 1250V
AC RMS as standard.
Bulgin
www.bulgin.com
MODULES & BOARDS
High-precision GNSS module
Current general GPS modules are prone
to deviation up to hundreds of metres.
The RTK-1010 module from LOCOSYS
provides robust GNSS services for
wireless communication, embedded
systems, avionics,
and automotive and
consumer electronics.
It can concurrently
support all satellite
positioning systems.
RTK-1010 has 135 satellite receiving
channels and 65mA ultra-low power
consumption. It can also be used as a
base station or rover station. The RTK
high-precision positioning is more
appropriate to unmanned mobile vehi-
www.EFYMag.com
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IP ADDRESS NETWORK
FOR YOUR BUSINESS

KEY BENEFITS
Only Organization in India to provide
IP addresses (IPv4/IPv6).
Only Organization that provide facility for payment
in Indian currency.
Get IPv6 address free of cost along with IPv4 address.
Support in local language for better connect.
Get equipped to choose your peering and upstream providers.

Visit www.irinn.in
Call us on 011-48202005, 011-48202030
Email: helpdesk@irinn.in for more details about
Indian Registry for Internet
our offerings. Names and Numbers
 New Products
cles, bridge/dam/hillside/building
structure monitoring, drone aerial pho-
tography/logistics/artistic performance,
handheld/wearable devices, precision
agriculture, shared movement/tracking
management, V2V/V2X, and more.
LOCOSYS
www.locosystech.com
Module for smart city
infrastructure
ROHM has developed Wi-SUN FAN
(field area network) module BP35C5
that is capable of connecting up to 1,000
devices (like traffic signals and street-
lights) wirelessly in a mesh network to
cover an entire city. This international
wireless commu-
nication standard
module eliminates
the communication
costs associated
with conventional
low-power wide-area wireless stand-
ards. It ensures superior reliability
through multi-hop networks that auto-
matically switch destinations after
signal verification. The BP35C5, an in-
house ultra-small (15.0mm×19.0mm)
module, is expected to see widespread
use in large-scale mesh networks for
smart cities and smart grids. It can carry
out secure communication without the
need for complicated control.
ROHM Semiconductor
www.rohm.com
Analogue DC-DC converter
The new PKU4913D converter claims
excellent electrical and thermal perfor-
mance at affordable cost. Efficiency is
typically 94.6% at Vin, 48V at full load.
Aimed primarily at telecom applica-
tions, it has input voltage range of 36
to 75V, which meets the requirements
for normal input
voltage range in -48
and -60V DC sys-
tems. It provides an
output of up to 8.3A
at 12V, thus deliver-
ing 100W, with output voltage trimming
of up to 10%. Input to output isolation
is 2,250V. PKU4913D is supplied in
low-profile 1/16 brick format, measur-
ing 33.02mm ×22.86mm×11.30mm.
The converter includes over-voltage,
over-temperature, and short-circuit pro-
28 APRIL 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express
tection, which increase reliability and
operational lifespan. It has a mean time
between failures of 13.88 million hours.
Flex Power Modules
www.flexpowermodules.com
48V DC input power supply
This 48V DC-input power supply
CSU2000ADC-3 is designed to provide
high power in a small form factor for
compute, storage, and networking appli-
cations. With 12V output at 2,000W, it is
perhaps the industry’s only 2kW carrier-
grade power supply
providing scalability
and power capac-
ity flexibility while
satisfying carrier
requirements for input cabling. It fea-
tures common redundant power supply
form factor, making it simple for custom-
ers to design their systems. With appli-
cations in traditional AC data centres,
DC telco central offices, and DC data
centres, it reduces customers’ develop-
ment time, cost, and risk.
Advanced Energy
www.advancedenergy.com
Compact 1,200W power supply
The RACM1200-V baseplate-cooled fan-
less power supply comes as a compact,
single output AC/DC converter. Just
228mm×96.2mm×40mm in size, it
can deliver 1,000 watts continuously
with the baseplate held to 80°C and
1,200 watts for up to ten seconds, or
continuously with airflow. Input is
universal 85-264V AC, dip-switch adjust-
able outputs available are nominal 24V
and 48V DC, with
36V DC expected
soon, and efficiency
is 95% peak. An iso-
lated and ‘always
on’ 5V/1A auxiliary supply is provided
along with an adjustable 5V to 12V/1A
system fan output, with all outputs
isolated from ground to 2kV AC for PoE
applications. The power supply has
safety certifications for industrial, ITE,
and medical applications with 2×MOPP
isolation and low leakage current for BF
applications. An integrated microproces-
sor implements comprehensive protec-
tion features and monitors output cur-
rent, temperature, and other parameters
to provide smart control and automatic
protection in case of improper use or
overloading.
RECOM
www.recom-power.com
Automotive smart camera
Renesas EagleCAM module is an open
front camera solution, featuring Rene-
sas’ R-Car V3H and R-Car V3M system-
on-chip (SoC). The all-in-one scalable
camera platform targets such require-
ments as automatic emergency brak-
ing, forward collision warning, lane
keeping assist, and
traffic sign recog-
nition. Developed
together with LUPA-
Electronics, it introduces an open
turnkey solution that delivers flexible,
high-performance perception while
shortening time to market and reducing
the bill of materials costs. EagleCAM
supports low- to high-end front camera
applications with extensions for sur-
round view, driver monitoring, and
augmented reality.
Renesas Electronics Corporation
www.renesas.com
Evaluation kit for smart
buildings
Infineon’s XENSIV predictive mainte-
nance evaluation kit, co-developed with
Klika Tech, is powered by cloud service
provider AWS to offer an end-to-end
solution for smart buildings. The kit
includes hardware (sensors, microcon-
troller, embedded
security), software,
and CloudForma-
tion templates. It
represents a per-
fect starting point for quick and easy
evaluation of sensor based condition
monitoring and predictive maintenance.
The target applications involve heating,
ventilation, and air-conditioning equip-
ment as well as motors, fans, drives,
compressors, refrigeration, and other
components of smart buildings.
Infineon Technologies
www.infineon.com
Compact computer-on-module
conga-TCV2 from congatec is a COM
Express compact computer-on-module
based on AMD Ryzen embedded V2000
www.EFYMag.com
Daikoku Innovations at
The Forefront of Technology www.daikokuinnovations.com

Daikoku Innovations (Daikoku) is a strong product design services company headquartered in Bengaluru and catering to
the global market, including India. The founders saw a huge gap in the market for cutting edge product design services
which is commercially viable, both for the customers and Daikoku. There were immense challenges when companies were
looking for design partners to complement their existing design teams or completely outsource cutting edge product
designs.Intellectual property rights (IPR) also were of immense concern. Daikoku allays all these concerns via their
trustworthy process and approach towards engaging a potential customer, understanding the design challenge, ideating,
creating a design plan along with feasibility study, design & development, test & verification, validation & collateral
production, manufacturing and seamless transfer of IPR.

“Our deep rooted passion for embedded systems has driven us to create
Daikoku“, says Nimesh Kanoth Co-Founder, Vice President – Embedded.

The key to ensure a seamless end to end product delivery is by having strong
hardware, firmware and software capabilities. Daikoku comes with strong
hardware, firmware and software skills which eases the pain points of the
customers. Daikoku moves a few steps ahead by doing the industrial design
and eventual manufacturing of the products too. The company has partnerships
with some leading contract manufacturers that enables them to take their
designed products to full-fledged production, if there exists a customer request.
That’s why, Daikoku is a one-stop shop helping customers conceptualise their
products and take them all the way to making their products mass-production
worthy.

According to Sudarshan NS, Founder, President at Daikoku Innovations, “We

are specialists in embedded design and have delivered many mass-
production designs till now. We are planning to further expand into the
US and Europe market.”

Daikoku has an interesting mix of skill sets which very few product design
services companies possess in India, making them a partner of choice for many
companies. With the “Make in India” push from the Government of India,
companies who were so far importing their products have decided to locally
design and manufacture them. Daikoku is also a trustworthy partner for such
companies.

“Daikoku has core competencies in FPGA, SoC, AI, ML, IoT domains
which allow us to deliver end to end solutions across multiple
end-markets.” says Sanket Bandyopadhyay, Co-Founder, Vice President,
Sales & Marketing at Daikoku Innovations.

Daikoku has a strong presence in the below markets and has successfully
delivered products like the below but not limited to these.

1. Communications – XPON, OLT, ONT, ONU

2. Industrial – Automation 4.0, AI/ML Enabled Sorting Machine
3. Automotive – BMS, Infotainment
4. Consumer – Wearables, Smartphone
5. Medical – Clinical Grade Wearable

Rajeev Krishnamoorthy, a Bay Area serial entrepreneur, pioneer of 802.11

standard, consulting professor at Stanford University’s Electrical Engineering
department and also an advisor to Daikoku Innovations says, “ The founding
team at Daikoku comes from diverse technology backgrounds which
allows them to have a deep insight into various technologies, thereby
enabling them to churn out complex products efficiently.“

Reach Daikoku at: info@daikokuinnovations.com, +91 9343379845 / +91 9845051485

 New Products
processor, which is setting a new per-
formance per watt benchmark. It finds
its sweetest spot in 15W TDP designs.
Compared to modules with V1608B
processors, conga-TCV2 deliver a perfor-
mance of 97% (V2516)
to 140% (V2718) with
up to 8 cores. Due to the
7nm Zen 2 cores, single-
core performance also
increased between 25%
and 35%, making performance improve-
ments in 24/7 connected and fanless
embedded systems. Applications include
multi-functional industrial edge gate-
ways, digital signage systems, gaming
terminals, and infotainment platforms.
Multi-headed medical imaging systems
in the operating theatre, machine vision,
and machine learning systems are fur-
ther target markets.
congatec
www.congatec.com
Energy meter evaluation board
ST’s EVALSTPM-3PHISO evaluation
board speeds design of 3-phase AC watt
meters using low-cost, electromagnetic-
immune shunt sensors, and advanced
galvanic-isolation technology for superi-
or reliability and robustness. It combines
the high accuracy
STPMS2 metering
front-end IC and the
advanced STISO621
digital isolator with
customisable turnkey firmware running
on an STM32 microcontroller to com-
pute metrology and power-quality data.
The sensing circuitry and PCB layout
are optimised to ensure robustness
against EMI and a strong signal-to-noise
ratio for high-accuracy measurement
and post-processing computation. The
board can also be used as a reference for
multi-phase industrial metering applica-
tions beyond utility metering, such as
electric-vehicle charging, servers, and
solar inverters.
STMicroelectronics
www.st.com
2nd Gen 5G NR modules
Quectel’s second-generation 5G new
radio (NR) modules are based on the
latest Qualcomm Snapdragon X65 and
X62 5G modem-RF systems and sat-
isfy the needs of industries that require
30 APRIL 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express
enhanced mobile broadband and reli-
able communication capabilities. The
modules will speed up commercialisa-
tion of 5G technologies and bring the
benefits of mobile broadband to fixed
wireless access, indus-
trial IoT, mobile compute,
telemedicine, private net-
works, and more. The
new sub-6GHz modules
include the RG520F (LGA
form factor), the RM520F
(M.2) based on Snapdragon X65, the
RG520N (LGA), and the RM520N (M.2)
based on Snapdragon X62. The mod-
ules support all three combinations of
sub-6GHz time division duplex (TDD)
and frequency division duplex (FDD)
carrier aggregation (CA), including
CA of FDD+TDD, FDD+FDD, and
TDD+TDD. This ensures greater 5G
coverage, capacity, and throughput.
Quectel
www.quectel.com
Radiation-hardened power
converters
Microchip has expanded its SA50-120
power converter family with nine
new units based on commercial off-the-
shelf technology.The radiation-hardened
DC to DC power converters utilise
surface mount component construc-
tion, allowing
flexibility and
customisation
to fit specific
requirements and enable designers to
quickly scale up development, reducing
risk and development time. SA50-120
utilise 120V input and offer up to 56W
of output in a low-profile, small size.
They offer eight million hours mean time
between failure and up to 87% efficiency
and are qualified to 100krad (Si) total
ionisation dose and single event effects
greater than 80MeV cm2/mg.
Microchip Technology
www.microchip.com
T&M SOLUTIONS
Source measure units
R&S NGU201 and NGU401 source meas-
ure units (SMUs) enable simultaneous
sourcing and and precise measurement
of currents and voltages. The two-
quadrant NGU201 addresses wireless
device battery tests and automatically
switches from source mode to sink mode
at a defined positive input voltage. The
four-quadrant NGU401 can also switch
at negative voltages, supporting source
measurements for a vast range of power
supply types. To handle rapidly changing
load conditions typical of battery-pow-
ered communication
devices switching
between sleep and
transmit modes, the
NGU201 features
optimised control
loop load, providing recovery time
of under 30μs with minimum over-
shoot. It includes six current ranges
from 10µA with 100pA resolution to 10A
with 10µA resolution. NGU401 is the
specialist for semiconductor testing. It
provides source measurements for any
equipment requiring source and sink
voltages in the range of –20V to +20V.
In addition, it includes a fast current
regulation mode to avoid damaging
current-sensitive devices under test,
such as LEDs or other semiconductors.
Rohde & Schwarz
www.rohde-schwarz.com
Integrated measurement
software
IS8000 integrated measurement software
platform from Yokogawa controls and
collects data and generates reports from
multiple measuring instruments. It also
supports connection to such devices as
high-speed cameras
from other compa-
nies. The software
can aid in the devel-
opment of motors,
inverters, and other types of equipment
by synchronising the measurement
data from power analysers with the
multichannel analogue measurement
signal data from a high-speed data
logger. As a total solution that will help
develop products more efficiently, this
software will be offered together with
other Yokogawa products such as power
analysers and the DL950 ScopeCorder.
Yokogawa Test and Measurement
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Integrated instruments with GUI
Keysight portfolio of smart essential lab
bench products includes a triple-output
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 New Products
power supply, an arbitrary function gen-
erator, a digital multimeter, and an oscil-
loscope that use a powerful GUI, offer-
ing integrated data management and
analysis. These
are connected to
each other, con-
nected to the lab,
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teaching, or troubleshooting. Developed
for the design and test of products in
manufacturing and R&D, these offer
a compact and stackable design ideal
for small manufacturing businesses.
Keysight’s PathWave BenchVue applica-
tion software complements the series,
enabling quick configuration of instru-
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screen to test device under test. The
optional PathWave Remote Access Lab
software and the PathWave Lab Manager
software enhance the lab experience and
productivity.
Keysight Technologies
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Modules for production-line
testing
Anritsu has launched TRX test module
MU887002A, designed to improve the
efficiency of production-line inspection
of wireless communication devices,
including 5G, and
space-saving uni-
versal wireless test
set MT8872A. With
24 RF connectors,
the TRX is a module for installation in
the MT8870A and MT8872A. It supports
5G sub-6GHz New Radio (NR) RF tests
and various other simultaneous wire-
less communications tests, including
WLAN, Bluetooth, and GNSS. MT8872A
is a measuring instrument designed
for use in mass production and is fully
compatible with the MT8870A. Its
small footprint is designed to be used
in narrower spaces than the standard
19” rackmount. Designed to meet the
needs of manufacturers of chipsets,
smartphones, wireless modules, and
other wireless products, MU887002A
and MT8872A save space and cut costs
on production lines for wireless com-
munication devices.
Anritsu Corporation
www.anritsu.com
32 APRIL 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express
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Compact SMARC AI-on-module
The LEC-IMX8MP SMARC AI-on-
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paired with smart sensors to enable
industrial decision-making.
ADLINK Technology
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Embedded GPU computer
Cincoze GM-1000 is a rugged embedded
computer, configurable with MXM form
factor GPUs from NVIDIA and AMD.
It is designed for
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Can be configured with a wide range
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OnLogic
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End-to-end AV over IP
Zyxel’s networked AV element provides
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Zyxel’s specialised Networked AV mode
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network administrators to manage with
ease.
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 Trends
Decision Making Insights
Of Self-Driving Cars
A lot of people are talking about autonomous vehicles, which use highly advanced and
futuristic technologies. And although these come with sophisticated intelligence, their
performance largely depends on decision making skills of humans on roads
I Localisation
Dr Rahul Kala ntelligence of autonomous vehicles is
based on nothing but simple robotics.
So, if you have to decide on how to
drive a vehicle well, you have to make
decisions exactly how self-driving cars
do it. Technologies like those mentioned
below give strength to self-driving cars.
Deep learning vision. The cameras
and the LiDARs in the front of the vehicle
should be able to see the signboard that
specifies the speed limit and the diversion
ahead. Unlike humans, self-driving cars
make strict decisions concerning traffic
light rules.
Planning. This is responsible for all
decision-making based on complete infor-
mation about the surroundings.
Localisation and mapping. Nowadays,
apps like Google Maps facilitate naviga-
tion at a global level. This module helps
a vehicle in knowing its present location
at a local level with respect to the nearby
surroundings.
Fig. 1: Two images of the same place taken from a stereo camera at different intervals of time
34 APRIL 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express
One can use GPS to pinpoint location, but
its accuracy is only up to a few metres at
present. If you are deciding to stop because
of a traffic light in front, or considering to
overtake another vehicle ahead, then this
kind of accuracy is not good enough. So,
a centimetre-grade positional accuracy
using a better localisation system eases the
decision making process for a self-driving
vehicle (with regards to where it is currently
located). One can find out about the sur-
rounding features using a feature-extraction
algorithm.
The two images of the same place in
Fig. 1 have been taken from a stereo camera
at different intervals of time. From the
second image (on the right-hand side), we
can see that the trees and railing appear
a little closer. This helps to calculate how
much you have moved by integrating this
information along with the time taken to
find out your precise
location.
However, stereo
cameras are extremely
noisy. So, the depth
accuracy is pretty bad.
Therefore, LiDARs
provide a static 3D
visual, wherein mul-
tiple images along
with time are stitched
together to give a final
panoramic image
(map).
The image in Fig. 2
is a visual representa-
tion of the IIIT Alla-
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Three-phase measurements with PicoLog and
PicoScope
The test installation
Last summer, Pico’s Business Development Manager Trevor Smith selflessly volunteered to take some
oscilloscopes and data loggers with him to the south of France. As he was staying in a building with a three-
phase mains supply, it seemed like a perfect opportunity to test the Pico equipment
and capture some waveforms.
With the main power supply switched off, Trevor hooked up a PicoScope 4444 high-
resolution differential oscilloscope to the consumer unit using three PicoConnect 442
1000 V CAT III probes. These probes are rated for use in fixed mains installations on
the protected side of the company fuse.
Trevor also installed a PicoScope 4824 8-channel high-resolution oscilloscope
equipped with a TA325 three-phase Rogowski coil current probe. The three coils of
the TA325 were wrapped around the three supply phases. These probes are highly
flexible and therefore easy to install around conductors of any shape without
disconnecting the supply.
Finally, Trevor added a PicoLog CM3 current-monitoring data logger with its three AC
current clamps. The CM3 runs with the PicoLog software for long-term data logging.
The results Figure 1 The test installation
Figure 2 The voltage waveforms show very little distortion, indicating that the supply has a low impedance and is
not being overloaded.
Figure 3 The current waveforms are obviously unbalanced. The blue phase is almost sinusoidal, indicating a large
resistive load. The red and green phases are smaller in amplitude and non-sinusoidal, suggesting that the loads are
switch mode power supplies.
Figure 4 The PicoLog CM3 has plotted the three phase currents over a period of several hours. Here we are
interested in the RMS current, not in the 50 hertz current waveforms. The plot shows that the blue phase is drawing
a lot more current than red and green. In this case it is not a problem as the current is within the capability of the
supply. In a more extreme case it might indicate a need to redistribute the loads among the three phases to prevent
overloading any one phase.

Figure 2 Voltage waveforms Figure 3 Current waveforms Figure 4 Recording with PicoLogger CM3
Conclusion
Pico’s high-resolution oscilloscopes are ideal for capturing mains power waveforms. Both the scopes used here have
12-bit resolution, enabling them to capture highly detailed waveforms and make accurate measurements. They also
have deep memory, enabling them to capture long traces at fast sampling rates. This allows you to see high-
frequency detail and long-term trends, all in the same waveform.
Our 4-channel oscilloscopes are perfect for capturing three-phase voltage or current waveforms. If you need to
capture both types of waveform at once, use the 8-channel PicoScope 4824.
All Pico oscilloscopes can be used with industry-standard probes and other accessories. (The PicoScope 4444
requires additional adaptors).
The PicoLog software works with all Pico data loggers including the PicoLog CM3. It is the best choice for logging
over long periods of time, as it has a robust file format that can survive unexpected shutdowns and is efficient at
handling very large data sets.
For more information: https://www.picotech.com/distributors or email us: pico.asia-pacific@picotech.com
 Trends
Fig. 2: Visual representation of the IIIT Allahabad campus made by simultaneous localisation and
mapping (SLAM) technology
Fig. 3: Live visual representation displaying the associated surroundings
habad campus made by simulta-
neous localisation and mapping
(SLAM) technology. And the
image in Fig. 3 is the live visual
representation displaying the
associated surroundings. The
technology keeps on integrating
the map.
Fig. 4: Graph optimisation Observe the diagram in
36 APRIL 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express
Fig. 4 by starting from the left-hand
side (first blue dot). It acts as the
origin, after which you move on to the
second, third, and fourth blue dots.
Each dot represents the vehicle pose.
The red dots represent (the posi-
tion of) any characteristic landmark
near you while moving. The con-
necting lines between the blue and
red dots signify your ability to see the
represented landmark.
Knowing the blue dot (pose of the
vehicle), the position of connected
red dots (position of landmark) can
be calculated; while knowing the
red dot (position of landmark), the
blue dot (pose of the vehicle) can be
calculated. Taking the first blue dot as
the origin, all blue dots (pose of the
vehicle) and red dots (position of the
landmarks) can be calculated. It is
called graph optimisation for simul-
taneous localisation and mapping.
Layers of planning
Let us assume that the self-driving
car would know where it is by per-
forming complex calculations. But a
problem of decision making, known
as planning, arises. Here the planning
(Fig. 5) is represented in a step-by-
step manner.
Strategic. It refers to finalising
your destination. Automated taxi
service providers, such as OLA and
Uber, fit this well as they need to go
to different destinations based on
customer requirements.
Sub-strategic. It involves intel-
ligent route planning, which tries to
estimate where traffic congestion will
take place and at what time.
Trajectory generation. It involves
changing lanes under different sce-
narios. So, when two roads merge,
one has to decide who has the right
of way. At intersections, the controller
needs to be sure whether to go or to
stop. Other situations include park-
ing, road blockage, and normal roads.
Control. With respect to using the
brake and throttle.
Trajectory planning
Fig. 6 shows vehicles travelling on a
road on both lanes of the road. Due
to 3D vision, a particular vehicle sees
other surrounding vehicles. If B is
moving too slow, it is better to change
lanes. Lane changing trajectories look
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Fig. 5: Layers of planning
Fig. 6: Vehicles travelling on a road on both lanes of a road
Fig. 7: Rapidly-exploring random tree
Fig. 8: Self-simulation in case of dynamic obstacles
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Trends
like as shown by the red arrow line.
With an adapted version of a pre-
computed lane changing trajectory,
an intelligent software controls the
vehicle depending on the changes
with respect to others.
When a general obstacle is present
in front, then humans can calculate
the distance pretty fast. A self-driving
car does the same by inferring all
possible options and finally select-
ing the most suitable path (shown
in blue in Fig. 7). The algorithm is
called rapidly-exploring random tree,
which generates all possible options
represented as a tree.
In case of dynamic obstacles, that
is, vehicles that can move (Fig. 8), let
us say that trajectory has been built.
Unfortunately, the surrounding cars
can also move, making the trajectory
infeasible.
To counter the uncertainties, the
vehicle does a self-simulation with
the help of forward simulation tech-
nology of various possibilities. In the
process, (a simulated future virtual
avatar of) each vehicle tries to avoid/
repel (a simulated future avatar of)
the other vehicle from coming near it.
This leads to finally selecting a path,
which has the least amount of avoid-
ance/repulsion.
Currently, self-driving cars will
never overtake. These have been
designed just to simply follow other
vehicles on the road, avoid static
obstacles, and change lanes, if neces-
sary.
In conclusion, a self-driving car or
autonomous vehicle is something that
can understand what is going around,
use that understanding to determine
its current position, map whatever it
sees around both at the global and
local level, do strategic decision
making (overtake, change lane, or
avoid vehicles), and finally operate
the braking and throttle mechanisms.
There are a lot of problems yet to
be solved. Only when everybody con-
cerned comes together on a common
platform, can pressing issues be
worked out.
This article is based on the talk ‘Autonomous
Vehicles: Tech Making It Possible’ by Dr Rahul
Kala, assistant professor, Centre Of Intelligent
Robotics, IIIT-Allahabad during February edition
of Tech World Congress and India Electronics
Week 2021
electronics FOR YOU express • APRIL 2021 37
 Innovation
Can We Create
Electronic Plants?
The manufacturing of analogue and digital organic electronic circuits and devices in living
plants has been reported. The four key components of a circuit (an energy source, a conductor
(wire), an electrical load, and at least one controller) have been achieved
P
Dr S.S. Verma lants in their various forms are
always an integral part of the human
life system, supporting it in different
ways. Plants are the primary source of food
and providers of oxygen. They sequester
carbon and regulate the ecosystem; tech-
nologically, they synthesise materials and
convert sunlight to chemical energy. They
have non-speaking human-like complex
organs that rely on the transport of ionic
signals and hormones to perform neces-
sary functions for them. However, plants
operate on a much lower capacity and
38 april 2021 • electronics For you express
slower time scale, thus making interacting
with and studying plants difficult.
Break the barriers between
the natural and the artificial
Scientists are developing bio-electronic tech-
nologies that will enable them to better under-
stand how plants function and their biological
processes. By functionalising plants with
electronic materials, scientists and technolo-
gists aim to push the boundaries of knowledge
and understand better the interface between
the natural and the artificial.
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 Innovation
Electronic plants in the making?
Augmenting plants with electronic functionality might
make it possible to combine electric signals with the
plants’ own electrical signals, based on their chemical
processes. These technologies can not only be used as
tools by plant biologists but can also find applications
in agriculture and forestry, with today’s climate change
and increasing population. According to researchers,
both analogue and digital electronic circuits can be cre-
ated inside living plants, be it flowers, bushes or trees,
with the use of semi-conductive polymers.
Integrating electronics in plants can also play an
important role towards bio-hybrid systems, plant opti-
misation and monitoring. Research efforts are going on
in the field of template electronics to understand how
plant biochemistry is affected by electronics and to
make plants a part of our technology. Laboratory stage
studies on plant growth in a controlled environment
and development, characterisation, and integration
of electronic devices and materials in plants are also
underway.
The science behind plants
The various parts of a plant such as root, stem, leaves,
and vascular circuitry are responsible for conveying
chemical signals as well as regulating the growth and
functions of a plant. From a certain viewpoint, these
features are said to be equivalent to the contacts,
interconnections, and wires of discrete and integrated
electronic circuits and devices.
Several attempts have been made so far to enhance
plant functions with the use of electro-active materials
but without any efforts to directly merge electronics
with a plant’s circuitry. The tree-power activity is totally
different to the popular potato or lemon experiment,
in which two different metals react with the food to
create an electric potential difference that causes a
current to flow.
Can trees power circuits?
A custom circuit can be designed to store enough volt-
age from trees to run a low-power sensor. Scientists
have found that by putting one electrode in a plant and
the other in the surrounding soil, plants can generate a
voltage of up to 200mV. The research team wanted to
advance their research in the field of generating power
from trees by building circuits to run off plant electric
energy and successfully ran a custom circuit solely off
tree power.
It is not established so far as to where the voltages
in plants come from, but there seems to be some sign-
aling in trees similar to what happens in the human
body, while at slower speeds. Traditional electronics
can send and process electronic signals whereas plants
transport and handle ions and growth hormones. In
case of organic electronics based on semi-conductive
polymers, both ions and electrons can serve as signal
carriers, which make it possible to combine electric
signals with the plant’s own electrical signals, as if

www.EFYMag.com electronics For You express • april 2021 39

 Innovation
translating the plant’s signals into
traditional electronics.
Creating circuits from plant
parts
The manufacturing of analogue and
digital organic electronic circuits
and devices in living plants has been
reported. The four key components
of a circuit (an energy source, a con-
ductor (wire), an electrical load, and
at least one controller) have been
achieved using the xylem, leaves,
veins, and signals of the plant as the
pattern and integral part of the circuit
elements and functions.
With the help of integrated and
distributed electronics in plants, we
can imagine a range of applications
including energy harvesting from pho-
tosynthesis, precision recording and
regulation of plant physiology, and
alternatives to genetic modification
for plant optimisation.
Where research stands today
Bioelectronic devices for plant moni-
toring and optimisation are the desired
tools for plant biologists, agriculture,
and forestry. Bioelectronic devices,
sensors, and actuators based on organ-
ic electronic and iontronic materials
for plant interface are being designed
and developed.
Creation of plant bioelectronic
devices will define new means for
decoding and manipulating plant
biology from the cellular level to the
organism level. These devices will
offer unique characteristics including
dynamic control of physiology of plant
and signal monitoring with high spa-
tiotemporal resolution. These devices
will be compatible with both wild type
and genetically engineered plants.
The goal is to develop technologies
with a focus on understanding and
enhancing plant responses to envi-
ronmental stress. Efforts to introduce
electronics in plants for the paper
industry originated with the idea of
printed electronics on paper.
The goal is to develop technologies
with a focus on understanding and
enhancing plant responses to environ-
mental stress.
From a rose to transistor
Researchers of a university in Sweden
have created analogue and digital
40 april 2021 • electronics For you express
electronic circuits inside living plants
by using the vascular system of living
roses to build key components of elec-
tronic circuits. They have successfully
demonstrated that wires, digital logic,
and even display elements, when
fabricated inside plants, can generate
new applications for organic electron-
ics and new tools in plant science.
The research team tried to intro-
duce conductive polymers through
rose stems and only one polymer
(called PEDOT-S) successfully assem-
bled itself inside the xylem channels as
conducting wires, while still allowing
the transport of water and nutrients
inside the plant. They have used the
material to create long (10cm) wires in
the xylem channels of the rose.
Researchers were able to create an
electrochemical transistor (a transistor
that converts ionic signals to elec-
tronic output) by combining the wires
with the electrolyte that surrounds
these channels. Further, digital logic
gate function was also demonstrated
using the xylem transistors.
Scientists used methods common
in plant biology like vacuum infiltra-
tion to infuse another PEDOT variant
into the leaves; then the infused poly-
mer formed pixels of electrochemical
cells partitioned by the veins. The
applied voltage caused the polymer
to interact with the ions in the leaf,
subsequently changing the colour of
the PEDOT in a display-like device.
This functioning is similar to that of
roll-printed displays. However, these
results are simply early steps to merge
the diverse fields of organic electron-
ics and plant science, but may lead to
possible electronics plants in the near
future.
Plant bioelectronics as a
low-power sensor
With the growing use of electronic
devices in our daily lives, scientists
and engineers are also exploring ways
to integrate plants’ electronic func-
tionality with human and electronic
devices. A research team has built a
device that can run on available power
from a plant. The circuit built with
parts measuring about 130nm con-
sumes just 10nW of power, on average,
during operation.
Normal electronics is not going
to run on the types of currents and
voltages obtained from a tree as the
nanoscale is not just in size but also
in the energy and power consumption.
Electric power to be extracted from
plants, that is ‘Tree power,’ is unlikely
to replace solar power for most appli-
cations, but the electronic output from
plant bioelectronics system could
provide a low-cost option for power-
ing tree sensors that might be used to
gauge a tree’s health to detect environ-
mental conditions or forest fires.
The electronic output from plant
bioelectronics system could provide
a low-cost option for powering tree
sensors that might be used to gauge a
tree’s health or environmental condi-
tions.
Recently, uncontrolled and dev-
astating forest fires in the USA have
forced researchers to think critically
about bioelectronics, that is, creating
electronic plants. A researchers’ team
at MIT (USA) is investigating whether
energy generated from trees can
power a network of sensors to prevent
spreading of forest fires. This team also
claims that the technology will open
the possibility of using trees as silent
sentinels along the nation’s borders to
detect smuggled radioactive materials,
as well as provide better local climate
data towards fire prediction.
In-vivo circuits paving the
way for electronic plants
Creating electronic plants can become
a reality with a new technique that
creates in-vivo electronic circuits. Con-
trolling and interfacing with chemical
pathways inside the plants could pave
the way to various exotic applications
as photosynthesis-based fuel cells, sen-
sors, and growth regulators and devices
that will be helpful to modulate the
internal functions of plants.
New ways of interacting with
electronic plants will help to develop
applications for energy and envi-
ronmental sustainability. Sensors
employed in plants that make use of
the energy formed in the chlorophyll
will produce green antennas or pro-
duce new materials.
Dr S.S. Verma is professor at
Department of Physics, Sant
Longowal Institute of Engineering
and Technology, Sangrur, Punjab
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 Systems
Understanding Reliability
In Bluetooth Technology
The highlights below discuss the intricacies of Bluetooth reliability in an in-depth manner
and address the many connectivity obstacles for optimal use of this wireless communication
technology. Effective data transmission and reception requires a careful grasp of packet
delivery over different instances of time
L
Martin Woolley ike other wireless communication
technologies, Bluetooth also uses
radio. But radio as a medium for
encoding and conveying data is not reliable
as there are all sorts of challenges present.
So not just Bluetooth, any communication
technology that is built on radio at the physi-
cal layer has to contend with a whole range
of fundamental problems. But with the right
stack design and the right processes in the
various layers, a highly reliable radio com-
munication can be established.
In simple words, a reliable Bluetooth
communication takes place when the data
transmitted equals the data received and
any intended action relating to that data
happens as expected. In the real world, how-
ever, there can sometimes be more nuanced
definitions, subject to different reliability
parameters involved. For example:
Tolerance for failure. A 99.9999% suc-
cess rate may be deemed reliable.
Fig. 1: Collision taking place on channel number 2
42 APRIL 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express
Latency. A low system delay is required
for intended actions to be observed within
500 milliseconds of data transmission.
Transactions. Series of updates where
either all changes are applied successfully
or none of the changes are made.
Resilience. The system successfully
processes operations even after certain com-
ponents face failure/deterioration.
Challenges to radio based
technologies
Radio communications take place within
channels of the radio spectrum. If two devic-
es transmit on the same channel at the same
time, they corrupt each other—resulting in
data loss. This is known as collision. The
probability of its occurrence is determined
by the recurrence and time taken for trans-
mission. Adding to that is the transmission
speed and packet size.
As you all know, Bluetooth uses the
2.4GHz band, which is also known
as ISM. Wi-Fi, ZigBee, and DECT
phones can use this band as well.
Radios in Bluetooth devices
are generally half-duplex, that is,
they can both transmit and receive
but not at the same time. Take for
instance a scenario where a packet
is transmitted on a channel by
device A to device B.
For the reception, device B must
be actively listening on the correct
channel at the same time. If it is not
listening, or is on a different channel,
the packets will not be received. The
proportion of time a device spends
listening is called the Rx duty cycle.
Do not forget, a device can listen only
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 Systems
Terms
Coexistence. The set of challenges
posed by the sharing of the spectrum by
multiple communication technologies.
Colocation. A situation when more than
one radio technology is used inside
the same device. Colocated radios can
sometimes interfere with each other.
Fig. 2: Missed packets in unsynchronised communication
on a single channel at a time.
Signal strength also has a huge
impact. One is likely to experience
more errors when signal strength is
low (due to it being relatively close
to background noise). The Bluetooth
core specification states that a bit error
rate (BER) of up to 0.1% is permitted.
Anything beyond that is not acceptable.
The signal strength at which a radio
can stay within this limit is known as
its receiver sensitivity. So, if you are a
product designer, choosing a radio with
good receiver sensitivity is important.
Fig. 3: Energy decrease with distance
Stack implementations often
include several buffers for temporary
packet storage. If the rate of packet
arrival into a buffer exceeds the rate of
packet consumption for a long enough
period of time, the buffer will start to
overflow and data will be lost.
Reliability challenges
addressed by GFSK
The way in which radio signal proper-
ties are used for representing digital
data is known as modulation scheme.
The schemes based on frequency tend
to be less susceptible to interference Fig. 4: GFSK shifts a central carrier frequency upwards or downwards to represent 1 or 0
due to noise than those which are
based on amplitude.
Bluetooth uses a special frequency
based modulation scheme called
Gaussian frequency shift keying
(GFSK). It works by shifting a central
carrier frequency upwards or down-
wards to represent either 1 or 0.
But abrupt changes in frequency
can generate noise. Therefore, GFSK
adds a filter, which causes frequency Fig. 5: The fields in a Bluetooth packet
transitions to be smooth and less
noisy. GFSK is a good fundamental
platform on which to base your wire-
less communication.
Bluetooth packet fields
A Bluetooth packet has various fields.
At the beginning is the preamble,
which is 8-bit long and contains an
alternating pattern of 1s and 0s. It is Fig. 6: 2.4GHz band divided into 40×2MHz channels

www.EFYMag.com electronics FOR YOU express • APRIL 2021 43

 Systems
used for finding the precise transmit-
ter frequencies and to set the radio’s
gain control.
Access address, which is 32-bit
long, contains a special value, which
means the packet can be received by
any Bluetooth device or a unique iden-
tifier for a specific connection. Since a
Bluetooth controller will be receiving
both relevant and irrelevant signals, it
must be able to distinguish and accu-
rately pick out the relevant ones.
At the far end, there is the cyclic
redundancy check (CRC) that detects
cases of transmitted data being unin-
tentionally changed or corrupted
due to collisions. It is performed by
comparing the CRC calculated by the
transmitter with the CRC calculated by
the receiver. If they are not the same,
then corruption must have occurred,
and the packet is discarded.
The message integrity code (MIC),
also called a message authentication
Fig. 7: A simplified illustration of connection use and radio sharing
Fig. 8: Adaptive frequency hopping distributing communication across channels
44 APRIL 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express
code (MAC), is a security feature that
aids the detection of data deliberately
tampered with (as opposed to acciden-
tally through collisions).
Error correction
There is a variant of the stack’s physi-
cal layer (PHY) called the LE Coded
PHY, which allows Bluetooth to not
only detect errors but also correct
them in packets up to certain limits.
This aids communication at a low
signal to noise ratio (SNR).
The further from the transmitter
you go, the lower the signal strength
and worse the SNR will become,
making it harder to keep the BER low.
But with forward error correction
(FEC), you can work at a low SNR and
therefore things continue to be reliable
at a much longer range.
Spread spectrum
One of the important ways in which
Bluetooth addresses the reliability
challenges is through various ways
in which it employs spread-spectrum
techniques. So, rather than using a
single channel for all packets, they get
transmitted across a set of different
channels, thus minimising any likeli-
hood of collisions.
Reliable handling of Bluetooth
communications
While connecting, devices agree on
certain communication parameters,
including several that are related to
timing, such as how often a radio can
be used for servicing this connection.
The radio has to be shared potentially
across lots of different connections.
This particular parameter is called the
connection interval.
At the start of the connection
interval, devices take turns to trans-
mit and receive with a gap of 150
microseconds in between packets. The
precise, agreed timing parameters that
control connections provide coordina-
tion between the transmit and receive
behaviours of the two devices and
makes communication reliable.
Connection oriented
communication
Spread spectrum in connection ori-
ented communication looks like this:
Bluetooth LE divides the 2.4GHz band
www.EFYMag.com

into 40 channels, each 2MHz wide.
Three of them are used for advertising
(that’s dedicated to connectionless
communication). The other 37 are
used when two connected devices
communicate.
Fig. 9: Flow control
Fig. 10: Flow control technique
Fig. 11: Periodic advertising
www.EFYMag.com
At each connection event, the used
channel changes at random. So, in this
way, packet transmission gets dotted
around the ISM band. In addition,
the system notes any non-performing
channel (due to CRC failures or
electronics FOR YOU express • APRIL 2021
Systems
spectrum interference) and removes
it. Thus, efficient communication is
ensured, even when a part of the ISM
band is saturated. This whole behav-
iour is known as adaptive frequency
hopping (AFH). AFH significantly
reduces the probability of collisions
and allows Bluetooth devices to func-
tion well even in very difficult radio
environments.
As stated earlier, signal strength
can greatly impact reliability and
FEC is one of the techniques used
to address this. But, in addition,
be aware that radio receivers work
best when the level of the received
signal stays within a certain range
(known as the golden range). There
is a Bluetooth feature called LE power
control, which allows connected
devices to request dynamic changes to
transmission power levels so that the
received signal strength stays within
this golden range. This is particularly
useful when the distances between
devices vary during normal use.
Avoiding buffer overflow
To mitigate the reliability challenges
of buffer overflow, the rate of flow of
packets has to be managed. This can
be done using a technique known as
flow control, which is used in many
different communication technolo-
gies.
The Bluetooth Low Energy L2CAP
layer of the stack applies flow control
when required and supports a vari-
ety of different flow control modes.
For example, if you are using the
enhanced attribute protocol at the top
of the stack, then it uses the Enhanced
Credit Based Flow Control Mode
within the L2CAP layer, allowing the
receiving device to communicate to
the transmitting device its current
45
 Systems
Light 1 nection. But the advertising channels
are deliberately placed far apart from
Light 2
delay=100ms each other so that interference in one
Light 3 part does not block communication
Light
switch
completely.
Light 4
Basic advertising happens at
Light 5 defined intervals, but it includes
t+0ms t+50ms t+100ms
some random timing variation in
Light 6
the scheduling of packet transmis-
Fig. 12: Message being transmitted three times at 50ms intervals sion of up to ten milliseconds. This
is to avoid persistent collisions with
nearby devices that happen to be
Light 1
transmitting or advertising on the
Light 2 same schedule.
Bluetooth connectionless com-
Light 3
Light delay=50ms munication does not attempt to coor-
switch
Light 4 dinate the activities of the advertising
device with that of the receiving
Light 5
t+0ms t+50ms t+100ms devices. However, there is a special
Light 6 advertising mode called periodic
advertising, which makes the timing
Fig. 13: Second copy is sent 50ms later and is received by the 5th of the six lights of the advertising completely deter-
ministic and precise.
Light 1
And scanning devices can also
discover the periodic advertising
Light 2 schedule of the broadcasting device so
that they can synchronise their scan-
Light 3
Light ning activity precisely with it. This
switch
delay=0ms Light 4 way, devices can more reliably and
efficiently receive broadcast data than
Light 5
t+0ms t+50ms t+100ms with the basic form of advertising.
Light 6
Bluetooth mesh networks
Fig. 14: Final copy has no delay specified Bluetooth mesh allows creation of
large networks, having tens and thou-
sands of devices. It is a special way of
Some key issues about Bluetooth mesh using Bluetooth LE where the mesh
Advertising bearer. The main bearer used in Bluetooth mesh is connectionless and, as stack sits on top of the Bluetooth LE
such, there is no mechanism for coordinating with the scanning and advertising schedules controller.
of other nodes in the network. Bluetooth mesh defines bearers,
Rx duty cycle. To maximise the probability of messages being received, the Rx duty cycle which provide different ways of using
should be high. However, a RX duty cycle of 100% is rarely achievable. the Bluetooth LE controller for the
Acknowledgements. Acknowledged messages can be useful in one-to-one communication of mesh messages.
communication but do not scale in multicast messaging to groups of arbitrary sizes; so And the bearers provide support for
unacknowledged messages should normally be used. both connectionless and connection-
oriented communication.
Stochastic system. Includes inherent randomness and unpredictability.
Addressing Bluetooth mesh
capacity to receive packets. If that is basic case, copies of each packet are issues
zero, then the receiver’s buffer is full broadcast on each channel in random Mesh nodes can be configured to
and the transmitter will wait before channel order. Their time intervals are automatically retransmit messages
resuming packet transmission again. solely controlled by the broadcasting at defined intervals, so that multiple
So, it is a dynamic flow control device, without any coordination with copies get rapidly retransmitted. And,
strategy, which prevents buffer over- the transmitter. There is also another consequently, the probability of mes-
flow. form of advertising called extended sage loss drops dramatically when you
advertising, which uses all 40 Blue- send multiple copies. If you want to
Bluetooth LE reliability for tooth LE channels. ensure that messages are acted upon
connectionless communication The use of three channels in basic by all receiving devices at the same
In Bluetooth, connectionless commu- advertising is less sophisticated than time (even if they do not receive the
nication is called advertising. In the adaptive frequency hopping in a con- same copy), that can be done too by

46 APRIL 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express www.EFYMag.com

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exercising a delay parameter, which
is available in many of the mesh mes-
sage types.
Fig. 12 shows message being trans-
mitted three times at 50ms intervals.
Here, the first copy has a delay param-
eter of 100ms and is received by four
of the six target lights.
Light Light
switch
Fig. 15: Multiple redundant paths across the network
Fig. 13 shows the second copy is after the light switch was pressed. This
sent 50ms later and is received by the avoids what is known as the popcorn
5th of the six lights. effect, where lights do not come on at
And then the final copy has no the same time.
delay specified (Fig. 14). It is received
by the second of the six lights. Then Bluetooth mesh-multipath
all six nodes execute the requested delivery
state change in unison, exactly 100ms A common network design strategy
for Bluetooth mesh is to build multi-
ple redundant paths (Fig. 15) across
the network by thoughtfully enabling
the relay function in a subset of your
nodes. Then, when you send a mes-
sage, all of these paths are available
in principle. In practice, if one path is
unavailable due to the duty cycle of a
node, there is a probability that one of
the other paths will be available and
your transmitted message will get to its
destination at the end of the path.
The article is based on the talk ‘Understanding
reliability in Bluetooth technology’ by Martin
Woolley, senior developer relations manager, EMEA
at Bluetooth SIG at February edition of Tech World
Congress and India Electronics Week 2021. A
Relay Miscellaneous comprehensive paper on the subject, written by
node node Martin, is available from the Bluetooth SIG website
at https://www.bluetooth.com/bluetooth-resources/
understanding-reliability-in-bluetooth-technology/

www.EFYMag.com electronics FOR YOU express • APRIL 2021 47

 Do-It-Yourself
Home Automation And Security
Using IoT Devices
Home sweet home—there’s nothing like it! Our homes can be
made smarter using the Internet of Things (IoT)—a system in which
computing devices are connected over a network using unique
identifiers (UIDs), and which can transfer data without the need for
any human-to-human or human-to-computer interactions. These IoT
devices can be used to automate our homes also
I
oT is a system in which comput-
ing devices are connected over a
network using unique identifiers
(UIDs) and can transfer data without
the need of any human-to-human
or human-to-computer interaction.
Such computing devices are called IoT
devices and can be used to automate
our home as well.
The first home automation tech-
nology was developed in 1975 using a
network technology called X10, which
is a communication protocol that was
used for home automation devices
back then. It used electric power trans-
mission wiring for signaling and con-
48 APRIL 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express
Fun Stuff
trolling various electronic devices. The
signals used radio frequency as digital
data to control any digital electronic
device installed in a house.
Technology has changed now;
with the help of sophisticated hard-
ware and free open source software
(FOSS), home automation can make
a dream house come to reality.
Basic setup for home automation
The setup for home automation using
IoT devices requires a router con-
nected to the Internet and a control-
ler/hub that is connected to the IoT
devices or sensors.
Debojit Acharjee
There are four primary operating
standards for home automation tech-
nology—Wi-Fi, Z-Wave, Zigbee, and
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). Wi-Fi
is the most commonly used standard
where IoT devices are connected to
a centralised controller/hub (either
wired or wireless), which is connected
to the router through an Ethernet link.
The IoT devices can connect to a
cloud network on the Internet using
the controller/hub and the router. They
can be controlled through the cloud
network using a FOSS or a mobile app.
The mobile app can be used to send
and receive data through the cloud
network to control and monitor the IoT
devices installed in a house.
The above architecture gives the
convenience to control and automate
various IoT devices from a distant loca-
tion with the help of a smartphone and
the Internet. The IoT devices will be
able to send data like room temperature,
supply voltage, energy consumption,
live video stream, etc to the smartphone
app through the Internet and enable
remote monitoring of our homes.
IoT devices for securing your home
There are various IoT devices and sen-
sors that can be used for home automa-
tion and security. The basic ones are:
1. Wall switches. IoT-based wall
switches can be mounted on the wall of
a house like regular wall switches, but
can be controlled remotely. Such IoT
switches can also be wireless and can
be connected to an IoT hub or router
wirelessly.
2. Voltage sensors. IoT voltage sen-
sors can monitor the supply voltage of
the house and one can even monitor
the same remotely using the Internet.
3. Energy monitors. IoT energy
monitors are digital energy meters that
can monitor the power consumption of
the house, also helping one monitor the
overall power consumption remotely.
4. Thermostats. IoT thermostats
can be used to monitor the temperature
www.EFYMag.com

of the house in real-time. Using such
thermostat sensors can help monitor
the temperature inside the house from
anywhere using the Internet.
5. Smart door locks. Smart door
locks are IoT door locks that can
be controlled using a home secu-
rity system and IoT OSS/app over the
Internet. One can lock and unlock
them remotely via the app.
6. Air-conditioners. Air-condition-
ing is a very important part of a house
and controlling the air-conditioner
remotely is a part of home automation.
7. Surveillance cameras. IoT cam-
eras can be used for the surveillance
of the house and they can give live
video footage of the house remotely.
Both indoor and outdoor cameras
can be used to monitor the indoor
and outdoor environments. Such a
surveillance system can have features
like motion detection and can alert
whenever there is a security breach.
Apart from the above IoT devices,
many other devices can be installed
in a house to improve the conveni-
Smartphone
Do-It-Yourself
ence and automation. Many IoT-
based home appliances like washing
machines, water heaters, refrigerators,
dish washers, robot floor cleaners, etc
can also be installed additionally to
make your house fully automated.
Controller/hub: The brain
of the setup Fig. 3: Hub
The controller/hub used for IoT
devices is the main part of the system
because it controls all the IoT devices/
sensors installed in a house.
The connection can either be
wired or wireless, but wireless is a
better option. The controller is con-
nected to the router (gateway) of the
house for Internet connectivity. The
IoT controller/hub uses mainly three
types of protocol standards to commu-
nicate with the IoT devices—ZigBee,
Z-Wave, and Wi-Fi.
Wink and SmartThings are two
most common types of IoT control-
lers used for home automation. With
such a controller/hub, it is possible
to connect hundreds of IoT devices/
sensors in a house and control them
with the help of a smartphone app,
automatically.
Computer

Cloud Automate your homes with open

Router
Controller/Hub
Wireless IoT Devices
Fig. 1: Home automation setup
Fig. 2: IoT devices
source software
There are various FOSS available for
home automation and the most popu-
PLC lar ones are:
1. OpenHAB. It is a FOSS for home
automation written in Java. It is used
to connect and control various IoT
devices installed in a house. With this
Wired IoT Devices
app, one can perform many opera-
tions like switching on lights and fans
remotely. One can use various
rules to program the automa-
tion of the IoT devices and
can also use voice commands
to control the devices.
The project to develop
this app started in 2010 and
in 2013 the core functionality
became an official project of
the Eclipse Foundation under
the name Eclipse SmartHome.
OpenHAB is not only avail-
able for Android OS but also
for other systems like Linux,
Windows, Mac, Raspberry
Pi, PINE A64, and Docker.
The app can also connect to
the OpenHAB cloud network
Fig. 4: OpenHAB
and the IoT devices of the house can
be controlled remotely, using a good
Internet connection on a smartphone.
OpenHAB won the IoT Challenge
2013 and the JavaOne Duke’s Choice
Award 2013. It was nominated for the
JAX Innovation Award 2014 and was
the People’s Choice Winner at the Post-
scapes IoT Awards 2014/15.
2. Jeedom. This is another FOSS that
can be installed on any Linux system
and it can also be used on Android/iOS
using the smartphone app. It has mul-
tiple functionalities like management
of scenarios, text/sound interaction
with home automation system, history
viewing, graph generation, linking of
all equipment/connected objects and
personalisation of the interface.
The Jeedom mobile application
(for iOS/Android) allows to drive your
home automation system and the app

www.EFYMag.com electronics FOR YOU express • APRIL 2021 49

 Do-It-Yourself
Fig. 5: Jeedom
Fig. 6: Calaos
automatically connects via a QR code
without the need for any configura-
tion. You will find on your mobile the
same functionality to your Jeedom
(scenarios, connected devices and
home automation, plugins) and you
can also customise your application
with shortcuts and more.
The main features of Jeedom are:
• Manage the safety of goods and
people.
• Automate heating for better
comfort and energy savings.
• View and manage energy use to
anticipate expenses and reduce usage.
• Communicate by voice, SMS,
e-mail or mobile applications.
• Manage all of the home’s auto-
matic devices: shutters, gate, lights.
• Manage multimedia audio and
video devices and connected objects.
Jeedon includes its own Market,
like what you find on your smart-
phones with the App Store or Play
Store. It allows you to add home auto-
mation features, assures compatibility
50 APRIL 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express
with new home automation modules
and even lets you customise its fixed
and mobile interfaces.
3. Calaos. This FOSS lets you
control and monitor your home
with many features. It can be easily
installed and used to transform your
home into a smart home. Calaos has a
long background in home automation
and is built in several different layers.
It has low-level as well as uniform
and powerful user interfaces. It knows
how to talk to hardware and gives you
the convenience to automate your
home easily.
It was first developed by a French
company of the same name but when
the company was closed in 2013,
the entire code was open sourced
and released as GNU General Public
License. A small community started
around the project to continue the
development and is growing every day.
Calaos can be installed on Linux,
Mac, Windows, iOS, and Android oper-
ating systems. The iOS and Android
apps can be used for home automation
using a smartphone, remotely.
Initially, Calaos supported a special
kind of hardware called programmable
logic controller (PLC) to automate a
building or apartment. PLCs can work
as a controller to control various home
devices like wall switches, fans, air-
conditioners, water heaters, etc, but
have to be wired to the PLC. However,
the newer version of Calaos also sup-
ports GPIO, Zibase, and IoT devices.
The main features of Calaos are:
Hardware support. Calaos supports
hardware like Wago PLC, Raspberry
Pi, Zodianet’s ZiBASE, Cubieboard,
Squeezebox, and CCTV. The develop-
ment community is improving the app
to support more hardware arriving in
the market. Calaos OS is very easy to
install; just by burning a memory card,
it is possible to have a complete work-
ing software installation.
Software stack. Calaos comes with
the following software stack:
• Calaos Server: Core application.
• Calaos Home: Touchscreen user
interface.
• Calaos Webapp: HTML5 web
application.
• Calaos Installer: Configuration
tool.
• Calaos iOS: iOS App.
• Calaos Android: Android App.
• Calaos-OS: Full Linux OS with
everything preconfigured.
• Do It Yourself (DIY): With
Calaos, one can quickly and easily
install a complete installation. One can
get support from the online community
regarding any technical issues. The
Wiki is full of documentation on how
it works and the Calaos forum can help
answer any specific question. One can
configure the app as required and, as it
is an OSS, it is even possible to modify.
Apart from the above three software,
there are many more OSS available for
home automation but most of them do
not support iOS and Android OS for
using on a smartphone. Few more OSS
that can be used for home automation
are Home Assistant, Domoticz, Open-
Motics, LinuxMCE, PiDome, Mister-
House, and Smarthomatic.
From ‘home sweet home’ to
‘home smart home’
With the help of proper hardware and
software, it is possible to make the
home automation more secure and
smart. Home automation also saves
overall power consumption and helps
reduce the electricity bill. As technology
improves and more advanced hard-
ware/software comes to the market—
home automation will become easier
and more convenient. Someday, a home
sweet home will also become a home
smart home for everyone.
This article was first published in May 2020 issue
of Open Source For You
Debojit Acharjee is
software engineer/writer
www.EFYMag.com
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 Do-It-Yourself
EF Y
vedi
Dwi
S.C.

Power Bank Based Linear Vinay Kumar K.

Regulated DC Power Supply

T
his circuit uses power bank and power supply. The compact circuit Parts List
DC-DC booster module not only can even be used during AC mains Semiconductors:
for charging mobile devices power failure. IC1 - LM317 adjustable voltage
but also to provide 1.2V to 37V DC regulator
Circuit and working Resistors (all 1/4-watt, ±5% carbon):
R1 - 100-ohm
While the author’s prototype is shown VR1 - 10-kilo-ohm potmeter
in Fig. 1, circuit diagram of the power Capacitors:
supply is shown in Fig. 2. It comprises C1 - 0.1µF ceramic
a power bank (not shown in Fig. 2), C2 - 1µF, 63V electrolytic
Miscellaneous:
a DC-DC booster module (Board1), CON1 - USB A-type connector
3-terminal positive linear voltage CON2 - 2-pin terminal connector
regulator LM317 (IC1), 10-kilo-ohm Board1 - XL6009 DC-DC booster
module
potmeter (VR1), and a few other
- Heat-sink for LM317
components. - Power bank with USB cable
The power bank is a portable
Fig. 1: Author’s prototype charger commonly used for recharg- (fixed) and efficiency of 94%.
ing mobile phones, smart Power bank’s output is connected
speakers, wearables, etc. to input of the DC-DC converter
BOARD1 IC1
FOR
3 2
Here it is used as a DC (Board1) module, whose output is
LM317
DC TO DC power supply like a bat- adjusted to 40V by varying its inbuilt
CON1 BOOSTER 1
R1
CON2
tery. pot. The output voltage of IC1 can
FOR USB MODULE 100E
+ +Vin +Vout FOR The XL6009 DC-DC be varied from 1.2V to 37V linearly
D−
D+
C1
VR1
O/P booster/converter has a through 10-kilo-ohm pot VR1 at rated
_ 0.1u 10K C2 wide range of input and current of 1A.
−Vin 1u,63V
−Vout output voltages. It is built
GND around an N-channel Construction and testing
O/P = 1.2V TO 37V
MOSFET with switch- An actual-size PCB layout for the
Fig. 2: Circuit diagram of the power supply ing frequency at 400kHz power bank based linear regulated DC
power supply is shown in Fig. 3 and
its components layout in Fig. 4. After
assembling the circuit on the PCB,
connect the 5V supply across CON1.
This circuit can also be assembled
on a small breadboard or veroboard.
Connect any power bank with 5V
output to CON1 connector. Place a DC
voltmeter’s probes across +Vout and
-Vout terminals of Board1. Vary the
Fig. 3: Actual-size PCB layout for the linear regulated DC power supply module’s inbuilt pot to read 40V DC
in voltmeter. Next, remove the probes
from Board1 and place them across
connector CON2. Now, vary VR1
slowly. You should be able to vary the
voltage from 1.2V to 37V. If so, your
circuit is ready to use.

Vinay Kumar K. is working

as an instructor in EEE
department, NIE Institute of
Technology, Mysuru, Karnataka
Fig. 4: Components layout of the PCB

52 april 2021 • electronics For you express www.EFYMag.com

 Do-It-Yourself

EF Y
Arduino Based Saikat Patra and S.C.
Dwi
vedi

Wireless Visitors Counter Shibendu Mahata

I
nformation about the total number valid transmission,
of persons present inside a building the address bits of
such as a hospital, shopping mall, both encoder and
or factory helps provide crucial infor- decoder must be
mation to the security/safety person- same.
nel during emergency situations. This 16×2 charac-
article presents the implementation ter LCD. The LCD
of an Arduino based wireless visitors is used to display
counter. The authors’ prototypes of the total number
the transmitter and receiver are shown of visitors enter-
in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, respectively while ing the building.
their block diagrams are shown in The LCD has six-
Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. teen columns and
two rows for dis-
Circuit and working playing data. The
The main components used in this Fig. 1: Authors’ prototype of the transmitter backlit LCD used
project are: here is interfaced
Arduino Uno board. Arduino with the Arduino
Uno is an AVR ATmega328P micro- in a 4-bit mode.
controller based development board The LCD pins RS,
with six analogue input pins and 14 EN, D4, D5, D6,
digital I/O pins. The microcontroller D7 are connected
has 32kB ISP flash memory, 2kB RAM, to digital I/O pins
and 1kB EEPROM and can operate 12, 11, 7, 6, 5, 4 of
at a clock frequency of 16MHz. The the Arduino Uno,
Arduino Uno board (Board1) provides respectively, on
capability of serial communication via the receiver.
UART, SPI, and I2C. In this project, the 434MHz mod-
board is used for the receiver. Digital ules. The 434MHz
I/O pins 12, 11, 7, 6, 5, and 4 of Board1 transmitter (TX)
are used to interface with the LCD, and receiver (RX)
and its digital I/O pins 2 and 3 are modules are elec-
configured as interrupt pins. tronic devices
HT12E. The 212 encoders are a used to transmit
series of CMOS LSIs generally used for Fig. 2: Authors’ prototype of the receiver and receive radio
remote control system applications. frequency signals
These are capable of encoding infor- The decoders receive serial addresses between two devices. These modules
mation consisting of N address bits and data from a programmed 212 series are used widely in electronic design
and 12-N data bits. Each address/data of encoders that are transmitted by a to avoid the complexity in designing
input can be set to one of the two logic carrier using an RF or an IR transmis- radio circuitry. The carrier frequency
states. The programmed address/ sion medium. These compare the of the modules used here is 434MHz.
data are transmitted together with the serial input data three times continu- LM358. This IC has of two inde-
header bits via an RF or an infrared ously with their local addresses. If no pendent, high gain, and internally
transmission medium upon receipt of error or unmatched codes are found, frequency compensated operational
a trigger signal. the input data codes are decoded and amplifiers which are designed specifi-
HT12D. The 212 decoders are a transferred to the output pins. The cally to operate from a single power
series of CMOS LSIs that are paired 212 decoders are capable of decoding supply over a wide range of voltages.
with HT12E encoders for use in information that consists of N bits of Operation from split power supplies
remote control system applications. addresses and 12-N bits of data. For a is also possible. In this project the

www.EFYMag.com electronics For You express • april 2021 53

 Do-It-Yourself
LM358 is used as dual comparator to Two such pairs are used in this pro- When a visitor enters the hall, he/
generate a pulse when a visitor enters ject—one at the entry gate and one at she momentarily blocks the IR wave
or leaves. the exit gate. transmitted by the IR LED at the entry
IR LED and photodiode. The IR The circuit diagrams of the trans- gate and some energy of the IR wave
LED and IR photodiode pair is used mitter and receiver are shown in reflected back from the visitor’s body
to sense the entry or exit of a visitor. Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, respectively. is sensed by the IR photodiode. The
LM358 acts as a dual comparator and
converts the momentary fluctuation
detected by the photodiode to a pulse.
The pulse is transmitted to the receiver
side by the 434MHz transmitter. The
Fig. 3: Block diagram of the transmitter two outputs of the comparator (one
for entry and one for exit) are connect-
ed to two data pins of HT12E encoder.
After successful wireless transmis-
sion, the pulses arrive on the data pins

Parts List
Fig. 4: Block diagram of the receiver Semiconductors:
IC1, IC4 - 7805, 5V voltage regulator
IC2 - HT12E encoder
TP1 IC3 - LM358 op-amp
TP3 R1 +5V R2 IC5 - HT12D decoder
1 IC1 3
820K 10K IRTX1, IRTX2 - IR transmitting LED
7805 R3
18 16 15 TP6 VR1 IRRX1, IRRX2 - IR receiving LED
2 10K 200E Board1 - Arduino Uno
1 VDD OSC1 OSC2
A0
17
TP7 EXIT Resistors (all 1/4-watt, ±5% carbon):
DOUT R1 - 820-kilo-ohm
2
A1 8
C1 C2 IRTX1
R2, R4 - 10-kilo-ohm
14 Vcc
10u,25V 10u,16V 3
A2
TE 3 R3, R5 - 200-ohm
IN1+ IRRX1
1 R6 - 47-kilo-ohm
TX1 4
A3
13 OUT1
2 R7 - 220-ohm
433MHZ RF TX IC2 AD11 IC3 IN1−
VR1-VR3 - 10-kilo-ohm preset
ANT.1
5
A4 HT12E LM358 5
AD10
12
7
IN2+
R4 R5 Capacitors:
OUT2
6 C1, C3 - 10µF, 25V electrolytic
DATA

6 10K 200E
GND
ANT

A5 IN2−
Vcc

GND C2, C3 - 10µF, 16V electrolytic

7 11
4 3 2 1 A6 AD9 4 ENTRY Miscellaneous:
8 IRTX2 BATT.1, BATT.2 - 9V battery
BATT.1 A7
AD8
10 TX1 - 433MHz RF transmitter
9V TP4 9
TP2 VSS TP8 module
TP5 VR2
IRRX2 RX1 - 433MHz RF receiver module
GND 10K
LCD1 - 16×2 LCD display
DOTTED LINE BOX = IR SENSOR MODULE - Jumper wires
- 30 pin berg strips (male)
Fig. 5: Circuit diagram of transmitter

9V
TP9 BOARD1 ARDUINO UNO
IC4 5V
1 3
Vss
7805 1 LED−
TP11 LCD1 16 USB POWER
1 18 VO
2 A0 3 INPUT
VDD 16x2 LCD
2 16 VDD LED+
A1 OSC1 2 15 AREF DRIVER
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 EN R/W RS
GND IOREF
C3 C4 3
A2 OSC2
15
14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 13 RST
10u,25V 10u,16V R6
ARDUINO

12 3.3V
4 17
A3 VT 47K 11 5V
BATT.2
IC5
TP10 5 14
10 GND
A4 DIN
9V HT12D R7
9 GND
8 Vin
RX1 6 13
ATMEGA328

A5 D11 220E
ANT.2 VR3 GND
433MHZ RF RX
7 12 10K
A6 D10 7
6
DIGITAL

8 11
DATA
DATA

A7 D9 5 A0
GND
GND

GND
ANT

Vcc

Vcc

4 A1
ANALOG

9 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 VSS D8 3 A2
2 A3
1 TX A4
0 RX A5
TP12
TP14 TP13

Fig. 6: Circuit diagram of receiver

54 april 2021 • electronics For you express www.EFYMag.com

 efy Note
Do-It-Yourself
The source code
of this project
of HT12D decoder on the receiver side. is transmitted and appears on D9 pin
is available
The two data pins of the HT12D are of HT12D on the receiver. The D9 pin
for free download
connected to two interrupt pins of the is connected to interrupt pin 3 of the
at source.efymag.com
Arduino UNO board. Arduino board. The interrupt sub-
When a visitor passes through the routine executes and increments the
entry gate, a pulse is generated at pin 7 visitor count by one. The operation
(OUT2) of LM358, which is connected is same for the exit of a visitor except
to AD9 pin of HT12E. The same pulse that separate data lines of HT12E (pin
Expected Signals Table 1
AD8) and HT12D at Test Points
(pin D8) are used Test Expected signal
and pin 2 of the point
Arduino is used as TP1 9V
the interrupt pin. TP2 GND (0V)
The program TP3 5V
running in the
TP4 Train of pulses
microcontroller of
TP5 Low-high-pulse when a visitor enters
the Arduino moni-
tors the interrupts TP6 Low-high-pulse when a visitor leaves
and increments/ TP7 Low-high-pulse when a visitor leaves
decrements the TP8 Low-high-pulse when a visitor enters
Fig. 7: Actual-size PCB layout for transmitter visitors count and TP9 9V
displays it on the
TP10 GND (0V)
16×2 LCD. Ardui-
TP11 5V
no IDE is used
for programming TP12 Train of pulses
the Arduino Uno TP13 Low-high-pulse when a visitor enters
board. TP14 Low-high-pulse when a visitor leaves

Construction name from Tools menu of the Arduino

and testing IDE. Then upload the source code
Connect the Ardui- visitor_counter_wl.ino to the Arduino
no board to PC and board by clicking on Upload button
select proper COM of the IDE.
Fig. 8: Components layout of the transmitter PCB port and board An actual-size PCB layout for the
transmitter is shown in Fig. 7 and its
components layout in Fig. 8. After
assembling the circuit on PCB, con-
nect a 9V battery across BATT.1.
An actual-size PCB layout for the
receiver is shown in Fig. 9 and its
components layout in Fig. 10. After
assembling the circuit on PCB, con-
nect a 9V battery across BATT. 2.
For troubleshooting, check the
signals at different test points marked
in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 using a multimeter.
Fig. 9: Actual-size PCB layout for receiver The expected signals at different test
points are listed in the Table.

Saikat Patra is passionate about

electronics and MCU-based
embedded system applications

Shibendu Mahata is M.Tech (Gold Medallist)

in instrumentation and electronics engineering
from Jadavpur University. Currently,
he is pursuing Ph.D from NIT
Durgapur. He is interested in MCU
based real-time embedded signal
processing and process control
systems
Fig. 10: Components layout of the receiver PCB

www.EFYMag.com electronics For You express • april 2021 55

 Wearables Grow 144% YoY in India
Product Category 4Q 2020 Shipments 4Q 2020 Market Share 4Q 2019 Shipments 4Q 2019 Market Share Year-over-Year unit change
(4Q 2020 vs 4Q 2019)

Earwear 12,977 85.4% 3,234 63.5% 301.3%

Wrist Band 882 5.8% 1,445 28.4% -39.0%

Watch 1,333 8.8% 350 6.9% 280.7%

Others 0 0.0% 65 1.3% 0.0%

Total 15,192 100% 5,094 100% 198.2%

As per IDC, India’s wearables market posted a remarkable 144.3% year-over-year (YoY) growth in 2020, exiting 2020 with 36.4 million unit shipments.
Source: www.idc.com

Mixed Trends in Growth of Haptics

As per IDTechEx, while number of devices incorporating haptics seems to be flattening globally, the spend per-device is increasing.

KEY ~2 billion relevant devices, but

no longer growing
Total sales volumes of
relevant devices (#) 77% increase in $ spent on
haptics per device from 2014-
Haptics spend per 2020
device ($)
% of relevant devices >75% of these adding haptics
adding haptics of some form today
Total haptics revenue ($)
Increased haptics spend per
(units vary for each) device drives revenue growth

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Source: www.idtechex.com

Cellular IoT Modules Promise Mega Growth

Global cellular IoT module shipments will cross 780 million units in 2024 to reach $11.5 billion in revenues, as per Counterpoint.

Global Cellular IoT Module Shipments Global Cellular IoT Module Wholesale Revenue

782 mn

$11.5 bn
$3.6 bn
282 mn

2019 2024 2019 2024

Source: www.counterpointresearch.com

56 APRIL 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express www.EFYMag.com

At-a-glance view of key industry trends that
can shape the future of your business…

India to Top IoT Module Shipments Growth Globally

As per Counterpoint, by FY 24, India is to emerge as the fastest growing region (38% growth) for cellular IoT modules thanks to
large-scale roll out of NB-IoY and 5G.

Source: www.counterpointresearch.com

Rare Record Highs in Fab Equipment Spend

SEMI reports that the global semiconductor industry is on track to register a rare three consecutive years of record highs in fab
equipment spending with a 16% increase in 2020 followed by forecast gains of 15.5% this year and 12% in 2022.

90 50%
wt h
of
39% rs gro
80 y ea ted 40%
3 pec
ex
70 30%
18% 16%
US$ billion

60 16% 15.5% 20%

12%
8% 8%
50 10%
-1%
40 0%
-9% -7%

30 -14% -10%

20 -20%
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Sum Change Rate

Source: World Fab Forecast Report, www.semi.org

www.EFYMag.com electronics FOR YOU express • APRIL 2021 57
 My Story

“Discipline, To Me, Is Respect

For The Other Person”
A believer of the practices taught
in Buddhism, Vinod Sharma as an
individual is known for his discipline and
dedication in the electronics industry.
Studied mostly in military schools and
Kendriya Vidyalayas, Sharma is the man
Vinod Sharma behind Deki Electronics making more
Deki Electronics
than four million capacitors a day. He
is a loving father, a caring husband, a
humble leader, an author, a consultant,
and more. This is his story!

Mukul Yudhveer Singh

I
first met Vinod Sharma, the man behind the
success of Deki Electronics, at a CEAMA
event in 2019. It was one of my first outdoor
visits since I had started working with Elec-
tronics For You magazine. Hungry for stories
that would shape the future of the electronics
industry in India, I went to the event and took
a seat in a row that was near the round tables
meant for CEAMA members and industry pro-
fessionals. Well ahead of the schedule, I got
seated around fifteen minutes before the big
electronics industrialists started arriving.
Seated two rows ahead of me on a round
table was Vinod Sharma. We had never met or
spoken earlier. As I was trying to familiarise
myself with the faces seated on those round
tables, I and Sharma had an eye contact. He
smiled and shook his head as if he knew me. It
was probably the Electronics For You polo shirt
that I was wearing, but the lighting was prob-
ably too dim for anyone even with a perfect
eyesight to notice the logo.
Come today when I approached Vinod
Sharma for this story and narrated the incident
to him, he simply said, “I have been fortunate
in many ways throughout my life. My dad was a

58 APRIL 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express www.EFYMag.com


part of the Indian Navy, and that meant
that we were travelling with him to most
of the posts he was transferred to. Get-
ting posted at a new location also meant
admission to a new school (six schools
in all), and with each new admission
I was making new friends. Smiling at
everyone I see or meet is nothing but
natural to me, and I am more than sure
that the same has helped me make very
good friends in my education as well as
professional career.”
Studied mostly in military schools
and Kendriya Vidyalayas, Vinod Sharma
is the man behind Deki Electronics
making more than four million capaci-
tors a day. This number was ten million
per year back in 1993. Sharma now
aims to take Deki Electronics to a stage
where the company can manufacture
ten million in a day, and this is his story!
My father’s life and death
taught me the best of lessons
“Academically I was very strong. I
would be number one most of the time.
It was not because I was really intelli-
gent or something like that, but it was
all because of my dad. He was a very
tough Indian naval sailor. He would
never expect anything less than the
best. Even if I stood second, he would
not punish me but would at least rep-
rimand me! He was never bothered
about what others were doing but was
always asking me questions about
what I needed to do better,” explains
Vinod Sharma with his eyes glowing
with utmost respect for his father.
These everyday conversations and
habits, notes Sharma, are the ones that
have made him what he is today. Eve-
rything that his dad taught him while
being posted at different locations, in
different capacities as an Indian Naval
officer, holds great value for him even
today.
Sharma’s father passed away in a
car accident at the age of 44. That was a
time when Sharma’s exams at his hotel
management university were going
on. What was at stake was a chance
for placements, which meant the first
job that he would be joining. Realising
the responsibility that had fallen upon
his shoulders he took the decision to
appear for all the exams.
“I was called out of the exam room
and informed about the tragedy that
had taken my father away from me.
www.EFYMag.com
My Story
I was turning 19 back
then, and that incident
changed everything for
me. It was such a bad
accident that nobody
back at the civil hospi-
tal was able to identify
him,” says Sharma with
a long pause.
Being the eldest son
in the family, Sharma
went back and gave
exams for the next four
days. While his father’s
soul had left for heaven,
his earthly body con-
tinued to remain in a
mortuary. It was only
after completing all the Rafting on Nile river
exams that Sharma was
able to cremate his father. Sharma defines discipline as the
“I had got the campus recruitment respect of the other person and the
already done and I needed that job other person’s time. He informs that
more than anything else at that point of Deki Electronics has not lost a single
time. This is what my dad would have customer till date because of any kind
expected me to do anyway. We kept his of issue in the company’s service and
body in a mortuary. My youngest sib- discipline. As a matter of fact, it is
ling at that time was in primary school. mandatory for everyone working at
All things apart, I think my father has Deki Electronics to be a part of the
always been with his family and God morning prayer and national anthem
has been very kind to me. This incident recitation ceremony. The morning
that one day just changed everything prayer that Deki Electronics employ-
for me,” mentions Sharma with a voice ees recite every morning is written by
that seemed filled with sadness and those very employees.
pride at the same time. “I learned the true definition of
Sharma moved from Bombay being disciplined from my father and
(now Mumbai) to Delhi along with his my father-in-law. My father-in-law,
family following his father’s demise. Mr Jai Kumar, who is also the founder
He recalls how people who were of Deki Electronics, used to be an Air
not at all obliged to help the family Force officer. He was always very cer-
still helped the family and those he tain that the business should be run
thought would be standing with the ethically and with the highest qual-
family after the incident did not do ity of standards. He insisted that all
anything for the family. stakeholders be treated with respect.
He says, “Such people taught me a These two gentlemen had a big posi-
lot. They taught me to be compassion- tive impact on my life,” says Sharma.
ate. You never know what the other He adds, “I would always be grate-
guy’s story is, so never judge him or ful for the opportunity that Mr Jai
her, and in any situation give your best. Kumar gave me in the form of an open
My dad and ma gave me really good hand to shape and run Deki to the best
values, and these values have really of our abilities.”
helped me face some of the most dif- What also helped Sharma lead a
ficult situations of my life. These values life full of success is his degree in the
mixed with the teachings of Buddhism hotel management industry and work
have made me a conscious leader.” experience of eight years in the same
industry. Promoted to the designation
Discipline is defined as respect of a general manager at the age of
for the other person 26, Sharma is also one the youngest
Known as one of the most disciplined individuals to be promoted to that des-
people in the electronics industry, ignation in India. He is not in favour
electronics FOR YOU express • APRIL 2021 59
 My Story
Deki bonsai
of the word ‘workaholic’ but prefers
being called someone who follows his
work religiously.
“I was spending 14 to 16 hours of
my daily life at the hotels I was work-
ing with. I was ambitious and I think
being that paid off. I simply loved and
continue to love working,” exclaims
Sharma.
“However, one should never rule
out the fact that you will be where
your destiny wants you to be,” Sharma
adds. Being asthmatic, he was told by
the doctors to take a break from the
city of Bangalore (now Bengaluru). He
adds, “I am asthametic and Bangalore
was not suiting me at all. Doctors told
me to take a break.”
Once, when his father-in-law vis-
ited Sharma’s Bangalore house, during
a regular family conversation he told
Sharma about the liberalisation policy
the government of India was intro-
ducing. His father-in-law said he had
two choices: Either shutting down or
selling the operations of Deki Electron-
ics, or making the brand compete on
global level with the global giants in
capacitor manufacturing. The liberali-
sation message was clear, that there
was no use sailing the global waters
anywhere with a small boat.
Had no idea what a capacitor
looked like
Sharma took the offer of working with
his father-in-law seriously and the
news of him quitting the hotel indus-
try was a big surprise for everyone.
But before he would say yes to work-
ing for Deki Electronics, he engaged in
a conversation with one of the general
managers at BPL Electronics. He knew
this GM because of the hotel industry.
“I asked him about the offer from
Deki Electronics and told him I am not
62 APRIL 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express
sure what I will do there. But before I
say yes to them, I would like to know
from you about what you feel of Deki
Electronics,” narrates Sharma. It is to
be noted here that BPL Electronics was
one of the customers of Deki Electron-
ics back then.
Though the GM said he was pretty
satisfied and happy doing business
with Deki Electronics, Sharma wanted
to speak to a Deki Electronics’ cus-
tomer who was not happy with the
services, before saying yes to the offer
of working with the capacitors making
firm.
“I got to know of a purchase officer
from BPL dealing with Deki Electron-
ics who was not satisfied about the
same. His major complaint included
his company not getting capacitors in
time. His company was into manufac-
turing TVs and a TV usually required
32 capacitors to be manufactured
completely. His complaint was simple,
that Deki Electronics would supply 28
capacitors for a TV and hold the order
for the rest four,” explains Sharma.
He further noted that when this
purchase manager would call the com-
pany to check the status of rest of the
capacitors, people at Deki Electronics
would in turn inquire about the pay-
ment for the first 28 that were already
shipped. Sharma then went back to
the GM at BPL and asked him what
made him happy about Deki Electron-
ics. The GM answered that out of the
three companies that manufactured
capacitors in India at that time, Deki
Electronics was the best.
“Whether good or bad news,
out of the three companies we deal
with, yours is the best,” were this
GM’s exact words, says Sharma. This
is where he saw a big opportunity.
Remembering what he had learnt in
his hotel management degree and
experience working at a hotel, he said,
“I have been operating on just one
principle and that principle is that the
THERE IS AT LEAST
A LOOSE PLAN
FOR YOU WHICH
GOD OR NATURE
MAKES FOR YOU.
guest, or in this case the customer, is
always right.”
“If you serve soup in a hotel and
the customer says that the soup is not
hot, you do not get into an argument
with the customer but instead bring
him a good hot soup. That’s the back-
ground I came from. But here in this
industry, everyone followed a differ-
ent approach. If you were to serve in
this industry and the customer would
complain about the soup being not
hot, someone would probably shove
a thermometer in the soup and tell
the customer that the specifications
say 70 degrees (± two degrees) and
this soup is currently at 68 degrees.
So, you should be happy at what it is,”
explains Sharma about the difference
between the two industries.
This was where Sharma realised
that there was a huge scope for him
joining the Deki Electronics team and
saying goodbye to the hotel industry.
He was, and is, of firm view that what
he learned from his father and from
the hotel industry experience would
prove to be a milestone in the journey
he was embarking upon.
But Sharma has not left behind
his days in the hotel industry. He still
organises barbecue parties for his
staff and cooks himself. Referring to
himself as a chef, he enjoys cooking
as much as he relishes Korean and
Italian cuisines.
Not a big fan of fiction
Not a big fan of fiction, his favourite
cartoon series from his childhood days
happens to be Asterix. He was so fond
of this series that he wanted to start a
cartoon series of his own to compete
with Asterix. Though he was not able
to start sketching on such a big scale,
he has written a book which is famous
amongst a lot of entrepreneurs. Titled
‘ValueMagics,’ this book, as Sharma
explains, is written from a practical
point of view for the entrepreneurs in
developing countries who are plan-
ning to venture into foreign markets.
Recalling his childhood days and
habits that have helped him secure a
successful life, he mentions about the
habit of reading newspaper every day
that was instilled in him by his father.
He was in the third standard when he
got introduced to reading newspaper
every day. His father had an interest-
www.EFYMag.com
 www.sekicon.com
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 My Story
Sharma relishes Korean and Italian cuisines
ing way of knowing whether his son
was religiously following the activity
or not.
“My father would hand me the
newspaper in the morning and ask
me to underline all the grammatical
mistakes that the stories covered. In
the evening he would come back and
ask me about the mistakes. This also
made me ask him about the things I
did not understand from the stories.
Even today, if I pick up a newspaper,
the first thing that pops right in front
of me are the grammatical mistakes
published in the stories,” Sharma says
smiling as if his father is sitting right
beside him.
“My mother taught me compas-
sion, unconditional love and the power
of faith,” added Sharma.
Deepika Sharma, the better half of
Vinod Sharma, mentions, “The dedica-
tion of Vinod towards everything and
anything that he does is commendable.
Whether he is playing a football game
in the park, taking dogs for a walk, or
handling company matters, he is only
dedicated to the task in hand.”
Football happens to be Sharma’s
favourite sport. The reason he likes
playing and watching this sport over
any other concerns the rhythm and
teamwork the game demands. “Wheth-
er you are the goalkeeper or striker, you
are always equally involved in the game
all the time,” he notes.
On not liking the fiction part,
Sharma has now grown a taste in the
same. But the only fiction books he
is interested in are the ones that have
been narrated or written in nothing
less than an excellent manner. And
what’s this excellent manner?
“Let me give you an example of
64 APRIL 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express
the same. I recently
picked up a book by
Arundhati Roy. The
book was titled ‘God
of Small Things,’ The
reason I loved that
book is because it is
written impeccably
well. The narration
of the story is simply
mind blowing,”
explains Sharma.
He adds, “For get-
ting my dose of fic-
tion, I depend a lot on
movies. And when it
comes to movies, Naseerudin Shah’s
work excites me the most.”
Why I wrote a book
Sharma is a firm believer of life hap-
pening as per at least a loose plan. He
believes that nothing in life is a coin-
cidence. “There is at least a loose plan
for you which God or nature makes for
you,” he says.
Revisiting his days of association
with a Dutch agency named Centre For
Developing Imports From Developing
Countries (CBI), he says professionals
from this agency came to countries
like India and trained industries here
to become worthy of exporting their
products to countries in Europe. The
programme that this Dutch agency
runs, as per Sharma, has the potential
to open one’s eyes and let one know
what the world wants.
This agency, under the pro-
gramme, helps companies from India
and other nations of the world to take
part in exhibitions taking place in dif-
ferent parts of Europe, and Sharma
was one of the exhibitors at one such
big event in Europe. By the time the
event ended Sharma was offered
the role of a consultant trainer by
the same agency. This role required
Sharma to travel extensively and train
individuals and industries located in
other countries.
The association between the Dutch
agency and Sharma continued for eight
years. As a part of this association,
Sharma had to travel outside India for
one week every month and train people
about the agency’s programme. Rest of
the three weeks were dedicated to the
expansion of Deki Electronics.
During the mid of these eight
years, Sharma was also made the pres-
ident of ELCINA. Looking after the
operations of Deki Electronics, being
the president of ELCINA, and a train-
ing consultant with the Dutch agency
became a bit hectic. It was quite clear
that these three roles demanded undi-
vided attention.
“It was then that I decided to close
down the chapter of consulting. As
I learned a lot from being trained by
the agency, and also training there
as a consultant, I decided that I was
not going to quit without giving back.
Hence came the idea of writing this
book called ValueMagics,” he explains.
Along with his mentor and co-
author, Hans Verhulft, Sharma has
trained over two hundred consult-
ants in the practice of Valuemagices.
Sharma adds, “I continue to do ses-
sions based on ValueMagics every two
or three months. I think I owe a lot to
what I learned from my experience
with the Dutch agency, and this is my
way of giving back and sharing my
knowledge with the world.”
ELCINA and Buddhism
connection
“Nobody has seen gravity, but we all
know that if we throw something up
in the air, the force of gravity will defi-
nitely pull it down. Same goes with
the laws that govern society. Karma, or
whatever name we give it, is as simple
as that. The teachings of Buddhism
make understanding these laws very
simple, and that is why I was attracted
to it,” says Sharma.
Sharma has been following Bud-
dhism for years now and always
remembers to take the name of Nichiren
Daishonin whenever the subject comes
up. Daishonin is one of the popular
monks of Japan who tried to reform
Buddhism and Japanese society during
the 13th century. He is also referred to
as a Budhhist Martin Luther. Remem-
bering him during the conversation,
Sharma points out a theory in Bud-
dhism called ‘The Cause and Effect.’ As
the name suggests, the theory points
towards actions and their results.
“If I am writing in the dark, it
does not mean that there’s nothing
being written. It’s just that until light
appears no one will be able to read
it. This is simply cause and effect,”
explains Sharma.
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 My Story
Some less known facts about Vinod Sharma
Favourite food: Thai, Korean, and Italian
Favourite music: Instrumental
Favourite actor: Naseeruddin Shah
Favourite politician: Pretty happy with the economic and industrial policies
introduced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi
Favourite books: Jonathan Livingston Seagull, Faith 24×7, Little Prince
Favourite sports: Football and Polo
Working hours/day: Started with 14, now 8 hours
Favourite past time: Riding horses and reading non-fiction books
Favourite cartoon: Asterix
He adds, “I can ask many ques-
tions to the world, like why did my
father die when I was 19, and like why
do some people get cancer and some
don’t? Both fortunate and unfortunate
things happen to people and spiritual-
ity helps one understand that there
exists a law that governs all the actions
we carry out.”
What Sharma likes about Bud-
dhism is the way everyone attached
to it follows the practice of faith of
Buddhism in their everyday life. He
explains that worrying about what
would happen in one’s personal or
professional life is a waste of time
as it is all defined by the actions one
takes. Calling it Karma, he notes,
“The business of Deki Electronics
is not just tied to my Karma but the
Karma of 640 people associated with
the company.”
“I think collective Karma is far
stronger than an individual’s Karma.
It is a far better way of protecting
yourself from any risk than just being
attached to your own Karma,” he
says.
It was Sharma’s neighbour Ashok
Lal who introduced him to the practice
of Buddhism. In fact, his first meeting
at ELCINA also contributed towards
his development. When Sharma
attended a meeting organised by
ELCINA for the very first time he
found the people there to be very cyni-
cal about how the affairs were handled
by them.
“A lot of people at ELCINA only
complained about how the govern-
ment does not support them or has
no idea how electronics businesses
are run. The two meetings I attended
at ELCINA were the same in terms
of complaints and only complaints.
I found these meetings to be keaving
66 APRIL 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express
me with negative energy. I made up
my mind to never go to such meetings
again,” he explains.
But right after the second ELCINA
meeting, Sharma went to the Sunday
practice of Buddhism once again. The
Sensei (guru in India) that day was
talking about making a change in
what one does not like as a part of the
practices of Buddhism. This was when
Sharma realised that ELCINA had a lot
of scope of doing great for the Indian
electronics industry.
“Young man, I see that you do not
like the way things are run here. Then
why do you not do something about
changing that,” Sharma recalls the
words of his Sensei that day, the day
that changed his life and made him
start doing things to change whatever
Sharma felt was not right.
“In that process I also found out
that I was also wrong to some extent
about judging ELCINA and its mem-
bers so quickly. My work at ELCINA
quickly got me a place in the executive
committee and then I was also made
the president of the organisation. In
nutshell, the teachings of Buddhism
have opened a whole world of oppor-
tunities for me and at the same time
these have also given me a new way of
seeing how things are and what things
are,” he adds.
The other practice that Sharma
feels Buddhism has empowered him
with is the one that helps him cher-
ish mistakes instead of hiding them.
Taking tough calls is one of the every-
day tasks that all leaders in the world
have to accustom themselves to over
and over again, and one of these tough
decisions includes confronting their
team members about mistakes they
may have made.
“A lot of people, instead of cher-
ishing mistakes, try to hide them. If
not hide, people at least try to pass on
the blame or have other team mem-
bers share the blame for the same. I
think the environment that cherishes
mistakes is one that in the long run
prevents mistakes from happening.
If people who work with you learn
to confront themselves about the
mistakes they have made, they start
becoming better human beings,”
explains Sharma.
He adds, “But there are also days
when bad parts of a bonsai plant have
to be cut to make sure that the rest
of the bonsai is safe from rotting.”
Bonsai is best explained as a minia-
turised plant that adheres to the tradi-
tions of Japan. A bonsai is seen as a
symbol of harmony, peace, an order
of thoughts, balance, and all that is
good in nature. These thoughts also
reflect the teachings of Buddhism. A
well grown and maintained bonsai
plant reflects the discipline its crea-
tor follows.
“A very senior-level professional
working at Deki Electronics once
bought a very expensive machine as
a part of our expansion plans. Now
that machine was not at all a match
for the task we had intended to fulfil,
but the executive himself informed
me and the whole management of
Deki Electronics about the blunder
he had done. We all laughed at it and
that mistake has now been preserved
as a teaching for all of us at Deki. This
is what I will call the power of cher-
ishing mistakes; you are able to create
an environment that is unmatchable,
honest, and productive,” he says.
Apart from making Deki Electron-
ics venture into new verticals like
components used in electric vehicles
and more, Sharma right now is busy
making succession plan for Deki
Electronics. Five to ten years down
the line, he sees himself teaching
somewhere and sharing knowledge.
He often accompanies his son to polo
practice and also enjoys playing foot-
ball with him.
“Happiness is not being joyful
and laughing at all times. Happiness,
to me, is being able to deal with the
setbacks that come in your way every
day. It is being able to offer certainty to
people around you even in uncertain
times,” says Sharma.
www.EFYMag.com
 Industry News
Industry Updates

PLI will lead to production worth

US$520 billion: Narendra Modi
Prime Minister Narendra Modi recent- of the workforce. The
ly stressed on the need to take a big prime minister said, the
leap, increase the speed and scale to PLI scheme will make
boost manufacturing in India. “We a major impact on the
have to attract cutting-edge technol- country’s MSMEs ecosys-
ogy and maximum investment in tem by creating anchor
the sectors related to our core com- units in every sector that
petency,” said the prime minister. needs a new supplier
PLI schemes, as the prime minister base across the entire
expressed, will lead to production value chain.
worth US$520 billion in India in the
next five years. It is also estimated that
sectors for which the PLI scheme has Prime Minister
Narendra Modi (Credit:
been created will witness doubling https://static.pib.gov.in)

Cabinet approves PLI scheme for laptops, tablets, PCs, servers

The cabinet has approved a production-
linked incentive (PLI) scheme worth
`73.5 billion for the next four years
for laptops, tablets, all-in-one personal
computers, and servers. It has a total
cost, including an incentive outlay,
of `73.25 billion and administrative
charges of `250 million. Ravi Shankar
Prasad, minister for Communications
and IT, said at the briefing after the Cabi-
net meeting that the scheme is likely to
benefit five major global players and ten
domestic champions in the field of IT
hardware manufacturing, including lap-
tops, tablets, all-in-one PCs, and servers.

MeitY invites applications for second round of large-scale

manufacturing
The government of India has started
inviting applications for the second
round of large-scale electronics manu-
facturing under the PLI scheme with
focus on electronic components like
motherboards and semiconductor
devices, among others. The new guide-
lines have identified components, dis-
crete semiconductor devices including
transistors, diodes, etc, passive com-
ponents including resistors, capacitors,
printed circuit boards, assemblies, ATMP
(assembly, testing, marketing, and pack-
aging) units, etc as target segments for
the second round of PLI.

people (on the move)

Marelli appoints Sherry Vasa as EVP
Marelli has announced the appointment of Sherry Vasa as EVP, Chief
People and Organisation Officer. Sherry spent over 20 years in a
variety of leadership roles at Autoliv, where most recently she held the
position of executive vice president, Human Resources, Sustainability
& Corporate Communications.
Philip Harting re-elected as chairman
of ECS trade association
Philip Harting, CEO of the HARTING Technology Group, has
been re-elected at the virtual general meeting of ZVEI’s Electronic
Components and Systems (ECS) trade association. He has
already served as chairman of the trade association for three
years and will now head the board for another three years.
Mark Reford joins Palma Ceia SemiDesign as VP
Palma Ceia SemiDesign, a fabless semiconductor company,
announced Mark Redford has joined the company as vice
president, Operations & Supply Chain. Redford, who most
recently managed emerging technologies at Arm, has
responsibility for Palma Ceia’s semiconductor production. He
reports to executive vice president - Program Management,
Kevin Steptoe.

www.EFYMag.com electronics For You express • april 2021 67

 Industry News
Testing and integration of
5G software and hardware
by October
India’s aim of taking lead in the sector
of 5G deployment may come soon as the
5G Test Bed being indigenously devel-
Representational image
oped here may start offering testing and
integration of software and hardware
this October. It is to be noted here that
India’s 5G Test Bed was announced
back in 2018 and a total outlay of more
than `2.24 billion was announced for
the same. The government has already
disbursed `450 million during 2020-21
for the project. An amount of approxi-
mately `30 million has been utilised
from the same.
Agencies empaneled to boost
adoption of energy-efficient
products and services
With the aim to maximise the adoption
of energy-efficient products and ser-
vices in the country, Energy Efficiency
Services Limited (EESL), a joint ven-
ture under Ministry of Power, govern-
ment of India, has decided to empanel
corporate sales agencies, direct sales
agencies, dealers and retailers, and
other demand aggregators, including
ESCOs, for the requisite under the
Success Fee Model. Through this, EESL
seeks to boost and expand the sale of
its various existing and new products
and services in the market.
India’s mobile phone exports
grew 50% in December over
previous year
The overall electronics goods exports in
the month of December 2020 reached a
level of `88.06 billion. Mobile phones
were the highest contributor in the
segment, comprising 35 percent of the
68 april 2021 • electronics For you express
value with an export value of `30.61
billion, which is 50 percent higher
than December 2019. The rollout of
the Remission of Duties and Taxes on
Exported Products (RoDTEP) scheme,
applicable from 1st January this year,
can help boost the exports further by a
specific process of determin-
ing the rates and identifying
the product lines.
India’s wearables
market posts 144.3%
YoY growth in 2020
The wearables market in
India posted a remarkable
144.3 percent year-over-year
(YoY) growth in 2020, exiting
2020 with 36.4 million unit
shipments, according to the
International Data Corpora-
tion’s (IDC) Worldwide Quar-
terly Wearable Device Tracker. India
was the only country in the top 20 to
Representational image
see triple-digit growth in wearables
in 2020 and continues to be the third-
largest wearables market globally.
This growth was majorly driven by
the increasing acceptance of earwear
devices and upgrades to watches from
wrist bands, both recording their high-
est annual shipments in 2020.
India’s first engineering
R&D policy announced in
Karnataka
The engineering R&D (E R&D) sector
is one of the fastest growing industries
in India, said Karnataka’s Deputy
Chief Minister Dr C.N. Ashwath
Narayana while launching a policy
around the same. Notably, this E R&D
policy has become first of its kind in
the country. The minister noted that
the aim of the policy is to contribute
approximately 45 percent to India’s
engineering R&D needs during the
policy tenure.
India can produce Tesla EVs
at lesser cost than China
The Transport Minister of India Nitin
Gadkari has declared that their govern-
ment would ensure that the production
cost of electric vehicles (EVs) for Tesla
is lower than that in China, if the elec-
tric cars giant manufactures electric
vehicles in India. India, at the moment,
does not have a comprehensive EV
policy in place. The minister mentioned
that, with 80 percent of the lithium-ion
cells being made in India, the country
can also be a major market for USA
based Tesla. It is to be noted here that
Tesla has recently set up its first office in
India. The company has received invi-
tations from several state governments
to set up a manufacturing facility.
BSNL proposes hybrid
tender model for telecom
equipment companies
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)
has proposed two models for sourcing
telecom equipment for installing the
same across different sites in India.
Financial Express reported that the pro-
posal looks inclined towards providing
a fair play to both Indian and foreign
telecom equipment providers. BSNL
employees, as per several media reports,
had criticised the government for forcing
the company to purchase telecom equip-
ment from India based manufacturers.
The employees have called equipment
manufactured by these as sub-standard.
www.EFYMag.com
Job
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 Industry News
corporate news snippets
Approved under PLI, Optiemus Infracom sells
asset to boost mobile manufacturing
Optiemus Infracom has announced the sale of an asset worth
`2.85 billion. The proceeds of the same, as per the company, will
be used in expansion of its mobile manufacturing business in
India. The asset that the company sold is located in Noida, Uttar
Pradesh. The company, which owns brands including Optisafe,
Zen, Kult, Molife, and Blackberry, is one of the sixteen that have
been given the go ahead to participate under the PLI scheme
related to mobile phones production in India.
Ola electric 2-wheeler plant to begin production soon
Ola has started construction of its two-wheeler mega-factory on
its 500-acre site in Hosur, Tamil Nadu. It plans to operationalise
its phase 1 in a few months with a capacity to roll out two million
electric scooters a year. Ola’s mega-factory will have an initial
Representational image
capacity of two million units a year in phase 1 and will serve as
the company’s global manufacturing hub for its range of electric-
powered scooters and other two-wheelers across India and
international markets including Europe, the UK, Latin America,
Asia Pacific, Australia, and New Zealand.
Apple ramps up manufacturing operations in India
Apple has started the assembly of its latest smartphone iPhone
12 in India. It is, however, not yet clear which of Apple’s contract
manufacturers is assembling these latest iPhone models in the
country, though a report by Reuters states that it is Foxconn that
is responsible for doing the same. India is said to be the second
largest smartphone market in the world. Apple’s best quarter per-
formance in the country came during Q4 2020. More and more
companies are moving away from China.
Huawei bags Airtel contract
Bharti Airtel has awarded China’s Huawei with a procurement order
worth `3 billion. The deal is a part of expanding Airtel’s national
long-distance network. The deal is also said to be covering a major
part of Airtel’s overall capex budget encompassing the non-radio
network. The US Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross had warned In-
dia in 2019 over using Huawei’s 5G equipment for security reasons.
Semiconductor integration company pSemi opens
design office in India
pSemi Corporation, a Murata company focused on semiconduc-
tor integration, has announced the opening of a new design
centre in Chennai to support the growing demand for company’s
semiconductor products enabling 5G and IoT applications. “India
is emerging as the largest mobile phone manufacturing hub in
the world. With our new India design centre, we want to attract
70 april 2021 • electronics For you express
top talent and further expand our engagements with customers,
partners, and the smartphone ecosystem,” said Sumit Tomar,
CEO at pSemi.
Addverb Technologies inaugurates robots
manufacturing facility in Noida
Addverb Technologies, an automation and robotics company in
India, mentored by Jalaj Dani, has inaugurated its manufactur-
ing facility ‘Bot-Valley’ in Noida. The company intends to create
a self-sustaining ecosystem for the robotics industry in India that
Representational image (Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay)
can also export innovative products and disruptive technology
solutions to the world. This new manufacturing unit is equipped
with advanced electronic and mechanical machines and has a
capacity to manufacture more than 50,000 robots of various types
in a year.
Atotech inaugurates its development centre
in Manesar industrial area
Atotech, a specialty chemicals technology and an electroplat-
ing solutions company, formally celebrated the inauguration of
its Atotech Development Center (ADC) in the industrial area of
Manesar, Gurgaon. Although the facility has been fully operational
since late 2020, the pandemic delayed official inauguration of the
ADC. Atotech offers solutions in verticals including smartphones
and other consumer electronics, communications infrastructure,
and computing, as well as in numerous industrial and consumer
applications such as automotive, heavy machinery, and house-
hold appliances.
Super Plastronics announces `3 billion investment
for intelligent TVs
Super Plastronics Pvt Ltd (SPPL), an exclusive brand licensee for
Kodak HD LED TVs in India, has announced an investment of
`3 billion to strengthen its capabilities in IoT technologies. Phased
over three years, the investment will focus on building intelligent
TVs that are intuitive and meet the demands of the new Indian cus-
tomer. Avneet Singh Marwah, director & CEO, SPPL, has also been
advocating for a PLI scheme around TV manufacturing in India.
Adani Green Energy raises $1.35 billion in a renewable
project financing deal
Adani Green Energy Limited (AGEL) raised a $1.35 billion debt
package for its under-construction renewable asset portfolio
through definitive agreements signed with a group of leading
international lenders. The revolving project finance facility would
initially finance the 1.69GW hybrid portfolio of solar and wind
renewable projects to be set up in four SPVs in the state of
Rajasthan in India.
www.EFYMag.com
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 Industry News
INTERNATIONAL news
Global IoT semiconductor component market to reach
$80 billion in 2025
The global Internet of Things (IoT) semiconductor component
market will grow at a compound annual growth rate of 19% from
US$33 billion in 2020 to US$80 billion in 2025, as per a report
from IoT Analytics. The penetration of semiconductor compo-
nents classified as IoT is expected to grow from 7% in 2019 to
12% by 2025. It is to be noted here that the active IoT device con-
nections grew from 3.6 billion in 2015 to 11.7 billion in 2020.
Automotive electronics market size to reach
$640.5 billion by 2030
The automotive electronics market size is predicted to hit around
US$640.56 billion by 2030, with a CAGR of 7.64%, as per Prece-
dence Research. Indo-Pacific region is anticipated as constituting
prime share in the global automotive electronics market in terms
of revenue throughout the assessment period. China occupied
over 28% of global motor production and was the front-runner in
passenger car sales and production with 23.7 million and 23.5
million, respectively, in 2018.
Global flexible electronics market to exceed
US$42 billion by 2027
The global flexible electronics market garnered US$23.64 billion
in 2019 and is expected to reach US$42.48 billion by 2027, wit-
nessing a CAGR of 7.4 percent from 2020 to 2027, as per Allied
Market Research. Indo-Pacific region accounted for the highest
share of the market in terms of revenue, holding nearly two-fifths
of the total share in 2019. It will continue its lead position during
the forecast period. Moreover, this region is expected to manifest
the highest CAGR of 9.2 percent from 2020 to 2027.
Chips’ shortfall: Biden seeking US$37 billion in funding
USA’s President Joe Biden is seeking US$37 billion in funding to
rescue the ailing chip manufacturing industry in the United States.
The president has also signed an executive order meant to ad-
dress the global chip shortage. This shortage, as per the report,
has alarmed the White House as well as America’s Congress. The
share of global semiconductor manufacturing capacity in the USA
has decreased from 37% in 1990 to 12% as per a semiconductor
industry association’s report.
Samsung might build a semiconductor fab in America
Samsung Electronics is planning to invest nearly US$17 billion in
building a semiconductor facility in the USA. Interestingly, TSMC,
Representational image
one of Samsung’s competitors, is also building a semiconduc-
tor fab in the USA. In fact, the company has already received
government approval for the first phase of a new plant in the state
of Arizona with an initial investment of $3.5 billion. Samsung is
72 april 2021 • electronics For you express
gearing up for semiconductor wars with a humongous US$116
billion budget.
Chip shortage will weigh on carmakers in 2021
Bosch’s Chief Executive Officer Volkmar Denner has pointed
out that, despite the improvements in pandemic, only around 85
million vehicles will roll off the manufacturing lines this year. This
number stood at around 78 million last year, while the same was
92 million in 2019. The highest during the last five years or more
was in 2017 when around 98 million units were rolled off manufac-
turing facilities. Bosch feels that Brexit and trade tensions between
China and the USA might also impact economic developments.
Bosch announces 300-millimetre fab
A single wafer processed at Bosch’s new semiconductor fab will
be able to accommodate 31,000 individual chips. The fully auto-
mated production operations at the new Bosch semiconductor
fab are scheduled to start from late 2021. The company intends
to focus on production of chips designed and manufactured for
mobility solutions at a time when the carmakers around the world
are facing a shortage of chips. The company is investing around
one billion euros in the high-tech manufacturing facility.
GlobalFoundries to invest $1.4 billion to increase output
GlobalFoundries will invest $1.4 billion this year to raise output at
its three factories in the United States, Singapore, and Germany,
its chief executive said. The company may also bring forward its
initial public offering to late 2021 or the first half of next year, from
a previous target of late 2022 or early 2023. GlobalFoundries
CEO Thomas Caulfield said that the adoption of technology that
would normally have taken a decade happened in one year in
2020 because of Covid-19.
DuPont to buy Laird Performance for US$2.3 billion
DuPont has informed that it would be buying Laird Performance
Materials for US$2.3 billion from private equity firm Advent
International. The rapidly increasing demand for materials used
in high-performance computing, artificial intelligence, and the In-
ternet of Things has led to electronics becoming a prime growth
area for DuPont. The company’s electronics and imaging busi-
ness, which accounts for about 20 percent of its total revenue,
rose nine percent to US$1.02 billion in the fourth quarter from a
year earlier.
Samsung’s Harman announces acquisition of Savari
Harman International, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Samsung
Electronics Co., Ltd. has announced the acquisition of substan-
tially all the assets of Savari, Inc. The latter is a Silicon Valley based
automotive technology company developing vehicle-to-everything
communications (V2X) technology in 5G Edge and automotive de-
vices. Savari employees will join Harman upon closing of the deal,
and will be integrated into Harman’s automotive division.
Ford to go all-electric by 2030 In Europe
Ford Motor Co. said its car lineup in Europe will be all-electric
by 2030. The company plans to invest one billion dollars over
the next thirty months to convert its vehicle assembly plant in
Cologne, Germany, to become the US automaker’s first elec-
tric vehicle facility in Europe. Ford said its first European-built,
all-electric passenger vehicle will be produced at the facility in
2023. The company has a strategic alliance with Volkswagen AG,
under which it will use its German partner’s MEB electric vehicle
platform to build some models.
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 ADVERTISERS’ INDEX
Client name Page No.
Arrow Electronics India Pvt Ltd (www.arrow.com)............................................................................17
Binay Opto Electronics Pvt Ltd. (www.binayLED.com)........................................................... Gatefold
CHIPMAX DESIGNS PVT LTD (chipmax.in )...................................................................................47
CTECH ENERGY PRIVATE LIMITED (www.ctechenergyindia.com)...............................................73
Daikoku Innovations LLP (www.daikokuinnovations.com)...............................................................29
Digi-Key Electronics (www.digikey.in).................................................................................................4
EFY Group of Publications: Subscription Scheme (subscribe.efy.in)...............................................71
Electronic Assembly (www.lcd-module.de).................................................................................25, 31
element14 India Pvt Ltd (in.element14.com).....................................................................Front Cover
I.T. Solutions India Pvt Ltd (www.itsipl.com).....................................................................................77
India Electronics Week and IoTshow.in (techworldcongress.com)...................................................68
Indian Institute of Science (IISc) (https://www.istem.gov.in)...............................................................5
Infineon Technologies India Pvt. Ltd. (www.infineon.com)............................................................... 11
Liquid Instruments (www.liquidinstruments.com)...............................................................................9
LWI Electronics Inc. (www.livewireinfo.com)....................................................................................23
M/s Wisethingz (www.wisethingz.com/wishtree)..............................................................................51
Martins Electronic Devices & Instruments (www.medielectronics.com)...........................................69
MORNSUN GUANGZHOU SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD (www.mornsun-power.com)......7
Mouser Electronics India PVT Ltd (www.mouser.in).........................................................................78
Client name Page No.
National Controlling & Equipments (www.nacei.com)......................................................................75
National Internet Exchange of India (Nixi) (https://nixi.in).................................................................27
Open Source For You (opensourceforu.com)...................................................................................69
Pasternack (www.pasternack.com)..................................................................................................33
Pico Technology (www.picotech.com)........................................................................................21, 35
Powersem Semiconductors Pvt Ltd (www.powersem.com).............................................................25
Premier Industries (www.solderwire.co.in).......................................................................................73
Sakthi Accumulators Private Ltd (https://sakthipower.com/).............................................................75
Samwha India Energy Saving (www.samwha.com/electric).............................................................13
Sanjay Technologies (www.sanjaytechnologies.co.in).....................................................................63
Sanson SM Technologies Pvt Ltd (www.sansontechs.com).......................................................60, 61
SEKI CONTROLS Co. Ltd (www.sekicon.com)................................................................................63
STMicroelectronics Private Limited (www.st.com)............................................................................19
Surya Power Packs (www.primeproducts.in)....................................................................................74
TME SLOVAKIA (www.tme.com)......................................................................................................39
Universal Electronic Agencies (www.easternradio.co.in)..................................................................74
VARTA Microbattery Pte. Ltd. (www.varta-ag.com)..........................................................................15
ViscoTec India Private Limited (www.viscotec-india.com)................................................................65

ADVERTISERS’ PRODUCT CATEGORIES INDEX

Products Page No.
Batteries & Power Supplies
CTECH ENERGY PRIVATE LIMITED............................................ 73
Martins Electronic Devices & Instruments ..................................... 69
MORNSUN GUANGZHOU SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.... 7
National Controlling & Equipments................................................. 75
VARTA Microbattery Pte. Ltd.......................................................... 15
Sakthi Accumulators Private Ltd .................................................... 75
Surya Power Packs........................................................................ 74
Components (Including Active & Passive)
Arrow Electronics India Pvt Ltd...................................................... 17
CTECH ENERGY PRIVATE LIMITED............................................ 73
Digi-Key Electronics ........................................................................ 4
element14 India Pvt Ltd .................................................. Front Cover
LWI Electronics Inc. ....................................................................... 23
Mouser Electronics India PVT Ltd ................................................. 78
Powersem Semiconductors Pvt Ltd .............................................. 25
Samwha India Energy Saving........................................................ 13
SEKI CONTROLS Co. Ltd.............................................................. 63
STMicroelectronics Private Limited ............................................... 19
Products Page No.
TME SLOVAKIA ............................................................................ 39
Universal Electronic Agencies ....................................................... 74
Consumer Electronics & Appliances
Infineon Technologies India Pvt. Ltd................................................11
Display Systems
Electronic Assembly ................................................................ 25, 31
Industrial & Manufacturing Equipment
CHIPMAX DESIGNS PVT LTD ..................................................... 47
Sanson SM Technologies Pvt. Ltd............................................ 60, 61
ViscoTec India Private Limited ...................................................... 65
IT Products
M/s Wisethingz .............................................................................. 51
Materials (Including Chemicals & Consumables)
Premier Industries ......................................................................... 73
Optics & Optoelectronics
Binay Opto Electronics Pvt Ltd..............................................Gatefold
PCBs, Assemblies & Sub Assemblies
Sanjay Technologies ..................................................................... 63
Products Page No.
Plugs, Sockets & Connectors
Sanjay Technologies ..................................................................... 63
Reseller and Distributors
CTECH ENERGY PRIVATE LIMITED............................................ 73
Digi-Key Electronics ........................................................................ 4
element14 India Pvt Ltd .................................................. Front Cover
LWI Electronics Inc. ....................................................................... 23
Mouser Electronics India PVT Ltd ................................................. 78
TME SLOVAKIA ............................................................................ 39
Services
Indian Institute of Science (IISc) ...................................................... 5
National Internet Exchange of India (Nixi) ..................................... 27
Sanjay Technologies ..................................................................... 63
Test & Measurement Equipment (Including Indicators & Monitors)
Liquid Instruments ........................................................................... 9
Pico Technology ...................................................................... 21, 35
SEKI CONTROLS Co. Ltd.............................................................. 63
Wires & Cables
Sanjay Technologies ..................................................................... 63

76 APRIL 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express www.EFYMag.com

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