`gadamwyveti~ etapi fotografiaSi

`magnumi~

Tu amerikuli fotografia `didma depresiam~ Secvala, evropis feriscvaleba XX saukunis 30-

iani wlebidan dawyebulma nacisturi reJimis batonobam gamoiwvia, romelsac cnobili movlenebi
da meore msoflio omi mohyva. adamianuri sisastikis ukiduresi gamovlinebebi, gaafTrebuli
brZolebi, yvelgan gabatonebuli sikvdili, sakoncentracio banakebi, omSi gadarCenilTa da
gamarjvebulTa SurisZieba da `gamarjvebulis samarTlis~1, xSir SemTxvevebSi, samarcxvino da
ukanono aRsruleba, kolaboracionizmSi braldebul qalTa saxalxo dasja, cema, Tavis gadaxotvra,
gaSiSvleba, sxeulze kupris gadasxma, jgufuri daxvreta, damarcxebulTa SiSi gamarjvebulTa
mimarT, rac damarcxebulTa TviTmkvlelobebis gansakuTrebiT gaxSirebul SemTxvevebs
iwvevda2 - omis realoba iyo, romelic aRar da veRar datovebda samyarosa da adamians iseTs,
rogoric manamde iyo.
humanizmisa da adamianuri solidarobis gancda barikadebis orive mxares safuZvlianad
gaaqro omma da diqtaturam. Sesabamisad, barikadebis orive mxares qmnidnen tipurad da
Sinaarsobrivad identur propagandistul fotoebs, romlebic farTo mayureblisTvis sakmaod kargad
aris cnobili. am fotoebSi gansxvavebas ZiriTadad personaJebis garegnobasa da uniformebSi Tu
vipoviT. amitom yuradRebis gamaxvileba ufro im gansxvavebul fotoreportiorebze Rirs,
romlebic axerxebdnen da marTebul vizualur komentarebs akeTebdnen arsebuli realobis Sesaxeb,
vinc ara reJimis an mmarTvelis, aramed ubralod adamianis mxares idgnen erovnebis,
sarwmunoebis, rasis, sqesis, kanis feris, asakis... ganurCevlad.
aseT gamonakliss erTmniSvnelovnad warmoadgens li mileri (1907-1977), ulamazesi
amerikeli modeli, romelic fotografiis anbans men reisTan parizSi eufleba. misi biografia
radikaluri cvlilebebiTa da moulodnelobebiT aris savse. reis muza da sayvareli, egvipteli Seixis
coli, parizis bomondis erT-erTi mTavari personaJi, Semdeg poet penrouzis meuRle, Jurnal
Vogue-is fotokorespondenti meore msoflio omSi. swored aq xdeba mTavari transformacia
mileris cxovrebaSi - Zalian `aravogur~ fotoebs iRebs, rac TiTqmis Cveulebrivi movlenaa meore
1
cneba adamianis uflebebis samarTalSi, rodesac gamarjvebuli aWarbebs an ukanonod sargeblobs sakuTari
uflebebiT da laxavs damarcxebuli mxaris adamianur uflebebsa da Rirsebas.
2
Tundac upirobo damnaSavis, reixis propagandis ministris, iozef gebelsis ojaxis cnobili SemTxveva, romelic iseve
tragikulia, rogorc nebismieri sxva, damnaSavis an udanaSaulo ojaxis. 1945 wlis 3 maiss gebelsis meuRlem,
magdam, eqvsive Svils (maTi asaki 5-dan 13 wlamde meryeobda) saRamos, Zilis win, dauriga cianidis kafsulebi,
romlebic col-qmarmac dalia. TviTmxilvelTa TqmiT, TeTr Ramis perangebsa da bafTebSi gamopranWuli, mSvidad
CaZinebuli bavSvebi saocrad lamazebi iyvnen...
msoflio omisTvis, sisastikisTvis da buxenvaldisa da dahaus sakoncentracio banakebis gadaRebis
Semdeg, nacisturi msxverplis paralelurad, damarcxebuli nacistebisadmi gamoCenil sisastikesac
usworebs Tvals. erTi SexedviT, mSrali vizualuri dokumentebi zogjer sruliad arahumanuri
saavtoro komentarebiT: `misi gvami Camoxsnes da gardacvlil tyveTa grovaze moisroles. es
kargad nakvebi nabiWvari saSinlad didi Canda gamxdari micvalebulebis fonze~, - miawers
mileri CamomxrCvali `SS-elis~ fotos. Tumca, profesionaluri TvalsazrisiT SenarCunebuli
obieqturoba, gauyalbebeli dokumenturoba gafiqrebs da sxva WrilSi ganaxebs faSistebs, romelTa
mimarTac adamianuri TanagrZnoba SesaZloa, danaSaulis tolfasic ki yofiliyo. cemiT
dasaxiCrebuli `SS-eli~ cixis mcvelis axlo xediT motanili saxe, SiSCamdgari Tvalebi, an
mokavSireebisgan TavdaRwevis mizniT germaneli maioris ojaxis TviTmkvlelobis scena, sadac
oTaxSi mofenil gvamebs Soris gansakuTrebiT tragikuli maioris axalgazrda lamazi qaliSvilia.
gamouZiebeli da daudasturebeli danaSaulisTvis dasjili, adamianisgan ganwiruli, adamianuri
simarTliT dazafruli, romelic ukanasknel arCevans cianidis sasargeblod akeTebs. tragizms
gansakuTrebiT amZafrebs gogonas samosi, meddis qudi da samklauri, faqti, rom is sxvis
sicocxleze zrunavda. SesaZloa arc es patara medda da arc `SS-eli~ cixis mcveli yofila faSisturi
qmedebebis uSualo da pirdapiri monawile. es fotoebi meore mxaris sisastikesac aaSkaravebs da
ganaxebs, rom adamianebi barikadebis orive mxares erTnairad daundoblebi arian da, Zalauflebis
SemTxvevaSi, erTnairi siamovnebiTა da warmatebiT kargaven adamianur saxes.

* * *
aseT gamonaklisebs, meore msoflio omis Semdeg, sistemurad da gacnobierebulad qmnian
axali saerTaSoriso foto saagento `magnum fotos~ warmomadgenlebi. maTi fotografiuli koncefia
swored vizualur dokumentacias gacdenili movlenis aRwera, faqtis imgvarad dafiqsirebaa,
romelic arsebul, xilvad mocemulobasTan erTad uxilav Sreebsac gaxsnis da samyaroSi
adamianuri yofis, urTierTobebis siRrmeebs asaxavs da gaSifravs.
1947 wels robert kapas ideiT xuTi SesaniSnavi fotografi - Tavad robert kapa, henri kartie-
bresoni, jorj rojeri, devid `Cimi~ seimuri, da uiliam vandiverti aarseben foto saagentos, romelic
im droisTvis uprecedento pirobebze iyo dafuZnebuli: saagentos flobdnen da marTavdnen
mTlianad wevrebi; saavtoro uflebebi avtorebs ekuTvnodaT; fotoebis gavrcelebaze saagentos
wevrebi zrunavdnen; reportaJis Temas ara fotoredaqtori, Jurnali an gamomcemloba, aramed
avtori gansazRvravda. `magnumis~ TanamSromlebi asrulebdnen administraciul funqciebs da
qmnidnen arqivs.
Tavdapirvelad fotogamokvlevisTvis `magnumma~ samyaro oTx nawilad dayo: kartie-
bresons indoeTi da aRmosavleTi unda gadaeRo, jorj rojers - afrika, devid seimurs - evropa,
kapas Tavdapirvelad SeeZlo, emogzaura, sadac gauxardeboda, Tumca, mogvianebiT, uiliam
vandiverti (male datova saagento) Caanacvla da amerikaSi gaemgzavra. pirveli oTxi magnumeli
maxarobeliviT gaeSura msoflios oTx kuTxeSi da axali religia, kerpi, vizualuri informacia
Seqmna. da radganac Tanamedrove skeptikos adamians mxolod sakuTari TvaliT nanaxis sjera da
swams, mTeli samyaro am `axali RmerTis~ mimdevari gaxda,
samyaros `gadanawileba~ imTaviTve pirobiTi iyo, ramdenadac magnumelebi arCevanSi
Tavisufalni iyvnen, sakuTari interesebis Sesabamisad mogzaurobdnen da iRebdnen.
magnumelebis fotoreportaJebi msoflios TiTqmis yvela kuTxes aSuqebs. Tematika imdenad
mravalferovania, rom TiTqmis nebismier sakiTxs exeba. fotoebi imdenad Rrma, rom yvela
movlenaze srulyofil informacias gawvdis. samyaro, `magnumis~ Semdeg, TiTqos kidev ufro
patara da `nacnobi~ gaxda.
`magnumi~ dRemde rCeba yvelaze avtoritetul fotografiul organizaciad. masSi
gawevrianebisTvis kandidati sam etaps gaivlis: nominirebuli, asocirebuli da sruli wevri.
SesarCevi procesi eqvs wels moicavs. TiToeuli etapi orwliania. pirveli fotografi, romelic
`magnums~ SeuerTda (foto saagentos wevrTa TxovniT) Sveicarieli verner biSofi iyo,
mogvianebiT ki uamravma fotografiis varskvlavma moirgo magnumelis saxeli: eliot erviti,
uiliam euJen smiti, ernst haasi, herbert listi, iozef kudelka, leonard friidi, filip halsmani, stiv
makkari, jeims naSTvei, abas atari, martin pari, raimond depardoni, eva arnoldi, tomas hoepkeri,
siuzan meiselasi...

`magnumis~ ideologi
henri kartie-bresoni

`magnumis~ ideologi henri kartie-bresoni (1908-2004) iyo. man gadaRebis principi sul
ramdenime punqtiT gansazRvra: iRebT magnumisTvis; iRebT fotoaparatiT `leika~; dauSvebelia
dadgmuli scenebi da fotokadrireba. XX saukunis 40-iani wlebis fotoJurnalizmis mTavari iaraRi
patara, msubuqi da swrafi 35 mm-iani `leika~ maleve Canacvlda gaumjobesebuli fotoaparatebiT.
Tumca, es erTaderTi punqtia, romelic kartie-bresonis ideologiaSi Seicvala. sxva principi
ucvlelia. magnumelebi mudmivad darCnen vizualuri Txrobis Tavisufal, damoukidebel,
araordinarul da obieqtur ostatebad, romlebic mkveTrad individualuri TvalTaxedviT qmnian
samyaros fotoqronikas.
henri kartie-bresonma, am ucvlel principebTan erTad, dokumenturi fotografiis kidev erTi da
umTavresi gansazRvreba, koncefcia daamkvidra - `gadamwyveti wami~. fiqrobda, rom
dedamiwaze yvelafers gaaCnia `gadamwyveti wami~. Tavisi pirveli wignic swored am
saxelwodebiT gamosca.3 bresoni erTmniSvnelovnad fotografiis yvelaze wonadi figuraa da
TviTonac gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa fotografiis ganviTarebaSi. uiSviaTesi gamonaklisia, romlis
mTeli koleqciac mxolod Sedevrebisgan an Zalian kargi fotoebisgan Sedgeba. mokled, arsebobs
fotografia henri kartie-bresonamde da henri kartie-bresonis Semdeg.
`gadamwyveti wami~ bresonamde
martin munkaCi

bresoni `gadamwyveti wamis~ Teoriuli koncefciis - Semajamebeli terminis avtoria.

bunebrivia, es vizualuri mocemuloba, manamdec arsebobda da kargi fotos mTavari
ganmsazRvrelic swored am gadamwyveti wamis dafiqsireba, daWera iyo.
henri kartie-bresonis Sesaxeb TiTqmis yvela Teoriul narkvevSi aRniSnulia, rom
siurealizmiT gatacebul axalgazrda mxatvars robert kapam urCia, fotoJurnalisti gamxdariyo.
Tavad bresoni ki ixsenebs: - `1932 wels vnaxe martin munkaCis foto, sami Savi biWi zRvaSi
Serboda4. zustad es foto iyo is naperwkali, romelmac cecxli gaaRviva CemSi. ucbad mivxvdi,
rom fotografiam SesaZloa, wamSi asaxos maradiuloba... gaviazre, rom fotografiam SesaZloa,
wamiT maradiulobas gaziaros. daujerebeli iyo, rom msgavsi raime kameriT SegeZlo Segeqmna.
vifiqre, eSmakmac daswyevlos, aviRe kamera da gavedi quCaSi~.5
genialuri da usamarTlod arapopularuli6, ungreli fotografi martin munkaCi (1896-1963)
gadamwyveti wamis erT-erTi pirveli didostatia. is jer germaniaSi TanamSromlobda sxvadasxva

3
wigni frangulad gamoica da originals Images à la Sauvette ewodeboda, rac mitacebul suraTebs an suraTebs
moZraobaSi niSnavs. inglisur TargmanSi Decisive Moment ewoda da terminic am saxiT gavrcelda.
4
gulisxmobs martin munkaCis fotos - `biWebi tanganiikas talRebSi~, 1930 w.
5
Kimmelman M.; Innovator and Master, Side by Side;
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/19/arts/design/19munk.html; moZiebulia 23.11.2017
6
martin munkaCim 1940 wels yvelaze maRalanazRaurebadi kontraqti gaaforma Harper’s Bazaar-Tan da sakmaod
didxans erT-erTi yvelaze moTxovnadi fotografi iyo. Tumca, sicocxlis bolo wlebi siRaribesa da martoobaSi gaatara.
gardacvalebis Semdgom uamravma muzeumma da artorganizaciam ganacxada uari mis fotoarqivze, vidre berlinis
Ullstein Archives-ma da hamburgis F. C. Gundlach-is koleqciam ar Seifara.
JurnalTan, rogorc sportis fotografi, Semdeg niu iorkSi gadavida da modis periodul gamocemebSi
aqveynebda feSenfotografiis nimuSebs. 1930 wels afrikaSic imyofeboda erT-erTi germanuli
Jurnalis dakveTiT da bresonis inspiracia da cnobili foto (`biWebi tanganiikas talRebSi~) swored
maSin gadaiRo. Tumca, sadac unda yofiliyo da ra JanrSic emuSava, mudmivad axerxebda
araordinaruli, amasTanave, zusti eqstremaluri rakursebis, uCveulo situaciebis, gasaocari
adgilebisa da efeqtur pozebSi daWerili personaJebis erT fotosuraTSi kombinirebas. misi fotoebi
mudmivad im wamis meaTaseds asaxavs, romelic moqmedebis kulminacias warmoadgens.
munkaCis fotografiisTvis saxasiaTo dinamikiT gadmocemuli silaRe, sixaruli, emociuri
ganwyoba marTlac mxolod misi fotografiis Tvisebaa.
munkaCis arqivis ZiriTadi nawili eqSenfotos nimuSebs warmoadgens. misi fotoobieqtivi
rogorRac axerxebs da arasdros scdeba, yovelTvis iWers swrafi moqmedebis swored im erT
gadamwyvet wams, rodesac unda mocurave gadaxtes, fexburTeli daeces, fred asteri afrindes,
leni rifenStali dasrialdes, lusil brokou gaiqces, viRac daiWiron, datrialdes, gaiaros. marTalia,
munkaCis cnobili devizi iyo - `ifiqre, rodesac iReb!~ magram sruliad gaugebaria, aseTi
dinamikis dafiqsirebisas rodis an rogor unda moaswro fiqri. Tumca, genialobis erT-erTi
umTavresi komponentic albaT swored es Tviseba - SeuZleblis SesaZleblad qcevaa.
munkaCi moqmedebis kulminaciis daWeras statikur kadrebSic axerxebs. frida kalosa da
diego riveras portretSi (1934 w.) moqmedeba saerTod ar mimdinareobs, mxolod fotopersonaJTa
saxeebs vxedavT axlo xediT. Tumca, munkaCi aqac gansakuTrebul kulminacias poulobs: riveras
jiuti, pirdapiri da kalos sivrceSi gayinuli mzera sxva registris `eqSenia~.

gansxvavebuli `gadamwyveti wamebi~

martin munkaCim Tavisi kompoziciuri dinamikiT namdvili revolucia moaxdina fotografiaSi

da kartie-bresonis, riCard avedonisa da kidev uamravi fotografis STagonebis wyarod iqca.
Tumca, misi da henri kartie-bresonis `gadamwyveti wamebi~ erTmaneTisgan radikalurad
gansxvavebulia. munkaCis `gadamwyveti wami~ eqstremaluri moZraobisa da emociis
kombinaciaa, bresonma ki TiToeuli fotosTvis TiTqos mTeli samyaro SekumSa da erT fotoSi
Caatia. TiToeuli mTeli fotoeposia, yvela fotos yvela detali punqtumia 7, wamiT marTlac

7
rolan bartis Teoria fotografiis aRqmis Sesaxeb, romlisTvisac laTinur terminebs - Punctum da Studium-s
amkvidrebs. am cnebaTa Sesaxeb vrclad msjelobs Camera Lucida-Si, Tumca 39-e TavSi mokle da konkretul
`formulas~ ayalibebs: studiumi - kulturul interesTa veli; punqtumi - detali, romelic moulodnelad seravs am vels.
maradiulobis, mudmivi da ucvleli Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb gesaubreba. henri kartie-bresoni
fotografiaSi vizualuri lakonizmis filosofias qmnis.
kartie-bresoni, mSobliuri safrangeTis garda, uamrav qveyanaSi mogzaurobs da iRebs:
CineTs, ruseTs, meqsikas, indoeTs, kanadas, aSS-s, iaponias, saqarTvelos, belgias... da yvelgan
axerxebs siRrmeSi Caswvdes qveynis suls, asaxos mosaxleobis ganumeorebeli Taviseburebebi.
is arsad da arasdros aris turisti an damkvirvebeli, yvelgan da yovelTvis uSualo da organuli
nawilia, garwmunebs, rom yvelaze kargad swored is icnobs, yvelaze zustad is asaxavs garemos,
problemas, scenas, adamians, romelsac iRebs, iqneba es sabWoTa erTferovneba, indoeTis
siRaribe Tu franguli eleganturoba...
`gansxvavebas kargsa da saSualo fotos Soris mxolod milimetri gansazRvravs. Zalian, Zalian
patara, magram mTavari gansxvavebaa~8, - ambobda kartie-bresoni da msubuqi, 35 mm-iani
`leikiT~, romlis bzinvare vercxlisfer nawilebs Sav, webovan lentebs akravda, yuradReba rom ar
mieqcia, SeumCnevlad moZraobda da yovelTvis Seucdomlad zomavda am milimetrs da erT
gadamwyvet wams. Tumca, misi Secdomebis Sesaxeb, ufro sworad, Sedevrebamde ganvlil
gzaze bevri araferia cnobili, radganac sakuTar kontaqtur anabeWdebs aravis aCvenebda - igivea,
abazanaSi rom SemomyveTo.
bresoni namdvili esTeti da yvelaze eleganturi fotografia. misi gadamwyveti wami arasodes
Sedgeba raime sensaciuri scenis an sxvisi piradi cxovrebis detalebis gamoaSkaravebisgan,
personaJebis afeqturi mdgomareobis amsaxveli, pirdapir da mZafrad emociuri `eqSen~
scenebisgan. sulerTia, vis iRebs - holivudel selebriTebs, brinjis rigSi Camdgar Cinel bavSvebs,
mzis amosvlisas mlocvel musulman qalebs, indoeTis sulier lider mahaTma gandis, Tanamedrove
kulturis varskvlavebs - alber kamius, henri matiss, igor stravinskis, trumen kapotes, alberto
jakometis... bresonis fotoebi TiTqos arafriT gamorCeuli Cveuli, yofiTi yoveldRiurobis detalebia,
magram am detalebs mxolod is poulobs, mas SeuZlia modelis `Sinagan siCumeSi CaZirva~, 9
`kansa da tansacmels Soris gaZroma~10 da yvelaze metis moyola.

gadamwyveti wami

8
Turner-Seed Sh.; Henri Cartier-Bresson: 'There Are No Maybes', The New York Times; 2013;
https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/21/cartier-bresson-there-are-no-maybes/; moZiebulia 23.11.2017
9
Cheroux C.; A Bible For Photographers; Printed in Germany by Steidl; 2014w. gv.3
10
iqve
 gadamwyveti wamis erTmniSvnelovani da pirdapiri ganmarteba ar arsebobs. bunebrivia,
verc gveqneba, radganac samyaroSi yvelaferi individualuri, warmavali, swrafadcvalebadia da
veravin Seqmnis formulas, rodis unda daaWiro Rilaks TiTi, rom am samyaros swored is erTi
gadamwyveti wami SegrCes xelSi. erTaderTi, rac sruliad naTelia - `am samyaroSi yvelafers
aqvs Tavisi gadamwyveti wami~.11
kartie-bresonis pirvel wigns, `gadamwyvet wams~ robert kapam `fotografebis biblia~
uwoda. da es biblia mxolod `mcnebebisgan~ Sedgeba:
`vizualuri Txroba moiTxovs tvinis, Tvalisa da gulis erTobliv moqmedebas~.12
`fotografia ar hgavs mxatvrobas. fotos gadaReba wamis SemoqmedebiTi nawilia. Tvalma
unda dainaxos kompozicia an eqspresia, romelsac cxovreba TviTonve gTavazobs da intuiciiT
unda mixvde, rodis daaWiro Rilaks TiTi. swored es aris fotografis SemoqmedebiTi momenti. ai,
is momenti! Tuki gamotove, sabolood dakargav~.13
`rac ki samyaroSi xdeba, yvelaferi aris Tema, iseve, rogorc Cveni piradi samyaro. is
yvelganaa. Cven unda viyoT gaxsnilni samyaros da keTilsindisierni Cvenive grZnobebis
mimarT.
fotografiaSi yvelaze patara, raime SeiZleba, umniSvnelovanesi Tema iyos. adamianis cicqna
detali SesaZloa, laitmotivi gaxdes. Cven vxedavT da vaCvenebT samyaros Cven irgvliv,
magram organul ritmsa da formas movlena gvkarnaxobs~.14
`es koncentraciis sakiTxia. koncentrirdi, ifiqre, uyure, Sexede da ai, amgvarad, ukve mzad
xar, magram arasodes ici, rodis iqneba kulminaciuri momenti. ase rom iReb. ambob, `ki. ki.
SeiZleba. ki~, magram arasodes unda gadaiRo zedmeti. es imis msgavsia, bevri rom Wamo an
dalio. Wama da daleva aucilebelia, magram - ara bevri. bevri Zalian zedmetia. rodesac TiTs
aWer, diafragmas kidev erTxel iyeneb, am dros ki SesaZloa, foto sadRac SuaSi iyo da
gamogrCes~.
`Tavisufleba CemTvis mkacri sazRvaria da mis farglebSi yvela variacia dasaSvebia.
SesaZloa, klasikuri var. frangebi aseTebi arian. me veRar gamovasworeb. fotografia CemTvis
mxatvrobaa, intuiciiT Seqmnili myisieri Canaxati, romelsac veRar Seasworeb. Tu Sesworeba
gsurs, es ukve sxva, Semdegi fotoa, magram cxovreba saocrad warmavalia. zogjer suraTebi
11
kardinal de retcis sityvebi, kartie-bresonma Tavis wigns, `gadamwyvet wams~ waumZRvara.
12
Cartier-Bresson H.; The Decisive Moment; Steidl; 1952
13
Bernstein A.; The Acknowledged Master of the Moment; Washington Post; 2004;
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A39981-2004Aug4.html; moZiebulia 23.11.2017
14
Cartier-Bresson H.; The Decisive Moment; Steidl; 1952
qreba da veRarafers akeTeb. veRar etyvi adamians - `o, Tu SeiZleba, kidev gaiRimeT, kidev
gaimeoreT es moZraoba~. cxovreba mxolod erTxel da samudamod aris~.
`pativi unda sceT arsebul SezRudvebs!~
`garemosTan normaluri urTierTobis damyarebisTvis ar arsebobs raime sistema, magram
fotografma unda scados, daaviwyos garSemomyofebs, rom is aris `adamiani fotoaparatiT~ da aq
`maT gadasaRebad movida~.
`imisaTvis, rogor SevarCioT da gadaviRoT siuJeti, romelic namdvilad gvaRelvebs,
arsebobs aTas erTi xerxi. amdenad, modi davtovoT es sakiTxi amaRelveblad idumali, momavali
aRmoCenebis SesaZleblobebiT savse da aRar visaubroT masze~.
`gadaRebisas oqros kveTis principi rom gamoiyenos, fotografs uzustesi iaraRi - Tvalmzomi
unda hqondes da es iaraRi mxolod da mxolod fotografis TvalSi unda iyos~.
`mxolod sicocxleSi vcocxlobT, vikvlevT garesamyaros. is ayalibebs Cvens Sinagan
samyaros. Tumca, Sinagan samyarosac SeuZlia zemoqmedeba garesamyaroze. am ori tipis
samyaros Soris wonasworobis miRweva SesaZlebelia. mis Semadgenel nawilebs Soris uwyveti
dialogis safuZvelze kristalizdeba raRac erTi (mTavari, gadamwyveti, namdvili) da swored
amaze (CvenTvis gadamwyvetze) unda movuTxroT~.
`CemTvis forma da Sinaarsi ganuyofelia. formaSi vgulisxmob mkacr plastikur wyobas,
mxolod masSi xdeba Cveni koncefciebi, azrebi da grZnobebi konkretuli da gamomsaxvelobiTi.
fotografia faqtad gardaqmnili grZnobis vizualuri organizebaa, romelic TviTneburi,
SemTxveviTi, cocxali plastikuri ritmebiT gadmoicema~.
ar arsebobs ambis gadmocemis standartuli forma. unda vigrZnoT situacia, simarTle. es
cxovrebiseuli realobis poeziaa~.
`CemTvis umniSvnelovanesi geometriaa. es niSnavs struqturas. Tumca, struqturis,
formebis, sqemebis gadasaRebad ver waxval. es sensualuri siamovnebaa, inteleqtualuri
siamovnebaa, roca yvelaferi sworad, Tavis adgilas gaqvs. es aris im wesrigis aRiareba, romelic
Tqven winaSea~.
saocrad miyvars fotoebis gadaReba. yofna iq, im dros. es gzaa, rom Tqva - `ki! ki! ki!~.
iseve, rogorc joisis `ulises~ bolo sami sityva, romelic erT-erTi yvelaze SesaniSnavi
nawarmoebia, rac ki odesme dawerila - es `ki! ki! ki!~ - aris. fotografiac asevea. esec `ki! ki! ki!
~ - aris. da aq araviTari SeiZleba aRar arsebobs. yvela SeiZleba sanagveSi unda gadayaroT,
radganac es myisieria, wamia, es aq aris! da swored misi pativiscema da udidesi sixarulia Tqva -
`ki! ki! ki!~.15
`fotografia aris xerxi, xmamaRla iyviro, rasac grZnob~.16
uiliam klaini sakuTar fotografiaze Tavisive dokumenturi filmis `kontaqtebis~ dasawyisSi
iTvlis: `erTi foto wamis 25-edia, 100 kargi foto sul 1 wamia da nawarmoebebis mTeli 1 tomia.
200 foto ki nawarmoebebis krebuli, erTad ki mxolod 2 wamia. 2 wami, swored am droSi eteva
fotografis, Tundac genialuri fotografis cxovreba~. SesaZloa, fotografia da fotografebi am Zalian
sevdiani Tvisebis, yvelaze xanmokle sicocxlis xangrZlivobis gamoc gviyvars. Tumca, kartie-
bresoni erTmniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba, mis fotoarqivSi ara 200, aramed bevrjer 200
SesaniSnavi fotoa da is namdvilad erTaderTi fotografia, romlis sicocxlis xangrZlivobac ara
wamebs, wuTebs, saaTebs an, zogadad, dros, aramed mxolod `gadamwyvet wamebs~,
maradiulobas iTvlis.

`magnumis~ koncefciis avtori

robert kapa

Tu `magnumis~ ideologi henri kartie-bresonia, koncefciis avtori robert kapaa (1913-1954).

kapas `sidiade ormxrivia. Cven gvaqvs misi suraTebi, Cveni drois WeSmariti da cocxali
Canawerebi, saSineli da momxibvleli, magram kapam, SesaZloa, ufro mniSvnelovani roli
Seasrula, rodesac Semoikriba axalgazrdebi, gaamxneva, aswavla, gamokveba da Caacva kidec.
Tumca, saukeTeso, rac ki aswavla, esaa sakuTari xelovnebis pativiscema da misi srulyofili
wardgena. kapam daumtkica maT, rom SesaZlebelia, Tavi irCino am mediumiT da, amave dros,
marTali iyo sakuTar TavTan.
arasodes ucdia, masaviT gadaeRo sxvebsac, magram kapas efeqts yovelTvis aRmoaCenT
maTTan, vinc kapasTan erTad muSaobda. isini mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi iqnebian kapas
patara nawilebis momcvelni, da SesaZloa, Semdgom Taobebsac ki gadascen~.17
robert kapas namdvili saxeli andre fridmania, fsevdonimi - robert kapa, megobar qalTan,
fotograf gerda tarosTan (1910-1937) erTad moifiqra. taros gardacvalebamde, garkveuli drois
15
Cartier-Bresson H.; The Decisive Moment; Steidl; 1952
16
Turner-Seed Sh.; Henri Cartier-Bresson: 'There Are No Maybes', The New York Times; 2013;
https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/21/cartier-bresson-there-are-no-maybes/; moZiebulia 23.11.2017
17
Miller R.; Magnum: Fifty Years at the Front Line of History; New York; 1998; gv.122
ganmavlobaSi, orive am saxeliT aqveynebda fotoebs. amitomac varaudoben, rom kapas
ramdenime Sedevris avtori SesaZloa, niWieri gerda taroc iyos. marTalia, maT gansxvavebuli
formatis fotoaparatebi hqondaT, Tumca, xSirad fotoaparatebsac cvlidnen. mokled, es romani,
kidev sxva deteqtivis Temaa, romelSic nebismiers moxiblaven es ucnauri Seyvarebulebi.
robert kapas kargad esmoda `magnumis~ tipis saerTaSoriso foto saagentos arsebobis
aucilebloba da xSirad radikalur gadawyvetilebamdec ki midioda: TamaSobda doRze, rom fuli
moego da `magnumis~ TanamSromlebisTvis gadaexada. amave mizniT erTxel henri kartie-
bresonis kuTvnili honoraric ki daxarja da ganawyenebul megobars urCia, sjobs kamera aiRo da
axali fotoebi gadaiRoo. `magnumis~ daarsebis dros, 1947 wels, is cnobili fotoJurnalisti da omis
fotografi iyo. TanamSromlobda Jurnal Life-Tan, gadaRebuli hqonda espaneTis samoqalaqo omi
da `espaneli loialistis sikvdili~ (1936 w.), CineTis ajanyeba iaponiis winaaRmdeg, meore
msoflio omi da `ukanaskneli adamianis sikvdili~ (1945 w. Last man to die), amerikis jaris Sesvla
siciliaSi da `sicilieli mwyemsi gzas uCvenebs amerikel jariskacs~ (1943 w.), desanti omahas
sanapiroze da `SesaniSnavi 11~ (1944 w.).
kapa magnumelis saxeliT 1947 wels sabWoTa kavSirSi mweral jon stainbekTan erTad
mogzaurobs da qmnis `rusul dRiurebs~, sadac gamorCeuli adgili saqarTveloSi gadaRebul
fotoebs ukavia. rogorc stainbeki wers: - `yvelgan, ruseTSi, moskovSi, ukrainaSi, stalingradSi,
gamudmebiT gvesmoda magiuri sityva - „saqarTvelo“... kavkasiis am qveyanas, Savi zRvis
piras rom mdebareobs, moixseniebdnen rogorc meore samoTxes. qarTvelebs ki, rogorc -
supermenebs, SesaniSnav msmelebs, mocekvaveebs, sayvarlebs... rusebis umravlesoba
imedovnebs, rom `Tu patiosnad da zneobrivad vicxovrebT, sikvdilis Semdeg, samoTxeSi ki ara,
saqarTveloSi movxvdebiTo~. rusebi ar tyuodnen… es qveyana marTlac miwieri samoTxe
iyo~.18
literaturaSi asaxul `miwier samoTxes~ kapa yanwebiT `SeiraRebuli~ momxibvleli qarTveli
mamakacebis, ubralo da mokrZalebuli qalebis, TeTrbafTiani moswavleebis, moxuci glexebis...
vizualuri imijebiT aRwers. es samoTxec `dadgmuli bednierebis~ nawilia erTferovan sabWoTa
yofaSi, kapas uzustesi xedviT napovni gansxvavebuli detalebi, individualizmi, romelsac ucxoeli
mogzaurebisTvis ganumeorebeli egzotika hqonda. CvenTvis, postsabWoTa sivrcis
memkvidreebisTvis ki, sevdiani xibli, gamowveuli reJimiT, romelic am samoTxeSi umowyalod
anadgurebda angelozebs gansxvavebulobis, mravalferovnebis, individualizmis `CamorTmeviT~.
18
https://www.magnumphotos.com/arts.-culture/travel/thomas.-dworzak-russian-journal-retold-travelling-georgia/;
moZiebulia 12.10.2019
 robert kapa fotografiis itoriaSi mainc omis fotografad rCeba. igi mudmivad akvirvebs
mayurebels omTan `siaxloviT~. D-Day-s monawile ixsenebda: `wylidan amosvlaSi viRac
damexmara, fotokamera da presis saSvi hqonda, gaocebulma vifiqre, ra jandabas akeTebs aq?~ 19
es siaxlove mxolod Tanamonawileobas, Tanaarsebobas ar gulisxmobs, es sulieri TanagrZnoba,
tragediis Tanagancdaa. kapas imdenad ezizReba omi, rom mudmivad da jiutad uyurebs
TvalebSi, TiTqos misi saSinelebis, ubedurebis Tavidan acilebas, gandevnas cdilobs. is arasodes
aris sensaciebze, sisxlze, gvamebze monadire fotoreportiori. arada, uamravi msgavsi foto
gvxvdeba mis arqivSi.
rogorc jon stainbekma Tqva: - `kapas yvela foto gonebaSi aqvs, kameriT ubralod asrulebs
maT~.20 kapas TiTqos raRac sabediswero TamaSi, scenari aqvs, romelSic mudmivad
monawileobs sikvdili, maSinac ki, rodesac am Temas ar exeba da pablo pikasosa da misi ojaxis
mxiarul ardadegebs iRebs (`pablo pikaso da fransua Jilo. 1948 w.~). es gadanaTebuli, mziani
mxiaruleba TiTqos raRac dramis nawilia, saspenzia, romlis kulminaciasac am seriis sxva
fotoebSic eZeb, Tumca, is sxva fotoebic iseTive saspenzia.
`odnav fokusidan amovardnili~, radgan fotografs SiSisgan xelebi ukankalebdao, - miwerili
hqonda Life-Si gamoqveynebul fotoebs, romlebic kapam omahas sanapiroze gadaiRo. rogorc
TviTon ixsenebs, srolisa da afeTqebebis uwyvet xmaurSi, gayinul da sisxlisgan gawiTlebul
wyalSi motivtive gvamebs Soris vizirSi arc ki ixedeboda, brmad iRebda normandiis
ganTavisuflebas germaniis jarebisgan.21 TiTqmis oTxi firi gadaiRo. fotoreportaJis
mniSvnelovnebiT aRelvebulma Life-is laboratoriis TanamSromelma, firis swrafad gaSrobis
mizniT, maRali temperatura SearCia da 160 kadridan mxolod `SesaniSnavi 11~ gadarCa,
magram es 11 namdvilad SesaniSnavia. laboratoriis TanamSromlis SecdomiT gamowveuli
efeqti, gabundovnebuli gamosaxuleba, mistikur mxatvrul datvirTvas iZens da kidev ufro
amZimebs Temas, aRrmavebs Sinaarss, TiTqos wylis gagrZelebad iqceva da erT amRvreul
substancias qmnis.
`odnav fokusidan amovardnili~, - aseve uwoda 1947 wels robert kapam avtobografiul
wigns, Tavisive teqstiTa da fotoebiT omis Sesaxeb. raRac bediswerad eqca es fraza, misi bolo
kadric ver moxvda fokusSi. verc ocneba ausrulda, rom odesme umuSevari omis fotografi
iqneboda... 1954 wels indo-CineTis omSi miemgzavreba, sadac misi devizi - `Tu Seni fotoebi
19
D-day soldier in the water; http://www.famouspictures.org/d-day-soldier-in-the-water/; moZiebulia 24.11.2017
20
https://www.magnumphotos.com/arts.-culture/travel/robert-capa-russian-journal/; moZiebulia 17.11.2017
21
iqve; moZiebulia 25.11.2017
sakmarisad kargi ar aris, ese igi sakmarisad axlos ar iyavi~, - sabediswero aRmoCnda. konfliqtis
gadasaRebad manqanidan gadasuli naRmze abijebs fexs...
Tumca, uamravi gadamwyveti wami, aSkara da mkafio vizualuri dokumentebi dagvitova
imis Sesaxeb, rom yvela omi `fokusidan amovardnilia~.

  

robert kapas gardacvaleba mniSvnelovani gamocda iyo `magnumisTvis~. miT umetes, rom
robert kapasa da meore SesaniSnavi magnumelis, verner biSofis gardacvalebis cnoba zustad erT
dRes miiRo fotosaagentom. Cimma (devid seimurma) dabneul da gaognebul magnumelebs
weriliT mimarTa: `magnumis Zvirfas ojaxs~... es swored is `gadamwyveti fraza~ iyo, romelmac
`magnumi~ SeinarCuna, SemdgomSi ki misi warmateba da am saxeliT uamravi Sedevris
Seqmna ganapiroba.
`magnumis~ fotografTa auracxeli Sedevris ganxilva-Sefaseba damoukidebeli kvlevis
sagania. ikonuri vizualuri imijebis umTavresi da mniSvnelovani nawili swored magnumelebma
Seqmnes. maT warmatebas msoflioSi arsebuli mdgomareobac uwyobda xels. meore msoflio
omisa da misi Sedegebisgan gaTiSul qveynebs mxolod bundovani da realobasTan Seusabamo
warmodgena hqondaT erTmaneTze. xSirad swored fotoreportaJebi warmoadgenda garkveuli
informaciis miRebis ZiriTad saSualebas. amasTanave, am periodSi popularuli xdeba ilustrirebuli
perioduli gamocemebi, rac zrdis moTxovnas fotoreportaJebze. sxvadasxva JurnalSi ibeWdeba
robert kapas `rusuli dRiurebi~, verner biSofis - indoeTi (1951 w.), kamboja (1952 w.), ungreTi
(1947 w.), korea (1952 w.), iaponia (1951 w.), peru (1954 w.), eva arnoldis - `harlemis moda~
(1950 w.), `Marilyn Monroe: An Appreciation~ (1955-60 ww.), `malkolm X da Savkaniani
musulmanebi~ (1962 w.), rene buris - `smenadaqveiTebulTa Sexeba musikasTan~ (1955 w.) da
ernesto Ce gevaras saocari portretebis seria (1963 w.), eliot ervitis - `pitsburgi, pensilvania~
(1950 w.) da kidev uamravi reportaJi Tu foto, romlebic dRemde rCeba imijebad, romelTa
mixedviTac vicnobT da vmsjelobT konkretul pirovnebasa Tu movlenaze.
`magnumis~ wevrTa ricxvi yovelwliurad iseve izrdeboda, rogorc gavlena da popularoba.
Tumca, 1962 wels `magnumis~ prezident henri kartie-bresons uwevs, oficialurad mimarTos
magnumelebs da Seaxsenos profesiuli movaleobebi. es gamosafxizlebeli Jestis rols asrulebs da
`magnums~ emateba fotografTa axali Taoba, romlebic axal fotografiul qvakuTxedebs qmnis.
TavisTavad magnumelTa imijebi mniSvnelovania ara mxolod rogorc informacia, sxva, SenTvis
ucnobi qveynidan, aramed rogorc damoukidebeli Rirebuleba. Tanamedrove samyaro, adamianis
cnobiereba dRes sruliad warmoudgenelia am vizualuri informaciis gareSe: devid seimuris
`terezka~ SeSfoTebuli TvalebiT sakuTar saxls qaosad rom xatavs; henri kartie-bresonis ucnobi
mamakaci, `sen lazris sadguris~ gubes rom axteba, `mufetardis quCaze~ mimavali, iRliebSi
Rvinis boTlebamoCrili patara biWi, verner biSofis - `peruSi, kuskos gzaze~ - patara ulisesaviT
mimavali salamuriani, zurgze fuTamogdebuli biWi, stiv makkaris XX saukunis jokonda -
mwvaneTvaleba `avRaneli gogo~, Tomas hoepkeris - `muhamed ali gviCvenebs marjvena
muSts~; filip halsmanis `dali atomikusi~ da haerSi amxtari sxva uamravi selebriTi, ernst haasis
sami-oTxi wlis - `samSobloSi dabrunebuli patimari~, cicqna xelSi CabRujuli sabuTebiT an
gaRvril feradovan laqebad aRqmuli korida, eliot ervitis - `argentina, valdes peninsulaSi~ `pepsi-
kolas~ uzarmazari manaTobeli bilbordis gverdiT nawamebi qriste, jeims naSTveis - `ruandis
sikdilis banaks gadarCenili~, dasaxiCrebuli biWi da afrikeli, SimSilis msxverpli, martin paris
Wamasa da dasvenebaze `gadareuli~ sasacilod gapranWuli sazogadoeba...
XX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan magnumeli fotografebis interesma beWduri mediidan
saavtoro fotoalbomebis gamocemasa da gamofenebis mowyobaze gadainacvla. es iyo maTi
`TviTgamoxatvis saSualeba da msoflio movlenebis daxvewili vizualuri axsnis SeTavazebis
mcdeloba. daiwyes eqsperimentebi teqstis, wignis, gamofenis dizainSi. Sedegad, maTi
fotografiuli ena kidev ufro daixvewa. magnumelebi aRar endobodnen mediiT gajerebul
samyaros, romelSic fotografia ufro da ufro maRali xarisxiT gamoiyeneboda, rogorc redaqtorebis,
artredaqtorebis, politikosebis, kinovarskvlavTa azrisa da xedvis ilustrirebis saSualeba~.22
`magnumis~ poziciis cvlilebam saagentos wevrebs kidev ufro meti profesiuli
damoukidebloba, Tavisufleba mianiWa, rasac mohyva SesaniSnavi fotoalbomebi: suzan
meiselasis - `nikaragua~, `frontis xazze~, `oTaxebi~, Jil peresis - `teleqsi: irani~, ernst haasis -
`qmnileba~, sebastiao salgados - `adamianuri mwuxareba~, eliot ervitis - `saxli samyaroSi~, hari
gruaertis -`aRmosavleTi/dasavleTi~, martin paris - `avtoportreti~, `Cveulebrivi fotoebi~,
`namdvili sakvebi~, deni lionis - `saubari mkvdrebTan~, stiv makkaris - `am xelebidan:
mogzauroba yavis matarebelTan erTad~, iozef kudelkas - `boSebi~, `kudelka~. es fotowignebi
subieqturi preferenciebis mixedviT awyobili fotogamofenebia, romlebic maqsimaluri
TviTgamoxatvis SesaZleblobas uqmnian avtorebs, SearCion fotoebi, teqsti, grafikuli dizaini da

22
https://www.magnumphotos.com/about-magnum/history/; moZiebulia 28.11.2017
permanentul personalur eqspoziciad gadaaqcion. rac fotografisTvis sakuTari koncefciis,
miRwevebisa da warmatebebis wardgenis SesaniSnavi saSualebaa.
sabolood ki, yvelaferi, `magnumis~ fotoebi, fotoreportaJebi, fotowignebi, fotogamofenebi,
principebi, pozicia... myari safuZvelia Tanamedrove vizualuri ritorikisa da gemovnebis
cvlilebisTvis, fotografiis sasargeblod. magnumelebma yvela didi da cnobili gamomcemlobis,
muzeumis, galereis kari farTod da samudamod gaaRes fotografiisTvis, radganac maT
fotosemiotikis mwvervalidan xelaxla da gansxvavebuli rakursiT aRaqmevines sazogadoebas
samyaro.