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Modelling of Lateral Movement in Soft Soil Using Hardening Soil Model
Modelling of Lateral Movement in Soft Soil Using Hardening Soil Model
Modelling of Lateral Movement in Soft Soil Using Hardening Soil Model
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Md Zain, N.H.; Ahmad, J.; Ashaari, Y.; Shaffie, E.; Mustaffa, N.K.
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM)
Shah Alam, Malaysia
hazwani_zain@yahoo.co.uk
Abstract— Excavation in soft soil will lead to changes in stress eventually demolished due to excessive soil movement
state ground mass and subsequent ground losses inevitably caused by soil excavation nearby [2]. Lack of knowledge on
occur. These changes affect the surrounding ground in the this type of soil has become problems since lots of failure in
form of lateral movement which eventually impose direct construction need to be faced. Hence, lots of studies and
strains onto nearby structures and can cause pile deviation and research need to be done to ensure safety for construction.
cracks. This study models the lateral movement in soft clay due In this study, a type of failure which focuses on lateral
to excavation using finite element simulation known as movement in soft soil due to excavation will be analysed.
PLAXIS. Two types of isotropic models in PLAXIS are Thus, the understanding and knowledge of engineering
compared that are Hardening soil Model and Mohr Coulomb characteristics of soft soil are crucial and should be well
Model. The soft clay was collected from a site location in understood by people related in this field. It is difficult to
Selangor, Malaysia and the physical and engineering
get exact sample and parameters from soft clay collected for
properties test were firstly determined. For simulation in
the purpose of modelling using Finite Element Method
PLAXIS, a geometry model which consists of sand and clay
layer was used and a vertical sheet pile was driven downwards (FEM). This is because very less research has been made on
until bottom of the soil layer. Excavations were done in stages this type of soil in Malaysia for analyzing using FEM.
on one side of the soil retained induced horizontal Besides that, a period of time is needed in completing
displacement to the sheet pile until resulted failure to occur. laboratory experiment to obtain parameters in analyzing
From the results obtained, it can be concluded that Mohr- using FEM. Hence, this research needs thorough studies to
Coulomb model are almost equal to Hardening-Soil model in achieve reliable results for the purpose of country
terms of horizontal displacements. However, for the soil development.
stresses, the researcher found that the percentage differences
between the both models are higher which is caused by II. LITERATURE SURVEY
characteristic of Hardening-Soil model that accounted for This case study is limited to sample of soft soil (clay)
stress dependency of stiffness moduli, where all stiffness located at sand mining area in Batang Berjuntai, Selangor.
increase with pressure. Disturbed and undisturbed sample were collected from the
site location and to be used in laboratory testing and
Keywords- Pile, Hardening Soil, Mohr Coulomb, Lateral
physical modelling. Laboratory testing is divided into two
Movement, soft soil
parts which are determination of physical properties and
engineering properties. Physical properties result will be
I. INTRODUCTION used in classification of the soil while the engineering
The construction on soft soil is increase significantly properties result parameters will be used in analysing using
because there are limited sites for construction of building, FEM method. The physical modelling is used as simulation
infrastructures and other development. Soft clay is a type of of the actual result at site which contains three layers of soil
soil which is known to consist of high moisture content which is layer of sand at the top and bottom layer while clay
which is erratic, weak and very complicated for layer in between it. A sheet pile plate is driven into the soil
construction. The problem that related to this type of soil is layers which act as cantilever wall during excavation
failure to retain its stability. This type of soil which process. Unbraced excavation will be acting on the soil
commonly found at former mining land is now a demand in layer adjacent to the pile which is done stages by stages
Malaysia for construction purposes. Excavation in soft soil until the sheet pile collapse due to soil lateral movement. In
often results in lateral soil movement which will induce this study, finite element method (PLAXIS) will be used in
additional bending moment, shear force, and deflection on analysing the physical modelling to obtain the shear force,
piles supporting adjacent structures. The magnitude of bending moment and deflection of the sheet pile. Analysing
lateral (horizontal) earth pressure is dependent on the shear using PLAXIS is limited to Mohr-Coulomb model and
strength of the soil; the lateral strain conditions, the vertical Hardening soil model only. Comparison is made from the
effective stress (and therefore the pore water pressure) and results obtain between these two models.
the state of equilibrium of the soil [1]. The results of a field
study show that a building has been severely damaged and
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TABLE II. MATERIAL PROPERTIES FOR SAND USING MOHR COULOMB
Sheet Pile MODEL [10]
150mm
SAND
Material Behaviour Type Drained -
50mm
SOFT CLAY Soil Unit Weight
Above Phreatic γunsat 20.5 kN/m3
150mm
SAND Level
Soil Unit Weight
Below Phreatic γsat 20.5 kN/m3
1000mm
Level
Figure 1. Geometry Model dimension in Plaxis
Young’s Modulus E 25500 kN/m2
TABLE I. MATERIAL PROPERTIES FOR SOFT CLAY USING MOHR Parameter Name Clay Unit
COULOMB MODEL
Secant Stiffness in
Parameter Name Soft Clay Unit ref
standard drained triaxial E50 6625 kN/m2
Material Model Model Mohr-Coulomb - test
Tangent Stiffness for ref
Material Behaviour Type Undrained - Eoed 6625 kN/m2
primary oedometer test
Dilatancy Angle ψ 0 °
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TABLE IV. SHEET PILE PROPERTIES
V. PLAXIS SIMULATION
Modelling steps include boundary condition, mesh Figure 3. Initial Condition
generation, initial condition and calculation. In boundary
condition, standard fixities are used. The material properties
and model parameters for soil clusters were entered in
material data sets. The material properties of interfaces are
related to the soil properties and were entered in the same
data sets as the soil properties. A data set for soil and
interfaces generally represents a certain soil layer and can be
assigned to the corresponding clusters in the geometry
model. When the geometry model are fully defined and
material properties assigned to all clusters and structural
objects, the geometry shall be divided into finite elements in
order to perform finite element calculations as shown in Fig.
2. A composition of finite elements called as mesh. The
basic type of element in a mesh is the 15-node triangular Figure 4. Generation of Initial Stresses
element.
The last steps in PLAXIS modeling is the calculation
phase which is considered to be the most important part of
all. Staged construction is a type of loading input that
enables an accurate and realistic simulation of various
loading, construction and excavation process which involves
installation of plate, pumping out water from soil for
dewatering process then followed by excavation process
until allowable maximum depth before failure occur. After
the calculation is completed, the results can be evaluated in
the Output program which based on Fig.5. In the Output
window there is displacement and stresses in the full
geometry as well as in cross sections and in structural
elements.
Figure 2. Mesh Generation
Once the geometry model has been created and the finite
element mesh has been generated, the initial stress state and
the initial configuration must be specified. The initial
condition consists of two different modes: One mode for the
generation of initial water pressures (water conditions
mode) as referred in Fig. 3 and one mode for the
specification of the initial geometry configuration and the
generation of the initial effective stress field (geometry
configuration mode). Initial stresses may be generated by
specifying Ko or by using Gravity loading and inspection of
plastic points should be considered when using Hardening
soil Model. The generation of initial stresses based on the
K0-procedure. The result of generation is shown in Fig. 4. Figure 5. Deformed Mesh after completion of calculation phases
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VI. RESULT AND ANALYSIS
The result of final deformation using Hardening Soil
Model is shown in Fig. 6. A cross section line (A-A) was
drawn along the retained soil to evaluate soil total
displacement and soil horizontal displacement occur after
calculation phase analysis or problem simulation is
completed successfully. Besides that, the sheet pile
behaviour is also evaluated in terms of total displacement,
horizontal displacement and bending moment. The output of
the last calculation phase is shown in figures 7 to 11 for soil
and sheet pile respectively which is simulated using
Hardening Soil Model. Table 5 summarises the results
Figure 9. Sheet Pile Total Displacement
obtained and the difference between the two models.
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very small displacement in vertical plane which was
neglected.
Meanwhile, the main reasons of the high percentage
difference in soil stresses is due to the characteristic of
Hardening Soil (HS) model itself. Compared to Mohr
Coulomb (MC) model, HS-model are more accurate
because it uses three different inputs of stiffness parameters
which are E50, Eur and Eoed while MC-model only consider
for E value which is limited number of features that soil
behaviour show in reality. For MC-model, Hooke’s single
stiffness model with linear elasticity in combination with an
ideal plasticity, whereas the HS-model use double stiffness
Figure 13. Graph depth versus horizontol displacement for soft clay model for elasticity in combination with isotropic strain.
In addition, the HS-model which accounts for stress
dependency of stiffness moduli compared to MC-model
TABLE V. COMPARISON BETWEEN BOTH MODELS where all stiffness increases with pressure. It is also known
that the yield surface for HS-model is not fixed in principal
Mohr Hardening- Percentage
Description
Coulomb Soil Difference (%)
stress space, but it can expand due to plastic straining.
Sheet Pile
Furthermore, the HS-model is better compared to MC-
Bending model by using theory of plasticity rather than theory of
Moment 17.22 x 103 17.04 x 103 0.53 elasticity and HS-model not only use hyperbolic stress strain
(kN/m) curve as MC-model, but also control of stress dependency.
Total HS-model is assumed to be isotropic depending on both the
Displacement 2.36 2.34 0.43 plastic shear and volumetric strain. By means of a yield
(m)
Horizontal
locus in p’-q plane the MC-model failure condition is
Displacement 2.36 2.34 0.43 greater than the HS-model yield surface because for the HS-
(m) model depend on the exponent m [11].
Soft Soil (Soft Clay)
Total REFERENCES
Displacement 3.27 3.33 0.91 [1] Whitlow, R. (2004). Basic Soil Mechanics, Prentice Hall, Thomas,
(m) Singapore Fourth Edition.
Horizontal
[2] Poulos, H.G. and Chen, L.T. (1996). Pile response due to
Displacement 2.25 2.27 0.44
unsupported excavation-induced lateral soil movement. Can.
(m)
Geotech. J. 33:670-677.
Effective
Normal Stress 511.59 376.89 15.16 [3] BS1377(1990). British Standard Methods of Test for Soils for Civil
(kN/m2) Engineering Purposes, Part 2: Clause 3: Classification Test. British
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Total Normal
Stress 447.46 301.29 19.52 [4] BS1377(1990). British Standard Methods of Test for Soils for Civil
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Shear Stress Standard Institution.
195.21 164.42 8.56
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Standard Institution.
displacement using both models is 0.44% as shown in Table
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200