Performance Evaluation and Optimization of Capacitive Deionization Desalination Process

Performance evaluation and optimization of capacitive
deionization desalination process

<Title font size and style: 18-22, Time new roman>
Final year project for the award of degree of Bachelor of Science in

Mechanical Engineering
Submitted by:
Name 1 2010-ME-01
Name 2 2010-ME-01
Name 3 2010-ME-01
Supervised by: Prof. XYZ
Mechanical Engineering Department

University of Engineering and Technology Lahore
Performance evaluation and optimization of
capacitive deionization desalination process
Submitted to the Mechanical Engineering Department of the University of Engineering and

Technology Lahore in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the Degree of
Bachelor of Science
in
Mechanical Engineering
Internal Examiner Name: ________________ Signature: _______________
External Examiner Name: ________________ Signature: ______________
February 2018
Mechanical Engineering Department

University of Engineering and Technology Lahore
AUTHOR'S DECLARATION
<Body font size and format: 12, Time New Roman >
I hereby declare that the work contained in this thesis is my own, except where explicitly stated
otherwise. In addition, this work has not been submitted to obtain another degree or professional
qualification.
Signed by the author:

Date:
iii
Abstract
Write down the abstract as a paragraph of one page…
iv
Acknowledgements
The acknowledgement and the people to thank go here, don’t forget to include your project
advisor……………..
v
Dedication
Write down to whom you want to dedicate your work…
vi
CLOs and Assessment Method
CLOs1-7, their domain & levels, PLOs mapping and corresponding assessment method are
applicable to all projects. However additional PLOs and their associated domains, PLO mapping
and assessment method may be added by the project supervisor.
Domain & PLO Assessment

CLOs Description
Level Level Method
Students will be able to develop a broader understanding Cognitive PLO1(H), Presentation 1
CLO 1 of the project title and its importance in real life Understand (2) PLO11(H) Report Ch#1
engineering applications.
Students will be able to collect and review the Cognitive PLO4(H) Presentation 2
engineering literature from various sources (books, Remember (1) Report Ch#1,2
CLO 2
conferences and journals) and formulate problem
statement & objectives.
Students will be able to devise suitable engineering Cognitive PLO3(H) Presentation 2
CLO 3
methodology for the solution of the formulated problem. Apply (3) Report Ch#3
Students will have the capability to make effective Cognitive PLO5(H) Presentation 3
usage of relevant engineering software to model the Apply (3) Report Ch#3.3
CLO 4
devised solution and conduct the successful
solution/simulation of the problem.
Students will have the analytical capacity to interpret Cognitive PLO2(H) Presentation 3
CLO 5 and evaluate the computed results (analytically or Analyze (4) PLO4(H) Report Ch#4
computationally).
Students will be able to organize, plan and conduct the Affective PLO 11 Presentation 4
CLO 6 various project tasks in an organized and methodical Organization (2) Report Ch#5
manner.
Students must have the capacity to present their work in Psychomotor PLO10(H Presentation 4
the form of a technical scientific report, appealing Precision (3) ) Report+Poster
CLO 7
presentation, working model or functional prototype and
conference proceeding or poster presentation.
CLO 8
CLO 9
CLO10
vii
Table of Contents
AUTHOR'S DECLARATION..........................................................................................................iii
Abstract..............................................................................................................................................iv
Acknowledgements.............................................................................................................................v
Dedication..........................................................................................................................................vi
CLOs and Assessment Method.........................................................................................................vii
List of Figures.....................................................................................................................................x
List of Tables.....................................................................................................................................xi
Nomenclature....................................................................................................................................xii
Chapter 1 Introduction......................................................................................................................12
1.1 Research motivation...........................................................................................................12
1.1.1 Types of desalination...................................................................................................13
1.2 Problem statement..............................................................................................................16
1.3 Objectives...........................................................................................................................16
1.4 Outline of the project..........................................................................................................16
1.5 Project Gantt Chart.............................................................................................................16
Chapter 2 Literature survey..............................................................................................................17
2.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................17
Chapter 3 Theory and Mathematical modelling...............................................................................18
3.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................18
3.2 Solution Methodology........................................................................................................18
3.3 Modern Tool Usage/Software............................................................................................18
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion.....................................................................................................19
4.1 Introduction:.......................................................................................................................19
Chapter 5 Conclusions and Future work...........................................................................................20
viii
5.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................20
5.2 Gantt Chart Compliance.....................................................................................................20
Appendix A.......................................................................................................................................21
References.........................................................................................................................................22
ix
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Total worldwide installed capacity by technology since 2015 based on IDA
desalination yearbook 2015-2016.....................................................................................................14
Figure 1.9 Structure of the dissertation............................................................................................16
x
List of Tables
Table 1.1 Comparison of energy consumption between RO and CDI processes.............................15
Table A.0.1 Pareto solution set with 38 different possible combinations of operating parameters for
optimized performance functions.....................................................................................................21
xi
Nomenclature
Symbols
C¿ CDI inlet feed concentration [mM/L]
V Applied voltage for CV [V]
Rseries CDI cell series resistance [ohm]

C electrodes capacitance [Farad]
I ad Applied adsorption current during CC [A]

F Faraday’s constant [C/mole]
Va CDI cell dead volume for CC [L]
Vc CDI cell dead volume for CV [L]
tch Adsorption process time [s]
Vt Adsorption target voltage for CC [V]
Id Desorption current [A]
Vd Desorption voltage [V]

Greek Symbols
η CDI cell charge efficiency
ɛ Molar ionic valence of the CDI inlet feed solution
d CDI desorption feed flowrate [mL/s]
ad CDI adsorption feed flowrate [mL/s]

 CDI columbic efficiency
tr mem CDP Potential difference across the membrane and half of the spacer [V]
 d CDP dimensionless potential difference over the diffused layer [V]
xii
Subscript and Superscript
efcv Effluent in CV
in Inlet feed
s Spacer
series Series
c Cell
shift Shift point
t Target
ch Charging stage
Abbreviations
CDI Capacitive deionization
M-CDI Membrane CDI system
WR Water recovery
SEC Specific energy consumption
CV Constant voltage process
xiii
Chapter 1
Introduction
<Chapter heading font size & format: 14 Bold Arial
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Paragraph: Justify
Line spacing: 1.5
Reference style: ASME endnote style
https://endnote.com/downloads/style/american-society-mechanical-engineers-style-guide-
asme
Page numbering: page number should not be mentioned on title pages,
Page number should be in roman for initial pages of thesis
However, numerical value should be used when the chapter start
Heading and subheadings can be adjusted according to project work.
For further details how to format a dissertation, do visit following website
http://guides.lib.umich.edu/c.php?g=283073&p=1886001
1.1 Research motivation

The world’s population has increased to 7.5 billion and is estimated to be over 8 billion by the
end of 2025 [1]. Consequently, there is an ongoing need of fresh water for domestic, industrial,
and agricultural use. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), half of the world’s
population will be living in water-stressed areas by 2025 [2]. The United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP), global environment outlook report states that almost 1.1 billion people still
lack access to safe drinking water and approximately 40% of the world population is suffering
12
from water shortage issues that are big environmental threats, which cause health issues [3]. 71%
of the earth’s surface is covered with water, and 96.5% of global water is in the oceans and
rivers. Almost 1.7% of global water is groundwater [4]. Normal concentration of dissolved salt
ions in seat water and brackish water are 35000 ppm and 1000 ppm, respectively [5]. Drinkable
water concentration according to WHO should be less than 500 ppm. Thus, desalination of
seawater and brackish water drawn a lot of attention as a strategy for addressing the water issue.
1.1.1 Types of desalination
Existing desalination process are generally grouped based on their principle of operation such
as thermal, membrane, and electrical desalination process [5, 6]. Thermal desalination is
considered the oldest and first commercially viable process due to its ability to integrate with
dual-purpose cogeneration facilities [7]. In this process, energy is used to evaporate the water
through latent heat of water evaporation to obtain pure water as a distillation product and solid
waste as a by-product. Three major thermal desalination processes are multistage flash
distillation (MSF), multiple effect distillation (MED), and vapor compression (VC) [8].
However, a drawback of the distillation method is the requirement of high evaporation energy.
Membrane-based desalination processes are currently the most commonly used processes [5, 9].
In these processes, the salinity feed is purified through a pressure gradient developed through a
pump or temperature difference. The two major desalination processes are reverse osmosis (RO)
and membrane distillation (MD) [5]. 65 % of total worldwide desalination installed capacity used
RO and remaining almost 30% used thermal desalination (Fig. 1.1). Due to high energy
consumption, these membrane-based processes are good for high salinity feed water [10]. For
low salinity feed water, electrical desalination is an alternative process [11]. As the name depict,
an electrical desalination method is based on the application of electrical potential. An electric
field is developed to extract salt ions from the inlet feed solution and produce deionized water as
a desalination product [12]. Two fundamentally different methods used for electrical desalination
are capacitive deionization (CDI) and electro-dialysis (ED) [13].
13
Figure 1.1 Total worldwide installed capacity by technology since 2015 based on IDA
desalination yearbook 2015-2016
14
<Table should be in black n white style, no color scheme should be used>
Table 1.1 Comparison of energy consumption between RO and CDI processes
Feed water Energy consumption

concentration (kWh /m 3 ¿ ¿ References Comments
(g/ L ¿ RO M-CDI
3.0
1.2 0.6 0.2 [11, 14-16]
3.03
0.83
1.5 1.4 0.3 [11, 15, 17]
1.35 CDI perform
0.7 better
2.0 0.8 0.42 [11, 15, 18]
1.9
6.9
3.0 1.0 0.85 [11, 17, 19]
2.075
2.6
RO perform
4.0 5.0 1.4 [11, 14, 15, 20]
better
1
15
1.1 Problem statement
1.2 Objectives
1.2 Outline of the project
CDI Performance
Improvement
Electrode’s adsorption Process modifications of

property CDI
Chp:2 Chp:6
CDI-SGP integration for pure
Hybrid CV-CC process of Performance optimization
water and energy generation
CDI of CDI process
Chp:3 Chp:4 Chp:5

Integration of CDI with CDP CDI integration with RED CDI integration with PRO
process process process
Figure 1.2 Structure of the dissertation
1.3 Project Gantt Chart
16
Chapter 2
Literature survey
1.3 Introduction
17
Chapter 2
Theory and Mathematical modelling
2.1 Introduction
2.1 Solution Methodology
2.2 Modern Tool Usage/Software
18
Chapter 3
Results and Discussion
3.1 Introduction:
19
Chapter 4
Conclusions and Future work
4.1 Introduction
2.3 Gantt Chart Compliance
20
Appendix A
Table A.0.2 Pareto solution set with 38 different possible combinations of operating parameters
for optimized performance functions.
21
References
[1] Counts, T. W., 2017, "The World Counts,"
http://www.theworldcounts.com/counters/shocking_environmental_facts_and_statistics/world_population
_clock_live.
[2] Organization, W. H., 2015, "Drinking-water."
[3] United Nations Environment Programme, 2007, "Global Environment Oulook."
[4] Gleick, P. H., 1993, Water in crisis: a guide to the world's fresh water resources, Oxford University
Press, Inc.
[5] Anderson, M. A., Cudero, A. L., and Palma, J., 2010, "Capacitive deionization as an electrochemical
means of saving energy and delivering clean water. Comparison to present desalination practices: Will it
compete?," Electrochimica Acta, 55(12), pp. 3845-3856.
[6] Demirer, O. N., Naylor, R. M., Rios Perez, C. A., Wilkes, E., and Hidrovo, C., 2013, "Energetic
performance optimization of a capacitive deionization system operating with transient cycles and brackish
water," Desalination, 314, pp. 130-138.
[7] council, N. R., 2008, Desalination: a national perspective, National Academies Press.
[8] Subramani, A., and Jacangelo, J. G., 2015, "Emerging desalination technologies for water treatment:
A critical review," Water research, 75, pp. 164-187.
[9] Chaudhry, S., 2003, "Unit cost of desalination," California Desalination Task Force, California
Energy Commission. Sacramento, California.
[10] Shrivastava, A., Rosenberg, S., and Peery, M., 2015, "Energy efficiency breakdown of reverse
osmosis and its implications on future innovation roadmap for desalination," Desalination, 368, pp. 181-
192.
[11] Zhao, R., Porada, S., Biesheuvel, P. M., and van der Wal, A., 2013, "Energy consumption in
membrane capacitive deionization for different water recoveries and flow rates, and comparison with
reverse osmosis," Desalination, 330, pp. 35-41.
[12] Jia, B., and Zhang, W., 2016, "Preparation and Application of Electrodes in Capacitive Deionization
(CDI): a State-of-Art Review," Nanoscale Res Lett, 11(1), p. 64.
[13] Porada, S., Zhao, R., van der Wal, A., Presser, V., and Biesheuvel, P. M., 2013, "Review on the
science and technology of water desalination by capacitive deionization," Progress in Materials Science,
58(8), pp. 1388-1442.
[14] Ghermandi, A., and Messalem, R., 2009, "Solar-driven desalination with reverse osmosis: the state
of the art," Desalination and water treatment, 7(1-3), pp. 285-296.
[15] ZARCO, D., GARCÍA SOTO, C., and BUENDÍA CANDEL, R., "Experiences on desalination of
different brackish water," Proc. IDA World Congress, DubaI, ref: IDAWC/DB09-135.
[16] de Carvalho, P. C. M., Riffel, D. B., Freire, C., and Montenegro, F. F. D., 2004, "The Brazilian
experience with a photovoltaic powered reverse osmosis plant," Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and
Applications, 12(5), pp. 373-385.
[17] Al-Karaghouli, A. A., and Kazmerski, L., 2011, "Renewable energy Opportunities in water
desalination," Desalination, Trends and Technologies, InTech.
[18] Maurel, A., 1979, "Dessalement et energies nouvelles," Desalination, 31(1-3), pp. 489-499.
[19] Libert, J., and Maurel, A., 1981, "Desalination and renewable energies-a few recent developments,"
Desalination, 39, pp. 363-372.
[20] Weiner, D., Fisher, D., Moses, E. J., Katz, B., and Meron, G., 2001, "Operation experience of a
solar-and wind-powered desalination demonstration plant," Desalination, 137(1), pp. 7-13.
22
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Performance evaluation and optimization of capacitive

deionization desalination process

Final year project for the award of degree of Bachelor of Science in

Supervised by: Prof. XYZ

Mechanical Engineering Department

Submitted to the Mechanical Engineering Department of the University of Engineering and

Internal Examiner Name: ________________ Signature: _______________

External Examiner Name: ________________ Signature: ______________

Mechanical Engineering Department

Signed by the author:

Write down to whom you want to dedicate your work…

Domain & PLO Assessment

CLOs and Assessment Method.........................................................................................................vii

1.1 Research motivation...........................................................................................................12

1.1.1 Types of desalination...................................................................................................13

1.2 Problem statement..............................................................................................................16

1.4 Outline of the project..........................................................................................................16

1.5 Project Gantt Chart.............................................................................................................16

Chapter 2 Literature survey..............................................................................................................17

Chapter 3 Theory and Mathematical modelling...............................................................................18

3.2 Solution Methodology........................................................................................................18

3.3 Modern Tool Usage/Software............................................................................................18

Chapter 4 Results and Discussion.....................................................................................................19

Chapter 5 Conclusions and Future work...........................................................................................20

5.2 Gantt Chart Compliance.....................................................................................................20

Rseries CDI cell series resistance [ohm]

I ad Applied adsorption current during CC [A]

tch Adsorption process time [s]

Vt Adsorption target voltage for CC [V]

Id Desorption current [A]

Vd Desorption voltage [V]

d CDI desorption feed flowrate [mL/s]

ad CDI adsorption feed flowrate [mL/s]

 d CDP dimensionless potential difference over the diffused layer [V]

Sub heading font size & format: 12 Bold Arial

Body font size & format: 12 Time new roman

Line spacing: 1.5

Reference style: ASME endnote style

Page numbering: page number should not be mentioned on title pages,

Page number should be in roman for initial pages of thesis

However, numerical value should be used when the chapter start

Heading and subheadings can be adjusted according to project work.

For further details how to format a dissertation, do visit following website

1.1 Research motivation

1.1.1 Types of desalination

Feed water Energy consumption

1.2 Outline of the project

Electrode’s adsorption Process modifications of

Chp:3 Chp:4 Chp:5

Figure 1.2 Structure of the dissertation

1.3 Project Gantt Chart

2.1 Solution Methodology

2.2 Modern Tool Usage/Software

2.3 Gantt Chart Compliance

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External Examiner Name: __ Signature: