Classification of bacterial phages

MORPHOLOGY OF BACTERIA :
Bacteria display a wide divergence of shapes and sizes, called morphologies. Bacterial cells
are about one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells and are typically 0.5–5.0 micrometres in
length. However, a few members are visible to the solo eye—for example, Thiomargarita
namibiensis is up to half a millimetre long and Epulopiscium fishelsoni reaches 0.7 mm.
Among the smallest bacteria are members of the genus Mycoplasma, which proportion only
0.3 micrometres, as small as the largest viruses. Some bacteria may be even smaller, but these
ultramicrobacteria are not well-studied ([ CITATION Mar83 \l 1033 ].
Most bacterial species are either spherical, called cocci (singular coccus, from Greek kókkos,
grain, seed), or rod-shaped, called bacilli (sing. bacillus, from Latin baculus, stick). Some
bacteria, called vibrio, are shaped like lightly curved rods or comma-shaped; others can be
spiral-shaped, called spirilla. This wide variety of shapes is determined by the bacterial cell
wall and cytoskeleton, and is important because it can influence the ability of bacteria to
acquire nutrients, attach to surfaces, swim through liquids and escape predators [ CITATION
Jia16 \l 1033 ].
Many bacterial species exist uncomplicated as single cells, others associate in unique
patterns: Neisseria form diploids (pairs), Streptococcus form chains, and Staphylococcus
group together in "bunch of grapes" clusters. Bacteria can also group to form larger
multicellular structures, such as the elongated filaments of Actinobacteria, the agglomeration
of Myxobacteria, and the complex hyphae of Streptomyces., Myxobacteria detect
surrounding cells in a process known as quorum sensing, migrate towards each other, and
aggregate to form fruiting bodies up to 500 micrometres long and containing approximately
100,000 bacterial cells. In these fruiting bodies, the bacteria perform separate tasks; for
example, about one in ten cells migrate to the top of a fruiting body and differentiate into a
specialised dormant state called a myxospore, which is more resilience to drying and other
adverse environmental conditions.
Bacteria often attach to surfaces and form Volumatic aggregations called biofilms, and larger
formations known as microbial mats. In natural environments, such as soil or the surfaces of
plants, the predominantly of bacteria are bound to surfaces in biofilms. Biofilms are also
important in medicine, as these structures are often present during chronic bacterial infections
or in infections of implanted medical devices, and bacteria protected within biofilms are
much harder to kill than individual desolation bacteria ([ CITATION Ohg92 \l 1033 ].
 Classification of bacterial phages
A huge scope examination available in this article centers around organic and physiological
assortment of bacteriophages. An assortment of 83 bacteriophages, protected from
metropolitan sewage and ready to spread in cells of various bacterial hosts, has been achieved
(60 contaminating Escherichia coli, 10 tainting Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 4 tainting
Salmonella enterica, 3 contaminating Staphylococcus sciuri, and 6 tainting Enterococcus
faecalis). High natural variety of the assortment is determined by its qualities, both
morphological (electron tiny examinations) and natural (have range, plaque size and
morphology, development at a few temperatures, warm inactivation, affectability to low and
high pH, affectability to osmotic pressure, survivability upon treatment with natural solvents
and cleansers), and further upheld by ordered group investigation. Before the finish of the
exploration no bigger assortment of phages from a solitary ecological source investigated by
these methods had been found. The finding was affirmed by entire genome investigation of 7
chose bacteriophages. Besides, specific bacteriophages uncovered uncommon natural
highlights, similar to the capacity to frame recognition at low temperature (4 °C), oppose high
temperature (62 °C or 95 °C) or get by within the sight of a natural solvents (ethanol,
CH3)2CO, DMSO, chloroform) or cleanser (SDS, CTAB, sarkosyl) making them possibly
entrancing with regards to biotechnological applications ([ CITATION Dev06 \l 1033 ].
Bacteriophages were found around 100 years ago1. These infections have assumed a mind
blowing part in the advancement of sub-atomic science and biotechnology2. To understand
their significance in understanding sub-atomic bases of organic cycles, one can recall that
reviews ontremensjbacteriophages prompted the disclosure (in addition to other things) that
DNA is a hereditary material, that the hereditary code depends on nucleotide trios, and that
quality appearance is continued through mRNA molecules3,4. Bacteriophages have
additionally assumed a critical part being developed of hereditary designing and
biotechnology. Indeed, first cloning vectors depended on bacteriophages, and generally
utilized frameworks for fastidious quality articulation and hereditary recombination contain
qualities and administrative groupings got from bacteriophage genomes5. It merits
accentuating that two advancement revelations in biotechnology – ID of limitation chemicals
and CRISPRs – are stringently associated with connection systems among bacteriophages
and their host [ CITATION Mar54 \l 1033 ].By and by, until ongoing years, adequate
consideration was not paid to the part of bacteriophages in indigenous habitat or to
biodiversity of these infections. Indeed, in atomic science considers and biotechnological
applications, just an extremely set number of bacteriophages were utilized, which was
practical because of the decision of model living beings. Notwithstanding, it didn't mirror the
variety of bacteriophages. At present, this variety shows up incredibly high. Bacteriophages
are the most sufficient type of life, as the quantity of phage substances on Earth is assessed at
1031, for example multiple times more than the quantity of bacterial cells7. In this light, our
modestly helpless information on bacteriophage biodiversity is astonishing. All things
considered, from the accessible information one can reason a noteworthy variety of
bacteriophages, which is known distinctly in a little part, as demonstrated in the freshest
papers zeroed in on this issue [CITATION Adr17 \l 1033 ].
A bigger piece of recurring pattern focuses on bacteriophage assortment base on in silico
assessments of nucleotide plan of their genomes. Hatfull suggested that audits in this field
may achieve disclosures winding up being new accomplishments in biotechnology6.
Undoubtedly, late papers report the beginning of tremendous extension considers focused in
on discovering bacteriophages in natural models and examinations of their genomes9,10
[ CITATION HWA09 \l 1033 ].
In our present venture, we have applied an alternate methodology, which is a novel
methodology thinking about the recently distributed chips away at wide examinations of
bacteriophages. While the huge scope genomic projects depend on seclusion of huge
quantities of bacteriophages, sequencing of their genomes and progressed in silico
examinations, in our investigations, we center around biodiversity of phages, for example
examining the natural and physiological assortment of these infections. Such examinations
ought to demonstrate the degree of organic variety of bacteriophage properties in the feeling
of their improvement qualities under different conditions. Moreover, potential
biotechnological and clinical uses of the aftereffects of these investigations have arisen,
delivering it conceivable to utilize these bacteriophages in developing new devices for
hereditary designing and bacteriophage treatment [ CITATION Mah14 \l 1033 ].

Bacteriophage types – Replication cycles &

Classification:
There are numerous bacteriophage types, albeit a couple of we know about more than others.
Bacteriophages are exceptionally unpredictable infections that have been around since the
most punctual Earth history and have assumed a urgent part in keeping up the equilibrium
over the number of inhabitants in microscopic organisms on our planet. These antiquated
types of life have advanced enormously and we are simply starting to start to expose what's
underneath on their extraordinary and crucial job in our lives[ CITATION Mar59 \l 1033 ].
Albeit found all over the place and there are so numerous bacteriophage sorts, everything
being equal, and sizes, they are completely ordered into one of the two replication strategies;
lytic and lysogenic. It is critical to comprehend the separation of the two as that plays a
pivotal principle concerning how phages may connect with us; as one happens to consistently
play on our side, while the other has its inclinations lined up with its endurance, which may
conflict with us.

o Virulent bacteriophages – Lytic cycle (cytoplasmic

viral replication)
Destructive bacteriophages end up being those that play to our greatest advantage, just as
theirs. This bacteriophage type utilizes the lytic cycle for replication. Lysis or lytic cycle is a
cytoplasmic viral replication measure in which the bacteriophage infuses its hereditary
material into a host cell, which permits this hereditary material to copy, creating numerous
new phages. When the host cell is loaded up with new bacteriophages, the host cell joys from
the inside, delivering the recently shaped phages [ CITATION Voe71 \l 1033 ].

Note that the bacteriophages that are utilized for phage items and phage treatment are largely
destructive phages.

Temperate bacteriophages – Lysogenic cycle

Calm bacteriophages are the bacteriophage type that utilization the lysogenic cycle for
replication. The lysogenc cycle is one where a phage mixes its conventional material into a
host, however rather than quickly repeating, this nonexclusive material discovers its way to
the host's hereditary material and imbues itself with it, turning into a prophage. It turns out to
be essential for the host's hereditary material and when the host cell separates, the mild phage
hereditary material likewise goes through a replication interaction [ CITATION Arg17 \l
1033 ].

Bacteriophage types – Classification:

The following is the current known breakdown of bacteriophages. Since phages are as yet
being considered and there is a great deal that has not be found, the accompanying data might
be viewed as deficient.
o Bacteriophage types
 Ackermannviridae
Has a place with respect to the order of Caudovirales. These phages are nonenveloped and
have head-tail structures. Their icosahedral head is approximately 93nm in diameter. They
also have a neck with no collar and a base plate. Their tail is approximately 140nm in width
and 20nm in length and is contractile. They also have fibers attached to their tail, which are
approximately 38nm in length. These bacteriophages use cytoplasmic viral replication
[ CITATION HWJ07 \l 1033 ].
 Myoviridae
Has a place with the request for Caudovirales. These phages have stretched heads (around 110nm
long), long tails with a collar (114nm), base plates with spikes and 6 long tail strands. They have a
straight genome of around 33kb – 244 kb long and it encodes for 40 – 415 proteins. These
bacteriophages utilize cytoplasmic viral replication, lytic and do not have the qualities to get lysogenic
[ CITATION Lav09 \l 1033 ].

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Bacteriophage types
This group contains the following subfamilies and genera within:

 Sub family – Peduovirinae. Genera – Hpunalikevirus &

P2likevirus.
Peduovirinae have virions with heads that are 60nm in width and tails that are 135nm by
18nm long. Their ID marker is the sheaths that slide off the tail center. These bacteriophages
utilize cytoplasmic viral replication.
Image source – Viral Zone

 Sub family – Spounavirinae. Genera – Spounalikevirus &

Twortlikevirus.
Spounavirinae have isometric heads going between 87nm – 94nm in width, noticeable
capsomers (protein assurance of hereditary material), long tails between 140nm – 219nm and
a twofold base plate. The tip of their tails, there are globular constructions known to be base
plate spikes and crimped tail filaments. These phages are largely harmful phages (lytic). They
assault an expansive scope of individuals from the Firmicutes; phylum of microscopic
organisms. Phages from this gathering regularly have huge (127-142kb) nonpermuted
genomes with 3.1-20kb terminal redundancies. These bacteriophages utilize cytoplasmic viral
replication[ CITATION Bar14 \l 1033 ].
Image source – ViralZone

 Sub family – Tevenvirinae. Genera – T4virus & Schizot4virus.

Tevenvirinae are separated on the morphology of the head; T4virus has a head of 137nm long
and Schizot4virus has a head of 111nm long. Further division inside the genera is made
relying upon the protein homology. These bacteriophages utilize cytoplasmic viral replication
[ CITATION Bol171 \l 1033 ].

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 Sub family – Eucampyvirinae. Genera – Cp220likevirus &
Cp8unalikevirus.
Eucampyvirinae have a nonenveloped, head-like construction. Their icosahedral head is
roughly 93nm – 96nm in distance across. Their tail is roughly 96nm – 140nm long and 20nm
in width is contractile. They likewise have 38nm long filaments that are appended on the tail.
Their straight dsDNA genome is around 132kb – 197kb long and encodes 149 – 245 proteins.
These bacteriophages utilize cytoplasmic viral replication.

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Bacteriophage types:
Order – Ligamenvirales. Family – Lipothrixviridae and Rudiviridae.

 Lipothrixviridae:
Has a place with the request for Ligamenvirales. These phages target archaea from the realm
of Crenarchaeota and have 8 species which are split between 3 genera; Betalipothrixvirus,
Gammalipothrixvirus and Deltalipothrixvirus. They share the underlying and genomic
properties with phages from the Rudiviridae family; nonenveloped and pole formed. They
additionally have the straight dsDNA genomes with up to 9 qualities. They additionally have
the filamentous particles that are worked from homologous capsid proteins. These
bacteriophages utilize cytoplasmic viral replication [ CITATION Pra05 \l 1033 ].
Image source – ViralZone

 Rudiviridae:
Ligamenvirales is the only genus in the family, and it belongs to the order Ligamenvirales.
These bacteriophages are designed to attack hyperthermophilic Crenarchaeota archaea. They
have linear dsDNA genomes and are non-enveloped and rigid rod shaped. Sulfolobus
islandicus rod-shaped virus 2 is one of three species they presently have. The surname Rudis
is derived from the Latin word rudis, which means thin rod, as a mirror of the virion's form.
The lytic cycle of viral replication is used by thesebacteriophages [ CITATION Pra99 \l 1033 ] .

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Bacteriophage types:
Order – Unassigned. Family – Ampullaviridae, Bicaudaviridae, Clavaviridae, Corticoviridae,
Cystoviridae, Fuselloviridae, Globuloviridae, Guttaviridae, Inoviridae, Leviviridae,
Microviridae, Plasmaviridae, Pleolipoviridae, Portogloboviridae, Sphaerolipoviridae,
Spiraviridae, Tectiviridae, Tristromaviridae & Turriviridae.

 Ampullaviridae:
Doesn't have an alloted request and just has 1 specie in 1 class. These bacteriophages
target archaea from the class Acidianus. They have one tight end which ventures into a
more extensive end. Complete length is around 230nm and width of roughly 75nm. The
tight end has a viral envelope that is utilized to infuse the DNA into has. The expansive
end has 20 flimsy fibers, each appropriated in a ring. The family and variety name comes
from the Latin word 'ampulla', in reflection to the jug state of this virion. These
bacteriophages utilize cytoplasmic viral replication [ CITATION Har05 \l 1033 ].
Image source – ViralZone

 Bicaudaviridae:
Doesn't have an appointed request and just has 1 class with 1 specie; Acidianus two-followed
infection, anyway Sulfolobus tengchongensis axle formed infections 1 and 2 (STSV1 and
STSV2) are likewise leaned to have a place with this family. These bacteriophages are hyper
thermophilic archaea infections that target species from the variety of Acidianus. They are
wrapped and have are lemon-formed. Their genomes are roundabout, around 62kb long and
the genome has 72 open understanding edges. These phages utilize cytoplasmic viral
replication [ CITATION Pra18 \l 1033 ]

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 Corticoviridae:
Doesn't have a doled out request and just has 1 class with 1 specie; Pseudoalteromonas
infection PM2. Prophages which are firmly identified with the PM2 are of oceanic
microscopic organisms, which recommend that corticoviruses might be thought little of in
their natural significance. These bacteriophages target types of microorganisms. These
phages comprise of an icosahedral, round, non-encompassed capsid, with a breadth of 60nm,
with an inward lipid layer found in the internal and external protein shell. These shells have
three layers and on a superficial level have an example with shrubbery like spikes from
twelve vertices. These bacteriophages utilize cytoplasmic viral replication. The family and
variety name comes from the Latin word 'cortex' or 'corticis', which mean hull or bark
[ CITATION Oks17 \l 1033 ].

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 Cystoviridae:
Doesn't have an allocated request and just has 1 specie in this variety; Pseudomonas
phage phi6. These bacteriophages target types of phaseolicola microscopic organisms. A
distinctive element is their three sided dsRNA genome, around 14kb long and the protein
and lipid external layer. No other realized bacteriophage has a lipid external layer. The
most recognized cystoviruses today are those which focus on the Pseudomonas species.
These phages are wrapped, with an icosahedral and have round geometrics. In width they
are roughly 85nm. Their genomes are straight and sectioned; enormous – 6.4kb long,
Medium – 4kb long and Small – 2.9kb long. The genome codes contain 12 proteins.
These bacteriophages utilize cytoplasmic viral replication [ CITATION Por17 \l 1033 ].
Image source – ViralZone

 Globuloviridae:
Doesn't have a relegated request and is a group of infections which are
hyperthermophilic archaeal infections. As of now, they have 1 class with 2 species in
this family; Pyrobaculum circular infection and Thermoproteus tenax round infection
1. These bacteriophages target Crenarchaea from the genera Pyrobaculum and
Thermoproteus. These phages are wrapped and circular. Their measurement is
roughly 100nm. Their genomes are straight dsDNA, non-segmentaed and are roughly
20kb – 30kb long. These bacteriophages utilize cytoplasmic viral replication
[ CITATION Här04 \l 1033 ].

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 . Inoviridae:
 Doesn't have an appointed request and is a group of infections, right now having 43 species split
between 2 genera. These bacteriophages target microorganisms. These phages are nonenveloped, have
a pole or fiber geometrics. Their measurement is around 7nm and length of roughly 2000nm. Their
genomes are roundabout, around 8kb long and the genome codes for 4 to 10 proteins. These
bacteriophages utilize cytoplasmic viral replication [ CITATION Kne99 \l 1033 ]

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 MicroviridaeL:
Doesn't have an appointed request and is a group of infections, presently having 12 species split
between 7 genera. These bacteriophages target microorganisms, explicitly; Enterobacteria and
Spiroplasma. These phages are icosahedral, nonenveloped and have round geometrics. Their
distance across is roughly 25nm – 27nm (Each virion has 60 duplicates of F, G and J protein
and 12 duplicates of H protein). They additionally have trumpet-formed pentamers (each
made out of 5 duplicates of G and one of H protein). Their genome is a solitary abandoned
DNA. Most of these bacteriophages utilize the lytic life cycle, anyway a couple have a calm
life cycle. The family name comes from the antiquated Greek word 'μικρός' (mikrós), which
mean little, mirroring the size of their genomes as being among the littlest of the DNA
infections [ CITATION MKr11 \l 1033 ]

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 Pleolipoviridae:
Doesn't have a relegated request. These phages are wrapped, pleomorphic around 40nm in width.
They have a roundabout ssDNA with a genome of 7kb – 10.6kb long. These bacteriophages utilize
cytoplasmic viral replication[ CITATION Pie16 \l 1033 ]

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 Portogloboviridae:
Doesn't have a doled out request. These phages are icosahedral capsid with a 87nm breadth.
This capsid encases an inner film made of lipid. They additionally have a nucleoprotein fiber
of 3nm in width which is would into 14 round curls. Their genome in a roundabout twofold
abandoned DNA that is 20kb long that encodes 45 proteins. These bacteriophages utilize
cytoplasmic viral replication [ CITATION Pra21 \l 1033 ].

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 Sphaerolipoviridae:
Doesn't have a doled out request and is a group of infections which has 3 genera;
Alphasphaerolipovirus, Betasphaerolipovirus and Gammasphaerolipovirus. Species having a place
with Alphasphaerolipovirus and Betasphaerolipovirus target halophilic archaea and those having a
place with the class Gammasphaerolipovirus target thermophilic microorganisms. These phages are
tailless icosphedral, with interior lipid layer and have a twofold abandoned DNA. They are
nonenveloped and the size ranges between 50nm – 80nm [ CITATION Paw14 \l 1033 ].

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 Spiraviridae:
Doesn't have an allocated request and is a group of infections and there is just 1 specie right
now perceived. These bacteriophages target archeae. The phages are nonenveloped, empty
and tube shaped. Their size is roughly 200nm x 28nm with limbs of 20nm. They have a
solitary abandoned DNA of 24.9kb and it encodes 57 proteins. These bacteriophages utilize
cytoplasmic viral replication[ CITATION Pra20 \l 1033 ].

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 Tectiviridae:
Doesn't have an allocated request and is a group of infections which has 3 genera with 4
species. These bacteriophages target microscopic organisms. They have no head-tail
structure, however have the ability of creating a tail-like design of around 60nm – endless
supply of after chloroform treatment. They are icosahedral, not enveloped and the capsid has
2 layers. The external layer if a protein structure and the inward layer is a proteinaceous lipid
film which contains the genome. Lipids add to 15% of their weight and they have no sugars
present. They additionally have apical spike broadening, around 20nm. Their genome is a
solitary atom that is a straight twofold abandoned DNA of 15kb long and has 30 open
understanding casings. These bacteriophages utilize cytoplasmic viral replication
[ CITATION Sar05 \l 1033 ].

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 Tristromaviridae:
Doesn't have an allocated request. These phages are encompassed, pole molded and are around 410nm
long and roughly 38nm in measurement. They have a direct dsDNA genome of 15.9kb long. Their
DNA is bundled in a helical center. These bacteriophages utilize cytoplasmic viral replication
([ CITATION Pra19 \l 1033 ]

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 Turriviridae:
Doesn't have a doled out request and is a group of infections which has 2 species in 1 family;
Alphaturrivirus. These bacteriophages target archaea, explicitly Sulfolobus solfataricus. They have an
icosahedral design with a surmised measurement of 74nm and 12 five-crease vertices turrent-like
limbs extending to 13nm, over the capsid shell. The capsid is encased in an inner lipid layer. They
have a direct genome of 17kb long. These bacteriophages utilize cytoplasmic viral replication
[ CITATION MAd14 \l 1033 ].

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