From Flowers to Fruits

Module 4 Unit 13 Lesson 3

How did that happen? Let’s find out! 1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nectarine_Fruit_Development.jpg
Introduction

Young buds can be observed which

must have grown into new flowering
shoots.
Some flowers are fully developed
and more than likely some were
already pollinated. Successful
pollination and also fertilization has
obviously occurred as ripened fruit
are present observed.
The plant has taken another journey
from flowers to fruits!

2
 Objectives

When you finish this section, you should be able to:

1. describe the structure of a ‘typical’ simple fruit.
2. relate the structure of selected fruits to the
structure of the flowers from which they were
formed.

3
 Fruit or Vegetable?
When you eat each of these vegetables,
what part of a plant are you really eating?

4
www.tntisland.com/fruits.html
http://urbanext.illinois.edu/gpe/case1/c1facts2e.html CHECK
CHECK
FEEDBACK
Did you know that they are ALL ‘ripened’
ovaries and are really the products of
fertilization? They are fruits.
So, when you eat those
vegetables shown, you’re really
eating what was once the ovary!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit 5
 How is a fruit formed?
Remind yourself of what Stamen Ovary

happens during fertilization Stigma

by clicking open this

link>> Pea flower
Ovule

http://www.emunix.emich.edu/~ghannan/systbot/do
Seed

Pea fruit
Simple fruit

6
 As a fruit forms…

…. sepals, petals, stamens wither and

usually fall off. (Sometimes sepals may
remain attached to the fruit.)
Look at the sepals
that remain on the
Rose hips.

7
 As a fruit forms….
…. its weight might cause it to hang in an upside
down position in relation to the flower from
Poinciana fruits
which it formed.
Barbados Pride
Its wall can
dry out.

http://toptropicals.com/pics/garden/c21/0665.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fru 8
it_I_IMG_8692.jpg
 What is a fruit?

A fruit is the packaging for seeds!

• It is an ovary in which further development
of the fertilized ovule/s has taken place,
resulting
in seed formation.
• A fruit has a fruit wall or pericarp,
a placenta to which each seed is
attached by a stem called the funicle.
9
 What is a Fruit?

• Each fruit has two scars – one where the style

was attached to the ovary, the other on the
opposite side, where it was attached by the
pedicel to the plant.
• The two functions of a fruit are:
1. to protect the seed/s and
2. to aid in seed dispersal.

A fruit is a guarantee of the next generation because it

contains the seed with an embryo plant in it.
10
 The Parts of a fruit and its seed
scar of pedicel

scar of the style

exocarp or skin
The seed is protected inside the hard endocarp

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfr4.htm 11
 The Parts of a fruit and its seed

The pericarp is different from the seed coat or testa.

12
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drupe_fruit_diagram-en.svg
 Pomegranate – Look at this diagram (Top left)
and photo (Top Right) of a flower.
Sepal
Stamens

Pistil
Ovary with
ovules

Here are
photos of the
whole fruit
and one cut
open (Right).
13
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illustration_Puni http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph20.htm
ca_granatum2.jpg
Activity

Label three parts of the fruit and

explain from which part of a
Pomegranate flower each part grew.

CHECK
CHECK 14
 FEEDBACK
Click open this website, scroll down to see photos
of pomegrante fruit: http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfr4.htm
.
seeds =
fertilized persistent sepals
ovules (with stamen
cluster inside)

Pomegranate fruit
formed from an
inferior ovary
fruit wall
comprising scar = remains
leathery exocarp, of pedicel
mesocarp = ovary
wall and
receptacle 15
Why aren’t all fruits exactly alike?

Well…. that depends on the flowers from

which they form, and how they formed
after fertilization!

Depending on the structure of the

flower, fruits develop with different
structures which enables us to put them
into one of several groups.
16
How fruits develop: 1. Simple Fruit

1. Simple fruit - develop from one carpel from a

single, separate flower and can be:
• Dry (Visit: http://www.backyardnature.net/frt_simp.htm )
• Fleshy (Visit: http://www.backyardnature.net/frt_flsh.htm )
• Accessory
e.g. peas/ other pods,
tomatoes, oranges,
capsules, grains, plums,
mangoes.
Click open and read from the above websites. http://www.backyardnature.net/frt_3grp.htm

17
 Simple fruits

The fruit wall may dry out as the fruit develops

from the ovary.
L – R: Peanut, Tamarind are Simple Fruits

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfr1.htm#baobab 18
 Simple fruit- Sunflower

• Forms small, one-seeded simple fruits with

dried-out pericarps.
• The three pericarp layers are not distinguishable.

http://jbworld.jbs.st-louis.mo.us/science/resources/flower/fruit3.html

19
 Simple fruit - Orange
The middle layer of the pericarp often becomes fleshy
with stored food. The outer layer often changes
colour when ripe.

20
http://visual.merriam-webster.com/plants-gardening/plants/fruits/fleshy-fruit-citrus-fruit.php
 Simple fruit - Cucumber
Female flower will develop into the fruit after fertilization.

Prickly inferior
ovary, which is the
future cucumber

http://www.backyardnature.net/fl_def.htm

21
How fruits develop: 2. Compound Fruit

2. Compound fruit - develops from several

ovaries in either a single or multiple flower/s.
Includes:
• Aggregate fruits - has many small fruits each
with a seed; develops from different ovaries of
a single flower e.g. Strawberry
• Multiple fruits – with fruits of separate flowers
merged or packed closely together e.g.
Pineapple, Jackfruit, Breadfruit.

22
 As a fruit forms…

The single flower has

several pistils that
mature together and
stick/aggregate together
as a clustered unit on a
single receptacle, forming
an Aggregate fruit. flowerhttp://www.backyardnature.net/frt_3grp.htm

It has seeds from different ovaries of the single

flowers.
23
Aggregate fruit
Carpels

Raspberry
Stamen

Raspberry flower

Carpel
(fruitlet) Stigma
Ovary

Stamen

Raspberry fruit http://visual.merriam-

Aggregate fruit webster.com/plants-
gardening/plants/fruits/fleshy-fruit-
berry-fruit_2.php
24
How fruits develop

Soursop is a large, fleshy, berrylike

Aggregate fruit. It is formed by the
aggregation of ripened ovaries + the
fleshy receptacle.

Click open this link. Read to see how

Soursop and paw-paw fruits relate to
the flowers from which they were
formed:
http://www.biology-resources.com/plants-fruit-tropical.html

http://www.fotosearch.com/photos-images/pawpaw.html
25
Activity

On the next slides, look at the Soursop

and Strawberry diagrams, then
examine actual samples.
Check for paw=paw at http://www.biology-
resources.com/documents/plant-fruit-tropical-2.doc

26
 Accessory fruit forms…

…. some or all of the fleshy, usually edible, part

might not be formed from the ovary, but instead is
derived from the receptacle that holds the
ovaries or from some other adjacent tissue e.g.
receptacle, producing an Accessory fruit.
Click open, scroll down and read about the (American)
Apple and Strawberry at these websites.
•http://www.biology-resources.com/documents/plant-fruit-3.doc
•http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfr4.htm
Cut open and examine samples of the fruits.

27
American Apple – an Accessory fruit

Skin
Receptacle Ovary
/real fruit
wall

28
 Strawberry Flower
Gynoecium = many
freehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Longitudinal_section_of_raspberry_flower.gif
simple carpels

http://www
.countrysi
deinfo.co.
uk/flower.
htm

29
The receptacle and flower stalk form part of the
Strawberry fruit wall.
http://en.wikip
edia.org/wiki/
Strawberry

Close-up of the surface

of a young strawberry
shows simple fruits each
with style and stigma. 30
 Strawberry = Aggregate-accessory fruit
“seed” is really a
This accessory “fruit" simple fruit

is actually an enlarged
receptacle.

http://visual.merriam-
webster.com/plants-
gardening/plants/fruits/fleshy- 31
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfr4.htm fruit-berry-fruit_3.php
 As a fruit forms…

…a Multiple Fruit may

develop. Each fruit forms when
a cluster of separate flowers
(each with its own pistil) that are
grouped together on the same
inflorescence have their
fertilized ovules mature together
to form one fruit.

32
 Pineapple flowers (Diagram, left; photo, right)

Young pineapple inflorescence.

Flower Each unit is a flower.

Pineapple inflorescence
ach
egment
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Pineapple_and_cross_section.jpg

Click open http://jbworld.jbs.st-louis.mo.us/science/resources/flower/fruit5.html

evelops
romand theread the information presented. 33
arpel
Pineapple = Multiple fruit
Pineapple inflorescence
Each
segment
develops
from the
carpel
of one
flower

Central
axis is the
Pineapple fruit
receptacle
Multiple fruit

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/BOT201/Angiosperm/FlowerFruit.htm

34
Jackfruit - is a Multiple fruit; it is formed
from the fusion of ovaries from many
individual flowers plus the fleshy stem axis.
single carpel of
a single flower

seeds and
pericarp

35
 Breadfruit- a Compound False Fruit
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadfruit

• Male and female

flowers grow on the
same breadfruit tree.
(Only female flowers form fruits.)

• The hexagon-like
disks visible on the
skin are flowers
that became fruits.
36
www.nairaland.com/nigeria/topic-359719.0.html
Breadfruit - this compound, false fruit
develops from the swollen perianth of over
1,500 female flowers growing on a fleshy
receptacle.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadfruit 37
 Cashew Apple – a false fruit
The fleshy Cashew ‘apple’ is the swollen
succulent stalk/pedicel and base. The ‘nut’ is
a dry fruit with one seed. Both parts store food.

38
www.fao.org/.../vlibrary/ac306e/ac306e04.htm slog.thestranger.com/2008/04/new_fruit
Summary

Fruits differ from each other because…

1. the flower structures were different especially
the pistil structure and the number and position
of fertilized ovules that became the seeds.
2. the position of the ovary in respect to other
floral whorls and also the sepals, petals
stamens may/may not be retained as the fruit
forms.

39
Summary

Fruits differ from each other because…

3. parts such as the receptacle or flower stalk

may become incorporated in the fruit wall.
4. the ovary (fruit) wall changes in different ways
e.g. becoming dry/fleshy, coloured, hairy etc.

The next slide gives a summary diagram of the

cycle of development from formation of the zygote
to fruit.
40
Summary
http://leavingbio.net/The%20Structure%20Functions%20of%20Flowers_files/image031.jpg

41