Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering

ISSN: 1346-7581 (Print) 1347-2852 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tabe20

Analysis of Coupled RC Shear/Core Walls by Macro

Model

Huanjun Jiang & Yu Wang

To cite this article: Huanjun Jiang & Yu Wang (2016) Analysis of Coupled RC Shear/Core Walls
by Macro Model, Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 15:3, 565-572, DOI:
10.3130/jaabe.15.565

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.15.565

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Published online: 24 Oct 2018.

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 Analysis of Coupled RC Shear/Core Walls by Macro Model

Huanjun Jiang1 and Yu Wang*2

1
Professor, State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, China
2
Engineer, Tongji Architectural Design (Group) Co., Ltd., China

Abstract
A modified macro numerical model for coupled RC shear/core walls is proposed to better consider the
deformation compatibility between the coupling beam and the wall element and to incorporate the out-of-
plane effect of the wall panel. In this model, the three-dimensional macro shear wall element model with
distributed shear springs and out-of-plane freedom is adopted to simulate the wall unit; a one-dimensional
line element consisting of three sub-units in series based on the vertical deformation compatibility is
adopted to simulate the coupling beam. The case study shows that a numerical model based on the vertical
deformation compatibility results in more accurate simulation of the mechanical behavior of the RC coupled
shear wall. The modified model developed in this study has the advantages of fast calculation and high
precision, which makes the model appropriate for engineering application.

Keywords: coupled RC shear wall; deformation compatibility; macro model; beam-wall joint rotation

1. Introduction by Valcano et al. (1988). In this model, the shear wall

RC shear walls have been widely used in tall
buildings in earthquake prone areas because of their
high lateral stiffness and strength. In recent decades,
a large number of numerical models have been
developed to simulate the nonlinear responses of RC
shear walls, which can be classified into two categories
in general: micro model and macro model. The finite
element model is the most representative micro model.
For engineering practice purposes, the macro model
is desirable because of its capability to reasonably
simulate the main characteristics of shear walls
using one element for one story to simplify modeling
and reduce computational efforts. Several different
types of macro models for shear walls have been
developed, ranging from a simple one-dimensional
beam element to a complicated three-dimensional
wall panel model. At first, the equivalent beam model
(EBM) was popularly applied in practice. However,
this model has a fatal defect because of the assumption
that rotations always occur around the centroidal axis
and that the fluctuation of the cross-section neutral
axis is disregarded even if the wall gets into an
inelastic state. The multi-vertical-line-element model
(MVLEM) remedying the EBM defect was proposed
*Contact Author: Yu Wang, Engineer,
Tongji Architectural Design (Group) Co., Ltd.,
1230 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
Tel: +86-21-65986151 Fax: +86-21-65982668
E-mail: deanwy9128@163.com
( Received October 6, 2015 ; accepted July 20, 2016 )
DOI http://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.15.565
was represented by a set of nonlinear vertical and
horizontal springs connected by two rigid beams at the
top and the bottom. MVLEM has been widely used
in the numerical analysis of RC shear walls. Some
modified MVLEMs have been developed to improve
the prediction of the nonlinear behavior of RC shear
walls (Linde and Bachmann, 1994; Jiang et al., 2003).
However, for simplicity, the out-of-plane effect of the
wall panel is ignored in a MVLEM.
Many shear walls contain one or more vertical
rows of openings, resulting in so-called "coupled
shear walls". In coupling beam models, it has been
unanimously assumed that the rotation of the coupling
beam at the beam-wall joint is equal to that of the
horizontal fiber at the wall side of the joint (horizontal
deformation compatibility, for short). In almost all of
the macro models developed for RC coupled shear
walls, the stiffness of the coupling beam was derived on
the basis of this assumption. However, the adoption of
this definition may lead to deformation incompatibility
between the beam and the wall unit because the beam-
wall boundary is actually a vertical edge and the rotation
of the vertical fiber at the edge is not necessarily equal
to that of the horizontal fiber there, as shown in Fig.1.(a)
(Kwan, 1993). Such an incompatibility will cause
errors in the stiffness of the coupling beam and the joint
rotation, especially in those cases where the wall unit
is subjected to significant shear deformation. To ensure
compatibility between the beam and the wall element,
the rotation degree of freedom (DOF) at the beam-wall
joint should be taken as the rotation of the beam-wall
boundary, i.e., the rotation of the vertical fiber at the

Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering/September 2016/572 565

edge of the wall (vertical deformation compatibility, for where K c ' is the element stiffness matrix in local
short), as shown in Fig.1.(b). coordinates, dc' is the displacement vector, and Fc' is
To better predict the nonlinear responses of RC the force vector.
coupled shear/core walls, a modified macro numerical
model based on a MVLEM is developed in this study,
to better consider the deformation compatibility
between the coupling beam and the wall element and
incorporate the out-of-plane effect of the wall panel.

Fig. 2. Numerical model for coupling beam

 Fix '  Fig.2.

 k11 Numerical
k12 k13Model
k14 fork15
Coupling
k16  Beam
uix ' 
F    u 
2.2 Element k k k k k
iy ' 
 Stiffness
22 23 with
24 Vertical
25 26  Deformation
iy ' 

 M iz '   k33 k34 k35 k36  θiz '  (1)

(a) Horizontal deformation compatibility

(a) Horizontal deformation compatibility Compatibility

 =  
1.FjxMaster  to slave transformation
k44 k45 k46 matrix u jx '  in local
(a) Horizontal deformation compatibility
' 
coordinates
 F jy '   Sym. k55 k56  u jy ' 
When  rotation DOF of the beam-wall
 the  
M
 jz '   k66  θ jz '  joint is
defined by the vertical deformation compatibility, the
displacement vector and force vector can be expressed
Fc ' = K c ' d c ' (2)
as follows

d z ' = {u1mx ' , u1my ' , u1nx ' , u2 qx ' , u2 qy ' , u2 px ' }
T
(b) Vertical deformation compatibility
Fig. 1. Definition of rotation DOF at the beam-wall joint (3) (3)
(b) Vertical deformation compatibility

Fz ' = {F1mx ' , F1my ' , F1nx ' , F2 qx ' , F2 qy ' , F2 px ' }
Fig. 1. Definition of rotation DOF at the beam-wall joint
(b) Vertical deformation compatibility T
(4) (4)
Fig.1. Definition of Rotation DOF at the Beam-wall Joint
uThe positive direction
ix ' = u1mx ' , u jx ' = uof2 qxeach
'
parameter
(5) is shown in
2. Coupling Beam Model Fig.3.
2.1 Element Stiffness in Local Coordinates
The one-dimensional line element consisting of uiyF'Fixix= u  k,1111
'' 
ix ' 1my' k11
k12u12 jy ' =kk131313u2 qykk'141414 kk151515 (6)
k12
k16 u 
k1616   uixixix''' 
F  
 Fiyiyiy'''   k22 k23 k24 k25 k26 u 
three sub-units in series, as shown in Fig.2., i.e., k2222 k23 k2424 k25 k2626  uiyiyiy''' 
M iz ' u   
23 25
the distributed plastic flexural unit, the bond-slip iz ' 1mx' − u1nx '
k33 k34 k35u2 qxk36 ' − 
 uθ2θizizpx'' ' (1)

(1)
θizM
F
= iz '  =

=  , k3333 θ k3434 =k35
k44 jz ' k
35 k36
k46
36    iz ' (7)
 u jxjx '' 
unit, and the shear unit, is adopted to simulate the '
 Fjxjxjx'''  H1 k4444 k45 45 k H
46  u
45 46 2 jx ' 
flexural deformation, the slip of the longitudinal steel  F jy '  
 Sym. k55 k56  u ' 
 F jy '  Sym. k k 56  ujy jy ' 
bar, and shear deformation of the coupling beam, u jy '   55
56   jy '
 θ jz ' u1mx ' 
55
M
 ix '    1 k66 

 M jz '' 
jz  θ
k66   jzjz''
respectively. The additional rotation caused by the u jz '    66
u 
 iy '   1   1my ' 
slip of the longitudinal steel bar in the anchoring zone
F θciz ''= K1/ c 'Hd c1 ' (2) −1/ H1   u1nx '  (8)
is represented by the rotational spring at the end. In Fcc '== K  cc ' dcc ' (2)  
the local coordinates, the equilibrium equation for the u jx '   1  u2 qx ' 
{{ }}
Fig. 3. Beam element model with vertical deformation compatibility.
T
TDeformation
Fig.3. Beam Element Model with
duzjy '' = u1mx ' , u1my ' , u1nx ' , u2 qx ' , u2 qy ' 1, u2 px ' Vertical T  (3)
u2 qy ' 
coupling beam can be expressed as
dzz '= u11mx mx ' , u1my ' , uCompatibility
' 1my ' 1nx ' , u2 qx ' , u2 qy ' , u2 px '
1nx ' 2 qx ' 2 qy ' 2 px '   (3) 
θ
 jz '   1/ H − 1/ H T2 
u
  2 px ' 
F '' == {{F F }} (4)
2
T
 Fix '   k11 k12 k13 k14 k15 k16   uix '  F F ,, F
F ,, FF ,, F
F ,, FF ,, F
The deformation relationship between the beam and T
F     zz 1mx
1 mx '' 1my
1my '' (4)
1nx
1nx '' 2 qx
2 qx '' 2 qy
2 qy '' 2 px
2 px ''
 iy '   k22 k23 k24 k25 k26   uiy '  the wall element
z
d c '=Jd z ' is given by the following expressions:
1mx ' 1my '
(9)
1nx ' 2 qx ' 2 qy ' 2 px '

 M iz '   k33 k34 k35 k36  θiz '  (1) uuixix '' == uu11mx , uujxjx '' == uu22 qx (5)
1mx ' , (5)
mx '' qx '' (5)
 =   (1) ix ' jx ' 2 qx '
 Fjx '   k44 k45 k46  u jx '  Fix ' = F1mx ' + F1nx ' , Fjx ' = F2 qx ' + F2 px ' (10)
 F jy '   Sym. k55 k56  u jy '  uuiyiy '' == uu11my , uujyjy '' == uu22 qy (6)
1my ' ,
     iy '
my ''
jy '
qy ''
2 qy ' (6) (6)
 M k66  θ jz '  Fiy ' = F1my ' , Fjy ' = F2 qy ' (11)
Fixjz' '   k11 k12 k13 k14 k15 k16   uix ' 
u mx '' −− uu11nx uu22 qx − u22 px
θθiziz '' == u111mx 2 qx ' − u2 px ' (7) (7)
F    
k25 k26   uiy ' 
qx '' px ''
F 'iy= '  k k k mx ' 1nx ' ,
nx ''
, θθ jz ' =
= (7)
where uKix,c'udiyc, 'θ iz22(2)
, are 23the 24displacement  in the x, y Miziz'' = − F1H H , M jz '
jzjz' ' = − F 2H H
px '22 2 (12)
direction
c
 M iz '  
and the k33 in
rotation k34 thek35z direction k36  θiz ' at(1)the ith H1
nx '11 1
H 2
 =  T 
node,
in the
d F'jx=
z {
respectively,
' 

F jy ' x,
u1mx ' , u1my ' ,and
 ydirection Sym. and the rotation
k k
u1nxu' ,jx'u,2uqx44jy'' ,,uθ2jz'qy45, 'are
k55 k56
k the
, u246px
in' the
}
 udisplacement
jx ' 
(3)
u jy 'z direction
where
uF
right wall
H and

1 H are the height of the
uixixixix'''' 1  11 2 1
units, respectively.
left wall
  F1mx '  u111mx
u mx and '' 
mx '  
uF u iy '' 
   1   F    u
u 
'' 
at the jth 
 node, respectively.  T 
The
iy
1 1 11my
my
θ iziz '' master  H to slave displacement transformation
iy''    1my '   1my ' 
{
FM' jz='  F , F , F , F , F ,kF }
 θ jz '  (4) 
iy
66  1/ −1/ H11   u  (8)
Equation
z 1' can1mybe
1mx ' abbreviated
1nx ' 2 qx ' 2as
qy ' 2 px ' M
equationθ iziz' ' =in1/
theH111local−coordinates
−1/ H1
H can be F1nx ' (13)
 expressed  as'  (8)
 u111nx
nx '' 
nx
uujxjxjx'''==   u qx '' 
1
1
1 1   F  u222qx qx ' 
uFixc '' == uK1mx
c 'd
',
c ' (2)
u jx ' = u2 qx ' (5) (2) uFjyjyjx'' '   1 1   2 qx '   u2 qy ' 
  2 qy ' 
θFu jy '   1    u2 qy ' 
jy '   1H
1/ −F1/2 qyH' 22  u22 px
= {uu1mx,' , u1my 'u, u1nx=' ,uu2 qx ' , u2 qy ' , u2(6)
px ' }
T 
 jz '' 
 jz '  
θ    1/ H 2
2  −1/ H u2pxpx'''
udiyz '' =
jz
− H 2   F2 px ' 2  
2
(3)
1my ' jy ' 2 qy '  M jz '  
566 JAABE vol.15 no.3 September 2016 ddcc '='=Jd Jdzz '' (9) Huanjun Jiang
Fz ' = {uF1mx−' , uF1my ' , F1nx ' , F2 qx ' , F2 qyu'2,qxF'2−pxu' }2 px ' (4) (9)
T
c z
 F1mx '  1 1 / H1   Fix ' 
θiz ' = 1mx ' 1nx ' , θ jz ' = (7) FF = F  +1 F , F =F  +FF  (10)
 uix 'ix=' u=1mx ' 11, 12u jx ' = 33u 34 35 (5)36

{ u}iyjx''  (4)
13 2 qx14 ' 15 16 ix '
    T TTT 
FF ''jx= F ,, F ,, F ,, F ,, F F
,,(6)
udF
F Fiyz'z '' =
z = iy = {K =
' 'u  1my F
uF111'mx 1 ,
mx
'mx d' ''c,,u'F1Sym.
' F 1 k
my
my
1my u22
(2)' ,''jy
'
,uF F
' 1nx =
1 k
nx 23u
1nx' ,' ,u
1nx ' F
' F
2 qy
k
2 qx
44
24
2' qx
2 qx ' ,'' u
'
,F Fk
2 qy
2
45
25qy
2 qy' , ''u
' k F
, 2Fpx22px
46
26 2 
' }'' }
px  ' (4)
(3)
(4)
u ciyM z
F =
jyiz''  1my '  u c  mx
, 1my
u =
k u 2 qx
k k
2 qy
55 k (6)56  iz 
px
 uθ jy''  (1) 
' u=  , jy ' 33 2 qy34 '
uu M  TθT 
35 36

F'''jxjz= { uu jx ' = uu2 qxk ' k u k(5)

θdizzz'F'== {uu11mxmx'−', uu11mymy',' u1nx
F u  ix ix
ix '
=
= ' 'u  uu1mx F
11mx
1
mx
mx
' '''−,, ,uF 1 nx ' u , F
jx
jx
' = =
1nx,' u θ
'
'
,u F 2 qx44 ' , F45 2 qx
2 qx 'jz, 'u=
2 qx
2 qx '' ,
2 qy, 'u 2 px
2 qy ' u
(5)
F
(5)66−
'46
2 px
} (3)
u2upxjxjz '''  (4)
−' }'uu2jypx' ' (7)
1mxH Sym. k55 2kqxH 56'
θuFiziy ''' ==uK1my''d,1 ' (2) jy ' ' 1nx '
uu, jy ' = θ jz ' = (6)2  (7)
uF uixM c' = =' uu11mx 'H ,,c u jy'' = = uuu222qxqy (6)66H
 uixz '  { 1mx 2 px ' }  (4)
iy c
my  qy''' k(5)
(6)  2θTjz ' 
iy''' jz = F 1 ' , F1my ' , F1nx ' , F2 qx' ' , F2 qy ' , F
1 my '' 1 jx
jy ' 2 qy
u1mx '  The displacement vector and force vector can be
T
= u{uuuKu11mx u '' −}u2 − u T K
K '=
'= J
J T K
K '
' J
J (17)
d
uθ Fuuiyz ix' ''=   ''''d1,−−
' ,c u uuu' 1111my
nx(2) u''' ,,,ujy1' nx==' ,uuu22qyqxθ ' , u2 qy u
u' , 22uqx
' − ' u2

px''
px  u1mx' ' 
u(3)  expressed zz as cc follows: (17)
,− ' jz ' = (6)
nx
u θ ixiyuizizc'''' =  u111mx c1mx
mx
my 1nxu θ = 2 qx
qx
2 px
(5) 2 px  ' (7) 1my
(7) 
θ
θiziz iy'' '  1/ = mx ' 'H
H 1 −1/ H1 , jx ' 2 qx θ ' jz ' = H 2 T  uu1nx1my' '  (8) d = {u , u , u , u , u , u ,
H (7)
 H H1 111
jz '
H 22T    (8) (8) d zz = {u11mx mx , u11my my , u11mz mz , u22 qx qx , u22 qy qy , u22 qz qz ,
Fθ '=
uiyu' = u  du ' '=


= F
u{ u  1/ H
− , , F
1u11my
nx u
, ,u −F 1/ ,
H ,
u F ,
1 u, F u , u, F − }u }  u(4) uqx1nx' ' 
(3) (18)(18)
(18)
jy ' = u2 qyθ' jz ' =
mx ' ,1
z 1 mx ' my ' 1 nx ' 2 qx ' 2 qy ' 2 px '
=11my  u 
iz
θ
jx z '
'=
1 mx ' ' '
, 1 nx ' 1 2 qx ' 2 qy ' 2 qx(6)
2 '
px ' 2 px ' 2
(7) u , u , u , u , u , u } T
T

uujyixixjx' '''    H u   '1
1 1   u 1mx '  u , u , u , u , u , u }
H 2 T  uuu2 qy112mx ' 
iz ix
' 1 nx 1 ny 1 nz 2 px 2 py 2 pz
1 ' '' 
qx 1nx 1ny 1nz 2 px 2 py 2 pz
u  u  , 1 1 u = u 
mx

 jzziyjy' ''  u{  1mx−' u 1my −pxu'H}2 2px'uu2upx12myqy' ''  (8) F
uiy' = 1 (5)   u 1my '
θ  F u ix iy' ' ' =  1F  mx ' , F 1 ' 1nx ' 1/ , F
jx ' , F 2
2 qx H
qx ' ,
' 2 2 qyF 1 ,
u2' qx−' 21/ F  (4) 1 my ' 
Fzz = = {{F F11mx mx ,, F F11my my ,, F F11mz mz ,, F F22 qx qx ,, F F22 qy qy ,, F F22 qz qz ,,
θizuθθθix'izizizjz'= '  1
'' 
'
 mx

 =  H =  
1/
1/
1/
' H1 1nx ' −1/ H1
1 H
H 1 , −
− 1/
1/ H
H 1 θ 1/ jz 'H = − 1/ H   (7)

 u
  1nx ' 
nx ' 
uu1211mx
nx '' 
'  (8)
(8) (19)
(19)(19)
H
px T
F F F F F F
2 2
u
ducuuiyix'=iyjxjxjx'' Jd
Equation
u '= =   = u
u 
'
8 ,
, can
1
be u
u abbreviated
=
= uu 1
1
1 as (6)
(5)    u 
 F ,
nx , F11ny ,
ny , F11nz ,
nz , F22 px ,
px , F22 py ,
py , F22 pz pz } } T
''     u 2 qx ' 
'  z 1mx ' 1 my ' 1 1(9) jy
jx ' ' 2 qy
2 qx ' 1' 2
 uu12myqx''  2 qx '
1nx
1
duu '= Jd ' (9) 11  u2 qy (9) (8)
 θ jy '   1/ H − 1/ H uu1122mx
'

 ixjy' ' =  1 u c izjy' '  z  1 1
u 1
− u
qy' ' 
qy' ' 
nx
 whereucos cos ((,γγu)) 00, and − sin
− sinu1mz ((γγ ))denote the displacement in the

Fθuixuuθθiy' jxjzjzjz'=''''=
 θ =  JFu1is
 u 
1
1 mx ''+
my −
, Fmaster u 1nx 'u , , jy ' to= slave u2 qyFθ1/ 1/
'jx 1
H
H ==22 F22qxqx(6) '+−
− 1/
1/ F2H H2 px 2
 
' (10)  u
(7) px''
uu2222qxpx '
 in  1mx 1my
where    
mx the
' 1 1
nx ' 1/ ' transformation
H ' − 1/ H px 2 '
2 
matrix
 u  x, y, and 0 z directions 1 0 the mth node on the left wall,
0 at
Fiziy' ' = F mxH Fjzjx'' = F12 qx H
2
 (10) 1my ' 
px '   0 1
local θuixizjy'' 'coordinates.  11/ ' +1 F1nx ' , ' +2 F2 px   u  F F
  u1nx '    (8) respectively; , 1my, and F1mz denote the force cos in the
cos (( γγ )) 00 − sin (( γγ ))
'
 '' ,H−1 u F −1/ H1  − sin
FdddThe cc '= Jd
2 qy '
'= =  Jd F
following= u zz (9)
(9)
expressions = F can u be (11) derived − u  ' by using  T = 
1mx

θ θ
u
iy '=
' jz ' = 
 Jd 1zmy
1
 '
mx ' ' 1 nx (9) '
,
jy ' 2 qyθ 1/
' 1 = H 2 qx '− 1/ H2 px 
 
 u
u
(7) 2 px '   x, T y, = and  z directions at the mth
cos (( γγ )) 00 − node on − sin the
sin (( γγ )) left wall,
Fuizforce c jx' '   Fsynthesis  1, 2 2
u2 qx ' 
the
Fuuiyjy' ' =
ix ' =
 1myH ' 1 Fand jy ' = F2 qy '
decomposition: jz ' (11) H 2 u 1mx ' respectively; 
 u1nx, u1ny, and ucos 1nz denote the displacement
F + F 1 ', , F = F1 + F (10)
u  0 1 00
M F iy' ' = − F
Fz111F'mx '' +HF1
+' F111,nx MF FjxjxjxjzH'''' = =− F
F222Fqx ' + F2
2 ''px+' H
''(10) in thex, y, and z directions at0the nth 1 node on the left
2 qy '
d Fθcixixixiz'= '''  Jd
= mx 1nx nx(9) ', qx FH222 px px (12) (10) 1my ' 
(10)
M θujzixiz''' = − 1/ mx '
H nx '
− 1/ H 1/ qx − 1/ 2
px
  '
  u 2 px '    (8) 
F 1' H1 ,
1 1 M
jz ' = − F2 px ' H 2  (12)
2  11mx 
 u nx '' 
 wall, respectively,

 F 1nx , F 1ny , and F 1nz denote the force in
F iz '=  =F 1nx , F = F (11)    the x, y, and z directions at the nth node on the left wall,
FF u jx' '' = F111mx F jy '' = F2 u
dF iy
iy'=
iyix iy
''' '= Jd F my
1'my
my 1'''' ,,+ F11nx(9) ' ,1jy
F jy ' = F2 qy ' jx '
F'' 1 = F2qx(11)
2 qy
qy (11) ' + F1mx F2' px' (10) 12myqx '' (11) 
d ' = Td
F
ix
uθc F jy'' 
 z 1/  H −11/ H1 1  F  u21nxqy''  respectively;
(8) d zz ' = Td zz 2qx (21) u , u (21) , and u denote the displacement
ix'   1 11
2qy 2qz
iz F1my 1mx '  
M iy '    = =−
   F H , M = − F   H '  
 (12) (12)  in the x, y, and z directions at the qth node on the right
F F M M θuFjxjziziz''= '' = = F −
− F
F1mx'1nx F 11,nx nx '' H H 1
+ ' F11nx−' ,H1 1 ,,F jy ' = F2 qyM
1 1/ 1H
M
Fjx 'jz=' F2 qxjz ''2 =
jz
= −
− F
F
(11)−22 px pxF''1H
1/H
px1F
H222  (12)
 
u22 qx
(12) px ''  
iz= ' 2+F
M   
2 ' (10) wall, F respectively; F , F , and F2qz denote the force
'' 
Kzzz= ='=K KJ zz ddKzz c ' J (22)
iy ' iy 1 my ' ' my T
ix 'iz
' 'nx2' px '
F (17)
f t h e m a s t e1r to Fs l av(13) (22) 2qx 2qy
TuM hjy 'ee=q ua t i o n −oH
iz '  
eu2fqyo' r c e in the x, y, and z directions at the qth node on the
M
transformation  d FF'=
F jxix'  Jd   = '   1 (9) in 1 the 1 1
local 1 FF
coordinates F
1nx ' 
'   (13) 
can be
 
 θ c ' = 
 −z 
Fizjz' ixix''='' F1my1' 1,nx ' 1 F jy1' = F12 qy ' jz ' 2 1 (11) F 
 1 H , 1 M1/ H = − F  − 
 1/
pxF
2 qx
H
1 H
mx ' 
  u
(12)
  2 px '  right wall, respectively; u , u , and u2pz denote the
2F
2'  dKz = {uTT1K
F FiyF F' 112mx ' 
' = T mx , 'u T 1my , u 1mz , u2 qx , u2 qy , u2 qz ,
mx2 2px 2py
expressed F jx ' as  1 1 F qx  displacement K = T K 'inT the (23)
(23) x, y, and z directions at the pth
F F Fiyiyiy='''F  + F1
F jy '
+F F
2 qy
1my ' 
1my
'  z
z T
z
z (18)node
  
1 , F 1 = F   F 1F my ' 
'
 (10) on K
K the '=
'= J
J u T Kc ' J
right K , u '
wall,J , u (17) , u
respectively; , u , u
and } F
T
, F , and F2pz
d M M F'= 'jz 'Jd '' − ''1 1nx(9) jx ' − H 22 qx'FF F px' (17)
z
M Mcix
jy
iz'=
'
z1mx F H ,
' −H
− 1H11 M = − F F
2 px
1H
2 qy 2
nx' 
'
'  (13) z 1nx c 1ny 1nz 2 px 2 py 2 pz 2px T 2py
1nx2''  (12)
dd zz '=={{uu11mx my '' }
 M ixiz
 =  − H  
 F 1mx
 (13) Kd
denote '=J 'K=' the J u(17) force , u in , u
the x, , u y, and , u z , u
directions
T
at (24)
(24) pth
the
T

 M iz '
Fiyjxjxjz' '' '  =  1
iz ' = 1 nx ' 1 1 jz ' − H 2   F2 px '  (13)
2 px ' 1nx z ' c
mx, ''u , u11my '' , u1
,,, ,u u '' , u2
,,,respectively.
2,qx u '' , u2
u
2, qy '' , u 2
22qzqz,, ,
1 1  F122myqx 1qy 2 my
' F = { F , F F F , F , F
my qy qx qy
 F1iyixF F1my 1 1  node d zzu = on { u
the ,
right u wall,u u , u , u
=' F 1' ,+ F11nx/F ,jy1' = F12 qyF' jx ' = F '+F 11umx 11my 11mz 22qx 22qy
 F 1 2 qx(11) '
d = { , u , , u , u u ,
 FF1F
'
'= F2ixqx'2 px mx my mz qx qy
'H
qx '
(10) (18)
'
z 1mx 1my 1mz 2 qx 2 qy
z
2 qz
1mx 1my 1mz 2 qx (18)2 qy 2 qz
mx' jx (19)
F'ixjyjyiz''''  1mx11' { } (18)
T
 FF M − 1H 1
1   qy' ' Global
F u , u , uto, ulocal
T
' = u F , u , , u displacement
F , u ,u }
, F, u , F
, u , transformation
, Fu }},,}TTFT T equation
(25)
 M 
F ''  =  1 1 / H 1 1   F2iyqy  1 F
2mx
2nx
qy ''  (13) (13)
'
1nx 1ny 1nz 2 px 2 py
F
2 pz
zz ' = u F 1F nx1 ,
mx, uF ' 1,1nyF ,
1,u
my F 11'nz , F,,u1 Fqy22px ' , F
,, u 2F 2qx ,
py'py , F,
u F
22qypzpz' F 2 my ' (25)
1 my1mx jy
'
  1
FF  ix
'
ofF =the master 1 nx
F1mx, F' 1ny ny
degree
1my1, 'nz nz
F ,1qy of ' px
freedom 2
22qxpy' 2
22qypz'can2 my be' derived as
'
1,nx 2 px
 M
FFF M
M
F1iziymyjx'jzjz= ' '' =  F−1my F1' nx, '1H1−1 1/ ,FH = F12 qyM' jz ' − −
−=1H H
H −22F (11)
 2pxM F
F 1'22 H
2Fmy
z
px'2 '
'
(14)
1mx
(12)
1my 1mz 2 qx 2 qy {F , F
2 qz ,F
(19)
  = 
1iynx ' ' jz  '
  
 jy '   

qxiy' '
izpx 
 follows: F F =T
, F{ F , F , ,F F , F ,, F F } , F , F , F ,
uF111(mx mx'),,, F1my , F
1mz ,(=
mz'' =F)u
1
uuFcos =cos usin γu 2 qx , F2 qy , F2 qz (26)
px
' 2 2 '
z = {u γ 10my −u ,
 FM F1nxjyiz' ''   − HH11 1 1 1 / H 2  FFM  z '' =
mx
1nx 1ny 1nz 2 px 2 py 2 pz
F −1/ (13) (14) 2 qz (26)
 ' (19)
12jx nx ix 1jx 2 qx qx '' 2 qy
2 qx
2
    qy 'iz' ' ix (γ) 0 1mx − sin' ( γ ) jx

MF
2 qx

  = = 
 1 1 / H  
  
 F   
 F 0 , F 1 , F ,
0 F , F , F } T (19) 
FM F
F F F12izmx
1 mx
 '=
'  
 1nx ' 1 −  F 1
1 1 H ,
1
1 /
/ H
H1 1
11 1M 1−= /1 H H− F   
px  F
F
F F
H
F ix '

 '2jyqxpxix' '2''   (12) K 
0'=  J F
T
1T1K 0 'J
, F , F (17) , F , F , F } T
ix
qx
jx'jz ' '' ' '' 1 jz ' 22  2  1 mxix
jx '''
K  z '=

z
nx
Ju K c ,' J (17) c
1 ny 1 nz 2 px 2 py 2 pz 
F    1  Fiy '
2 qy 1mx
u = 1 nx 1 ny
u 1 nz
= 2
u
px 2 py 2 pz
( γ ) (20)
0 − sin ( γ )
1
F 1my
Fpx112my 1  u = u , u = u cos ( γ ) 0 − sin ( γ )
(27)
(27) cos 
FF 2F
myiy' 
qy

'
'   
'''      1 1
 11 −1/ H 2 


M FF21qy F my jy' ''
iy
''' 



T =
T
 iy
 iy=' 
'
 cos
1 my
(
1my '
γ
'
) 0
cos ( γ ) jy
−
jy '
0 ' − sin ( γ 2
sin ( γ )
2 qy
) qy ' '

TFF h jy
e  f o l
 l o w i n − g eH q u a t i o n c a n b  e  M
jziy
d e r  i (14)
v e d b y d = { u , u , u , u , u ( , u
) , ( )
d zz = {u11(mx ) 1my 1mz ( 2)qx
F    1/      (14)  cos γ 0 − sin γ cos γ 0 − sin γ
11 −
−11/ H H 2 
 
F ix ''''   /−H 1H −−1/ FM F jz''''''  (14) mx , u11 my , u1mz0, u2 qx , u2 qy , u2 qz ,
0 1 0
M ==== the above  F2F  (13)
1 nx ' iz '
F 1/ H1111 1 2 qy 2 qz
M 11 //HH
121 nx ixiz 
transforming 1mx
expression: cos ( γ ) 0 (18)
uu0011qy u u u
px
F2 qxjziz''T'
nx
  11 H
2
 
 
11mx
nx
px iz
jx ' 
'
  −
− u1 0 0 u 1 −
− u 0
− sin ( γ ) 
(18)
FzF'= F122myqxqxiyJjx'''' TFc '  1 1(15)    
6 X 12
F F ' 1 my ' 2 qyT ' 2 my '
= uu11nx
qy ,' u 1,my u' , , u , uθ2 pyjz ,,' u
1 /1H 22 FF dθθ' =izizTd'' = =22 pzpz }}T
=
2 ' 
11
((γγ )) (28)
2 qy ' 2 my '
jx' '''  (21) 1ny , u1nz, , u2 px , uθ
iyjx
FF F'= 11    F 12my  nx , u jz ' u cos(20) 0 − sin ( γ )
(28)
L L 0 − sin ( γ )
qx
2 qyJ  F  ' F (14) cos
 ' (15)  jy '   L 1ny 1nz 2 px 2 py
L
z z

FF M qyiz'' '    c1 −1 1/ /− H H

H 1      M F iz ''   T =  1 2
F 2
z112mx qy
nx '
 =  1
1 −1/ H   M12nxqy''  (13) F jy
jy
'
T
F =F Equation
K d=
=  {F (22), F , F , F ,cos20 1 can be abbreviated F ( as
γ,)F 0 , − sin ( γ ) 2
FzFF jy '' 1 ix '
'=
F K ' 

z '
  d =   ' (16)
1
1 − 1/
−11/ H
/ HH2 22    
 F  M Fjxjzjz' ''    Fuuzixix ''= {F11
z 1 mx , F , F1mz , F2 qx , F2 qy , F2 qz ,   uu1mx '  (19)
1 my 1 mz 2 qx cos 2 (
qyγ ) 2 0qz − sin ( γ )
 z 1
2 px jz '
FF px'' 
1 2 FM
2 z z z
22qx px' '  1
 M 12my
jxjz' −H iy ' 
d=Tz 'K='TTd 1mx 1my (21) 0 1  01mx '
 F F '= K  '  ' d
 z ' (16) 1    F px '' 
22 qx
jy '  (14)

T
 K  u F 
 (23)z , F , F , F , F 0 , F 1}TT   u0  (19)(21)
FFF z 2 qy ' T  z − 1/ H   M 1
 iy '  F1nx , F1ny , F1nz , F2 px , F2 py , F2 pz }   u1my '  (29)
z z
 F2 qy '  u
JJ''TT=F
1nx '     1
zz '= jyJ cc ''' 1 1 nx 1 ny 1 nz 2 px 2 py 2 pz
F '= F (15)
(15)
1
 M jz ' 
iz '
(14) where
iy '
T
1my '
(29)
F F '= F ' =θ{izu'  , u is, uthe u global to } local (24) transformation matrix of
T

F  (15) − 1/ H
1 / H 2  Fjx '   F d     − ,1/ L , u 1/ ,u L   u
F 2 px
1mx '  1
z2 qx '   c 1 / H1 1 F iz= θ '= 
 −1/ L11 1/ L11   11qy u ' 
qy ' 
z 1mx ' 1my ' 1qy ' 2 qx ' 2 qy ' 2 my '
K d
2
M   − H   F  the master   cos  ( degree
γ ) 0 of
−(22) sinfreedom.( γ )   
FF2 qyjz' '  1 2   2 px ' 
ix '
' =uzjxF' cos = z z   u2 qx ' 
F ( γ
u{jx'' =, Td  ,zF) , F matrix , F ( γ})1
1  FFjy ' 
T
0 , F−(21) sin 1 (25)   u2 qx ' 
F Fzz'= '=myJK
1'= K Tz '' d d zz '' (16) F
d The stiffness in global main coordinates can
d z ' = Td
z 1mx ' 1my ' 1qy ' 2 qx ' 2 qy ' 2 my '
F K '  z F ' d  ' ' (16)
(15)
(16)     iy ' 
 
 u  
 
0 1 (21) 0 1   uu2 qy ' 
F z c − 1/ H  M (14) u z 0 z 1 0 1
 F211px z  z z   jy '
'    − 1/ H     M   beu = ujy ' , T u = u
K derived T  K z ' T (23) as follows: (26)
θ zjz =
nx ''   1 1 / H1 1   Fixiz' '    2 qy '

2 jz '
L2  u u2 my '  cos (γ ) 0 − sin (γ )
ix ' 1mx ' jx ' 2 qx '
1/ L L2 − −1/ 1/ L  cos ( γ ) 0 − sin ( γ )
 F  = 
mx
   θ '
jz '   1/
1 1 1 / H F u T F = zu= = K , zduz = u (22) 2 2   2 my ' 

FF Itz'= 1myK
'=2
is ' obvious
qx ' T 'd
zF  'z '
 that (16)the matrix in Equation 2
  iy ' 14 is the jx
iy ' ' 1my ' jy ' T
2 qy '
Fz =K z d z
= (22)
(27)
cos ( γ ) 0 − sin
cos ( γ ) 0 − sin T (( γ ))
γ (22)
z J − u{zu''
transpose
 F

2nx
1 qy ''   c
 = of conversion matrix J. Thus,
(15)
− 1/ H 1
1   M
 
Fjyiz''  (14)
it can be
1qy ' 1my ' d
d c
θ = cz  Tz 1,mx ' 1θmy=' 1qy '
'=
u'= '
2 qy '
= Jd
Jd
2 my ' , u (30)
,
(30) uu − u, u
2 qx ' 0 2(28) , u ,
0 qy ' 1 2 my ' 0
1u } 0 (24)
(23)
abbreviated  F22 qx px ''    as 1 −11/ / HH2 2   M
iz '
Fjxjz' '  1
jz '
K
K z= = 2LT T K z ' T (23) L
 T K ' T (23)
Fz '=K z ' d z '  (16)  u  z1  
'' = 1{ 'T}
z T
u F  '  = F , F1myF F = u ,F
'' ,,'Stiffness
 u 
 F2 qy '   1   Fjy ' 
ix '

 F
2.3  ix zElement
1mx '

FF ' , jx
F 'F
=with F
'' ' , F2 qy ' , F
Horizontal (31)
(31)
2 myDeformation (25)
1mx 2qx
=z ' = {u1mx ' , u1my ' , u1qy }
ix 1 1mx
mx jx ''1qy 2 qxqx
2(29)
F '=JT F '   
iy ' 1my '

 z ' = {  'u, u2 qx ' , u2 qy ' , u 2 my ' }

F (15) M (15) θ   −1/ L 1/ L
Compatibility
 d Td ,
  u 
u , u , u T
(24)
u d u1zmx ' ,1u1my(21) ' , u1qy
 2 px '   − 1/ H   jz '  (24)
iz ' 1 1 1qy '
z c 2 ' 2 qx ' 2 qy ' 2 my '
    
u d F  z ' = Td F z ,+ F 1 u,
(21)  u  F = F + F
jx ' 2 qx '

 u 1.
F iy ''Master = u F 1 my ' to
+ F slave
1 qy ' , =  u2 qxF
transformation jy ' = F 2 (26)
qy 'matrix + F 2 my ' in local (32) (32)
jy '

{
2 qy '

}
 ix 1 mx ' jx ' ' T
The stiffness matrix in the local main coordinates θ  iy' 1my ' 1/1Lqy '−1/ L  u  jy ' 2 qy ' 2 my '
F '= K T 'd '
K={zz ddF ' , F1qy ' , F2 qx ' , F2 qy ' , F2 my ' }
Fzz '=J z Fc 'z (16) coordinates F ' = F , F , F , F , F , F T
(25)
jz ' 2 2 2 my '

(15) d '=F Jdz = '' =K F(30)1z mx ' , F1my(22)

z 1 mx ' 1 my (22)
' 1 qy ' 2 qx ' 2 qy ' 2 my ' (25)
can be derived as follows:
uM F
When z == the z , rotation L1 ,, uM DOF F of the beam-wall joint is
' '' =u1F ' = ' = u− my '' L (33)
c z

M iy iz iz my1qyqy ' '' L1 M jz

jy jz = −
2 qy F '2 2 my L 2 (27)
(33)
defined
F = F , byF the
uuix ' =
1 = F horizontal '
deformation 2
compatibility,
=TuuTT11mx ' ,, uu jx ' = u2 qx ' (26)
(31)
Fz '=K z ' d z ' (16) ix ' 1mx '
(16)
jx ' 2 qx '

Kixzdisplacement
'= K 'z ' T (23) jx ' = u2 qxand (26)
the
F K = T K
mx
' T (23) vector ' force vector can be
iy ' 1my ' 1qy ' jy ' =F z
2 qy ' + uF
2 my ' , z − u F = F + F (32) u 2 qy ' − u 2 my '
K z '=J K c ' J (17) T
(17) expressed
θiz= 'F= 1qy '
as follows: 1my '
, (33)= u θ jz ' = (27) T (28)
Mu udiyiyz ''' = =L{uu, u11my M ' ,, = − F Lu
'L 1u1my 'u ujy ' = u2 qy '
jy1'qy ' , u22qy '' , u2 qy ' , u 2(27) L'2}T
d z ' = {u1mx ' , u1my ' , u1qy ' , u2 qx ' , u2 qy ' , u2 my ' }
, , (24)(24)
iz ' 1qy ' 1 jz ' 2 my ' 2
my
1 mx ' qx my (24)
d2.z = Global {u1mx ,to u1mylocal , u1mztransformation , u2 qx , u2 qy , u2 qz ,matrix of master
degree of freedom  u  u  1 − u u −
  uu 
= { u2 qyF'' −u}22Tmy T
(18) ix '
u11Fqyqy ' −
' u11my ' 1 mx '
my' (25)(25) (28)
'
θF = {F11mx ' ,, 1F my' ' ,,,, F 1qy ' ,, F ' ,,' F
}
u ' =
u1nx , u1ny , u1nz , u2 px , u2 py , u2 pz }T θ Fizizzziy'' '' = F 1my F F 2θθ qxjz F =
= 2 qy '2,,qy F 2 my u ' 1my '  (25) (28)
mxL' 1my ' 1qy ' 2 qxjz ' ' 2 qy ' 2L  
my ' (29)
θiz '   L −1/ 1
1 L1 1/ L1 L  22 u1qy ' 
 ==u ,
u uu jx ' = u12 qx '
Fz = {F1mx , F1my , F1mz , F2 qx , F2 qy , F2 qz , (26)  
uuixixjx' '' = u11mx ' ,   uu12mx
(19)  uixix' '  11mx '
 jx ' = u2 qx ' (26)   1mx qx ' 
'


JAABE vol.15 F1nx , F no.3, September F , F , 2016 , F }T
F uuiyjy''   1
1 1 Huanjun   u u 12my '
qyJiang
 567
1ny 1nz 2 px 2 py 2 pz u iy ' = u ,
θ − 1/ L u 1/ L = u (27)  uu1my '  (29) (29)
uθiyizjz' '' = u1my ' ,−1/ L1 u1/jy L 2 qy1/ ' L2 −1/ (27) L2   u21my
jy ' 1= u2 qy '
'1 qy '' 

 iyiz' '  = 1my ' 1   1qy ' 
cos ( γ ) 0 − sin ( γ ) u = 1    u2 qx ' 
u jx '   1 u
 KF Fzzz '== =J{{F
T 1mx , F1my , F1mz , F2 qx , F2 qy , F2 qz ,
z
FK 1mx c ,' F J1my ,(17) F1mz , F2 qx , F2 qy , F2 qz , (19)
(19)
F11nxmx, F11nymy, F1nz1mz, F2 px2 qx, F2 2pyqy, F2 2pzqz}TT (19)
F , F , F , F , F , F } T
d z = {uFT11mx 1
nx , u
nx F1my 1
ny , F
ny
u1nzmz,,F
1 nz
u22px
2 px , F
u 2 py
, uF 2 pz
,}
K z '=cos J K (γγ c) ' J00 −−(17) sin ( γ )
qx 2 py
qy 2
2 qzpz
(18) 
cos
cos u10nx((γ, u)) 1ny10, u1−nzsin sin, u0 ((2γpx)), u2 py , u2 pz }T
γ 

d z = {u01mx , u11my , u1mz0, u2 qx , u2 qy , u2 qz , 
F {F0 , F 1 , F 0, F , F , F , cos ( γ )
(18) 0 − sin ( γ ) 
z ==

TThe  u1mx , u 1my , u 1mz
, u 2 qx
of, ueach 2 qy
, u 2 qz T
} cos ( γin) 0 −The sin ( γmaster )  (20)
T =  positive 1 nx 1 nydirection
1 nz 2 px cos
2 py ( γ parameter
)2 pz 0 − sin is
( γ shown
) cos ( γ )
(19) 0 − sin ( γ ) to slave force transformation
 (20) equation in
TK='= T
( γ ))2 pz00} −− sin ((γγ )) (20)
K zz '= JJFT1nxK K,ccF''1JJny , F(17) 
T
1nz , F2 px , F 2 py(,γF
Fig.4. (17) cos local coordinates can be expressed as follows:
cos sin 
Fz = {F1mx , F1my , F1mz , F2 qx , F200qy , F211qz , 0
0 
 0 1 0 
dd z = cos {{uu(1γmx),, uu01my ,,−uusin 1mz (,,γu 2 qx ,, u
) 2 qy ,, u 2 qz ,, T
(19) cos ( γ ) 0 − sin ( γ ) 6 X 12
z = u u u F
 ix '  cos cos ( ) ( )
1(γ ) 0 − sin (γ ) 6 X 12   F1mx ' 
γ 0 − sin γ
 F1nx , F1ny , F1nz , F2 px , F2 py , F2 pz }T
1 mx 1 my 1 mz 2 qx 2 qy 2 qz
(18)
(18)  6 X 12
uuTd 0 , u 1 , u 0, u , u , u }T F    F 
d z '=cos 1nxz, u1ny , u(21)
1nx 1ny
1nz , u2 px , u 2 py , u2 pz }
1nz 2 px 2 py 2 pz
cos ( γ ) −sin iy( γ' ) 
1 1 
  1my ' 
Td
d=z '' = Td(γz ) 0 −(21) sin ( γ ) 0 
F z = ={Td F z ,F , (21)
F , F , F , F ,  M   L  (20)
 F qy ' 
Fzz =  {F01mx , F11my , F11mz 0 2 qxcos2(qy γ ) 20qz − sin ( γ )
mz , F2 qx , F2 qy , F2 qz ,  Fixiz' '  = 1 1    F11mx  (34)(34)
Fz =K z d1mxz 1my (22) (19)
(19) sin F      F
'

F z= K zd
F z ,, F , F (22) , F , F 0 , F 1 }TT 0 cos ( γ ) 0 − ( γ ) 1
F = K F d F , F (22) , F , F , F }  Fiy '  cos 
 (γ )1 0 1− sin (γ )
 F 
jx ' 2 qx '

T z=  z 1nxz 1ny 1nz 2 px 2 py 2 pz 1 nx 1 ny 1 nz 2 px 2 py 2 pz (20)
  1my ' 
 T cos ( γ ) 0 − sin ( γ ) F 1  1 F2 qy ' 
K z =cos T T (Kγ z) ' T0 −(23)  Mjyiz''   L1 6 X 12
  F 1qy ' 
K
K zz = =cos T
T T (K Kγ zz) '' T T0 −(23) sin (( γγ ))
sin 0 1 0 = 
d z ' = Td00 z 11 (21)00
(23) MFixjz''  1
F 1  − L2  
F
F
F21my
mx'' (34)

   ( ) ( ) 6 X 12  F 
{{uu11mxmxElement qy ' , u 2 my ' }T Deformation F   1 1
cos γ 0 − sin γ
T jx ' 2 qx '
d z ' =Beam ' , u1my ' , uModel 1qy ' , u2with qx ' , u2Horizontal (24)
2 my ' }
Fig. 4. Beam element model with horizontal deformation compatibility.
T
cos (( γγ )) FF1mxjyiy(('γγ')) 1
sin F2F1qymy '
Fig.4.
T
dd z='' = = { u ' ,, u u 1my ' ,, u u 1qy ' ,, u u 2 qx ' ,, u
u 2 qy ' ,, u
u } cos
(24)
(24)
00 −
− sin 1 1 (20) ix ' 
T
Fdzz=' K z= 
dz 1Compatibility
cos (( γγ )) 0 Transformation
FM
F  
  1
 1 −1/LL1 of the above expression
(20)
  
 F
  FF11mx  is as
sinTT(( γγ )) (25)
= zTd 1mx ' 1my '
(22) qy ' 2 qx ' 2 qy ' 2 my ' 
ixiz' '     qy '' 
Fz ' = {F1zmx ' , F1my ' , F1qy ' , F2cos
(21) 0, F − − sin
2 my ' }
M  − L F
qx '0, F2 qy '1  Fjz ' =  1 1
follows:  2F2 my '  (34)
{{T FF11mxmx '' ,, FF11mymy '' ,,relationship '}
1 my ' 1 iy '

qy ' , F2 qx ' , F2 qy ' , F2 my ' }
F z ''  = F ' , F2 qx '0, F , F2 mythe 0 T
(25) FF
 iy '  1 / L1 1  FM12my '
The
F z   =deformation F11qy between
2 qy '1 0 beam (25) and 1qyjx' '   iz '' 
qx (35)
KFwall
the zz = T
K K
d
element ' T is(23)
(22)
given by the following expressions: F M = cos
 1  ( γ ) 0 L− sin ( γ )   
FF 
uix ' = uz 1mxz ' , z
u jx ' = u2 qx ' (26) FF1 mx
 2 qxjy' ' 
'
iz '  cos ( γ ) 0 −1 sin1( γ ) 1 

 6 X 12 6 X 12 1  FF1 jx ' ' 
ix
  2 qyqy
'
'
uuix ' = u1mx ' , u
u jxjx '' = =u (26)  FF1Fmy '  =  1 −1/ L1 1 1 1/ L  F  (34)
ix ' = uT1mx ' , u22 qx (26)T
' (26) F2iyqx ' 
dddKzzz'''== =T{Td
Td u1Kmx z z' ,' T u1my '(21) , u1qy ' , u2 qx ' , u2 qy ' , u2 my ' }
(21)
(23)
qx '
(24)  M
 F1qyix' ' 
2 qyjx' ' 
F ixjz' '  


  1 1 / L1 1 − L 2
2 
  F 1
2
jy ' ' 
 M1mxiz ' '(35)
 F mx
my ''
uiyz ' = u1myz ' , u jy ' = u2 qy ' (27)  

 Fiyjy''  
 F F 
 
= 
  1 − 1/
1 L 2 F M jz '   (35)
uuiy ' = u1my ' , uu jy ' = u2 qy ' (27) (27) 
2 my '
 11 11 1  F jxix' ''
2 qy ''
iy ' = u1my ' , jy ' = u2 qy ' (27) TT F F
 21qxmx' '   
  
1    F11Fmy
 
K{{uzF '}

iy my
'}
'
FdF Fzzz '= =' ==K udd1zmx−'', F uu111my '' , u
(22)
my(22)
F11qyqy'', uF22qxqx' ',,uF22qyqyu' ,' ,uF22mymy (25)
(24)  M
FzFM T'    L − L     F
F 
z z 1zmx 2 qy ' − u 2 my '
F '= Jiziz' ' ''Fc='  1 (36)
jz  −1/L11L1 1 1/ L2   2  FF11Fqy
 2 my ' 
'
 (34)
θiz ' = uu11qy qy ' − u u − u (28)  jyqyiy' '' 
21qy
'
− u1my ' ,
my '
my , θ = u2 qy ' − u2Tmy '
qy my (28)
my
 
FFF2F1myqyjx' ''    
=    
F (34)
 (35)
1 ' 2 ' 2 '
1 M
uθ == ,jxF' = u, 2Fqxθ θ' jzjz,'' F=
1qy ' L jz '
L2 (28)   F 1 / L − 1/ L FM 
θK Tu{1TTF
==T ' z,L 1, F u = ,(26) } 
(28)  1mxjx'' 
    
1 1     2F ix '' 
qx '  
jz
K K1mx T
'
Fixizizz'zz'' '= K '' T
' (23), F L (25) '=2 qxK' z'=dz ' 1 (37)
1 2
 2 qx
iz '

(23) FzF  F
mx
zL1 2L
jx''' 
ItFF F
1my ' 1qy ' 2 qx ' 2 qy ' my2'
  −1/the 1 1
L1 matrix 11Equation 2Fqy 
1 2 F jy''T   1 F
where uix ' L1and 1 L2 are the width of the left wall u1mx ' and right is
FzF'=Jjy ' Fc '  obvious  that in   F2 qy '  is the
  35
1my iy
(36)
wall,duz ' = 1u {{
uudiyuuixzixiyix' '''''=respectively.
 u 11 ,
= u u1mymx ,
'' ' , u
1mx ' , u
1mx
uu
1 1my ' ,, jyu
1 1my ' jx11'qy
==
u' ' ,, u u u
u222qyqxqx' '' ,, uu2 qy ' ,, u (27)}}  uTT1mx ' 

u2 my ' 11my
(26)   u
2 my ' u1my ' 
mx ''  (24)
(24)
 (29)
transpose
K



 MM'=Jjz ' K

F12qyqyjz'' 'T of conversion
= c ' J (38)
1 / L1 1
matrix− 1/
−L
L
J.2 2Thus,
L 2
F
FM jyiz'it
2 my ' 
2 my ''   (35)
 can be

The u iy ' 
master
 to slave qy ' 2 qx '
displacement 2 qy '
transformation
  u  F
abbreviated F z   as 1 − 1/ L  MF
  jxjz' ' 

θiziy ''   −1/ L1 1/ L1
θiz '  =  −1/ L1 1/ L1
1  '  (29)
  u1TTqy '  (29) as
11my
qy ' FzF'=22my K'' z ' dz 1'
qx (37) 2
equation
follows:
u

θizuz'jx=F
F iy
z {{
uθizjx''' ==uu1F
'' = =
  1F
qy
my 1
' '−
can
mx
,
−1/
'
ube
,
, F
F1L
my
1my
expressed
1 'u
' ,
1/
, F
F
jy
L1= u
'1 qy '
1F
,
, F
1 θ =
2 qy
2 qx'
in
' ,
, F
F 2
u2,qyF
local
qy ' , F ' −
(27)
2 }}
myuu' 212my
coordinates
  u '  (25)
qx '' '
qy  (25)  F12=mx
(28) dFzF'=
1
qy {
mx

J
'
'' 
Tu 1, u , u , u , u1 ,1/
 F
1mx ' 11my (36) 1mz 2 qx 2 qy u2 qz2 ,  jy ' 

L   Fixix '' 

F 
F (36)
u jx ''   1mx ' 1my ' 1qy ' 1 2 qxjz1' ' 2 qy ' 2my u' 22 qx qx ' 
−
−1/1/ L Fiyiyjz'' ' (39)
u jy '   L1 L2 u2 qy '  K FzF'= J'' TuK c,'uJ 1 , u(38) L11
z 1my ' 
12my
c
−1/ L2 T M 
u jy '  
u θ jyjz '' = u qy ' ,− u1my 'u = u 1/1L2 −u1/2 qy(26)
1
L −u u222my qy ' 
 F11qy
my
'  1qx
,Lu1 2 mx , u2 my , u2 mz }  M
1qz// L
11 M iz '  (35)
' = 
qy '  1qy
uixixixjz''' '=
uθ = u111mx
mx ' , u,jxjx '' = u22 qx ' 2 = −1/ (26) L2'uu 2 my'  ' The qy stiffness
T =' d ' matrix in
1 local main coordinates   iz '  (35) can be
' ' L 2
θ θ θ
qx1/
1/ jzL'2 −1/ L2   2 my ''  u my'  (28) F '= K (37)
dFFzzFFzz '= 2 qxJ
= { u z F z', u , u , u 11, ,Fu2 qy, ,Fu2 qz, ,   F
2mx
 izjz' '   
 1
(36)
u  
d ciy'= ' Jd '
L 11 (30)
L u  derived = { ' F
as  ,
follows:
mx F
 2 qx '  1mx 1my 1mz 2 qx 2 qy 2 qz   jx ' 
1 c 1 my , F 1 mz , F 2 qx F jx ' 
u uuzz1my u uu2 qy '  2 1my '  (29)  F2 qy '     jy ' (39)
u ddθiyiyc '= ' = =Jd '' ''−,,1/ L (30) u jyL'' = = (27) 11 1/ 1/ L L}22}TT  F Fjy ' (40)
'=
uciz '  z1
' Jd 1 my (30)
1/ jy 2 qy ' (27) uu1qy '  KFz2'= qy ' F
J uT1qxqx
K ,cFu' 11Jqyqy,,Fu(38) ,, u
F ,,Fu ,, u
F mz   M 
 ix '=  (29) F '= K ' d '  (37)
1 1
 1mx ' F
 Fz 22 my ' z z (37)
qz 22mx
11qz mx 22my my 22mz
− 1/ L
−1/ L22   M jzjz '' 
F uujx ' = F
ixiy''  u 1mx ' − , u1 Fjx ' = 1F2 qx ' u (31) −uu u21qxmy' ' my '   
Fuix ' = uF , u1my ''F =F
F1/,,jxjxL'' 1= (31) F = {{Fu1mx , F , F , F, u ,F ,F ,
θ
θ
F θizixjyiz''''== = F mx'' ' −
mx '−,1/ 1Lmy
111qy
1qy F22 qxθ1'' jz ' =
θ
qx = u22 qy
qy
' −
' u
(31) u2 my' '' (29)
 u212qyqymy'  (28) dz z = cos
(28) F '= J TT 1(mx
TF
γ ,)u1my
'
0 , 1umz
1my −1mzsin2(qx2γqx), 2uqy2 qy , 2uqz2 qz , (40) (38)
θ jz '   L  1
L2 L
 2u2 my ' 
 K '= J K ' J (36)
(38)
(32) Fzz'=JFu1F
= c c' (39)
c, F , F(36)
iz ' jz '
F uiyjx' '= F L + 1 F , 1 1/FL2 =−1/ F L +
 uF ''
z
0 1qy 1, u 1qz , F mx , F
20 2 my , F 2 mz } }T
T
F ' = F 1my ' + F1qy ' ,
1
F jy ' =
jy '
F 2 qy '   2 my
2 qy ' +
2
F 2 qx
(32)  qx , u , u , u , u
Fuiy = F  1my ' + F1qy ' , F = F +  F '' (32) d 2. Global
1qx 1qy 1qz 2 mx 2 my 2 mz
=K{u'1dmx ,'to u1mylocal u1mztransformation
, u2 qx , u2 qy , u2 qz , matrix of the 0 1
u 2 my
dEquation uiyixixjy'''' Jd 111'my ' 1qy ' 1 jy ' 2 qy '   u12mx 2qymy'' 
F zz '= ,(37) 0
c '= z 29 can(30)
  1mx '  F '= K z ' d z ' of
M 
uuiyjziz'' ' = F1qy ' L1 , M jz ' = − F
θ be abbreviated 1/2 L as
my2 ' L2

L2   12my
−1/ (33) u my '' 

 master
T zz=  z 1mxF =  cos{degreeF ( z ) 1my 1mz F(2 γqx ), F2 qy , F2 qz , T
γ , F 0 , (37)
F
freedom − ,
sin (39)
M
M
iy '  = F
' = F 1qy−' L L 1 ,,L M
1
M ' =
= −
− F
F 2 my ' L L (33)   u
  u  (29)
1 my ' 
The displacement uT 10qx , u1qy1, u1qz vector , u02 mx , uand cosu(2γmz) } vector
2 my , force
0 − sin (40)
can( γ )be
(33)  u1qy '  (29)
θ iz   1/ 1/ jz
L 2  T
Fdθixciziz'= '==
iz'  ' F 1qy,−' 1/1 L11 F1/ jzL=
jx ' 1 F2 qx '
1' 2 my ' 2
(31)   1qy '  K '= J FT1K , F
' J , F (38) , F , F , F }
u jx' ' Jd = 1z mx '' (30) 1   u
(30) expressed K z '=J K c ' J (38) as
qx follows:
1 qy 1 qz 2 mx 2 my 02 mz 1 0
u jx '   1 u22 qxqx ' 
'
 Fzz = {F1mxc, F1my , F1mz , F2 qx , F2 qy , F2 qz , 0 1 0
uu jy '     uu2 qy '  T =  {u , u , u , u , u , u , 0
matrix in (32) d
d zz = ( ) ( ) (40)
1
={cos γ, u1my0 , u1−mzsin γ , ucos ( ) − sin ( γ )
FFθiyixjy' ' '==JFFis11my
where '' +
the , F1qy 'F, jx 'to=slave
master F F'1jytransformation
' =− F2 qy(31)
' +  Fu
2 qy ' 
2 my' Fu111qxmx
mx, F 1my , F,2umx22 qx
, F1qz1mz , F, 2uγmz22qz
, F2 my22 qy
qx qy }T, 0
qz
 (39)(39)
   mx 2 1/
qx L 1/ L    (39)
θ jzjz ''coordinates.   1/ L22 −1/ L22  u22 my my '  1qy
local  u 0 , u 1, u , u0 , u ,0u }T1 '
 T
d z ' = Td u11qx , u11qy u11qz 0
The =following expressions can be (33)
derived by using qy ,(42)qz , u2 mx , u2 my , u2 mz }
2 mx 2 my 2 mz
M
ddFciyiz'=
'= Jd
= FF ' L
' Jd zzsynthesis
1'my ' + ,
F M ,
(30)
1qy(30)
= − F F L
= F + F (32) 
 cos z
(
qx
γ ) 0 − sin ( γ ) 0 1 0 0
the cforce ' 1qy ' 1
and
' jz ' 2 my
decomposition:
jy '' 2 2 qy ' 2 my '
TF 
Fzz== ={{F F11mx ,, F
F 1my ,, F
F 1mz ,, F
F 2 qx ,, F
F 2 qy ,, F
F2 qz ,,
cos (2γqz ) 0 − sin
(40)((40)
Fz =K z d z0mx 1my1(43) 1mz 02 qx 2 qy (40) γ)
Fixiz' '=
M
F FF
==F ,
, L , F
M
F =
==F
F− F L (31)
(33)
(31) (31)
d z ' =Td F , F
F1qx , F1qy , (42), F , F , F , F
F1qz , F2 mx , F2 my , F02 mz } 1 } T
T
ix '
1mx '
1qy' ' 1
1mx
jx '
jxjz
' '
2 qx '
2 qx '2 my ' 2 0 0 1 0
T =  T 1qxz 1qy 1qz 2 mx 2 my 2 mz
F
K z =Tu K,z u' T , u(44) denote the
1mx ( γ )1my ( γ ) 0 − sinin( γthe
((γγ )) cosdisplacement ) 0
Fiyiy '' ==FF11my ' + F1qy ' ,
my ' + F1qy ' ,
F
Fjyjy '' ==F F22 qy ' + F2 my '
qy ' + F2 my '
where
(32) (32)
(32)Fz =Kcos cos
d ( γ ) 00 1mz−
(43) − sin
sin
x, y, and z z z directions, respectively, 0 on the 1 mth0node
on Fdthe
zz '' ==left
KTd
00' d ' 11(45) 00
wall. F (42), F , F denote the force in the
M
M iziz '' ==F F11qy ' L1 , M jz ' = − F2 my ' L2 (33)  T Kz ' T (44)
z z 1mx 1my 1mz
00 0
qy ' L1 , M jz ' = − F2 my ' L2 (33) (33) x,K y, = T
and  z directions, respectively on the mth node 0 0 11
T z
Tthe =
=' =K
z

cos ((γγ(46)
)) 00 −− sinsin ((γγ ))
onK Fzz =K left wall. Other
24× 24 ' +(43)
parameters
K z 3，24×24 ' cos correspond to the
 Tdzd
Fdzz ' '== K
z12
corresponding z，
node (42)
displacement and node force.
z 'dz ' (45)
z
0 1  0 0 1 0
dKz ' =={TuTpxK, u , u , θ px ' , θ py ' ,θ pz ' , uqx ' , uqy ' , uqz ' , θ qx ' ,θ qy ' , θ qz ' , umx ' , umy ' , umz ' , θ m
Fzz=K  z d' z z py' T' pz '(44)
(43) 00
K z ' =K z12，24×24 ' +K z 3，24×24 ' (46)
FF ' = {=FpxK T' , zFpy
' d' , zFpz' ' , M(45)
px ' , M py ' , M pz ' , Fqx ' , Fqy ' , Fqz ' , M qx ' , M qy ' , M qz ' , Fmx ' , Fmy ' , Fmz ' , M mx '
dKz zz'z='''==
dd =TTd
TdK z z 'T (42)
(44)
(42)
z z {u px ' ,zu py ' , u pz ' , θ px ' , θ py ' , θ pz ' , u qx ' , uqy ' , uqz ' , θ qx ' , θ qy ' , θ qz ' , umx ' , umy ' , umz ' , θ m
T
KK =' =K
'=K Jdz12 K ' J K z 3，24×24(49)
FF
F =
zz =K z dzz ' d, F
'
zz12
K 24c× 24 ' ' +(43)
(45) ' (46)
zpy ' z pz ' , M(43)
，
568 JAABE vol.15 no.3 September 2016 z 'z= {Fpxz' , F
Huanjun Jiang
px ' , M py ' , M pz ' , Fqx ' , Fqy ' , Fqz ' , M qx ' , M qy ' , M qz ' , Fmx ' , Fmy ' , Fmz ' , M mx '

dKz ''== = {uK T c1,'u , u ,θ , θ , θ , u , u , u , θ , θ , θ , u , u , u , θ

K
K Kczz =' ='TT=KTJpxzK
K'
T12
K
z， ''pyT
z24
' Kpx '
T×''24J 'pz+(44)
(44) ' pz ' qx ' qy(46)
(50)
 z 3，24×py24' (49) ' qz ' qx ' qy ' qz ' mx ' my ' mz '
 KJFzT2'=
Fz '= T Kc(36)
'' 
Fmyc J 'J(38)
−1/ L2   M jz '   00
z c
F '=K
T
J F'' d
(37)
(36) ''
dF
F '='==K J{uFd ' ,' u , u , u , u2 qy , u2 qz ,
z z z
Fz '=Kz z ' d z ' c (37)
T (37)
(36)
zzz z c z
1mx 1my 1mz 2 qx dd zz '' == Td
Td zz (42)
(42)
T
K T
K z '=J K c ' J (38)'= J K ' J (39)
F
K '= '=K
(38)
(37) 'd T
dz F
zz
zz
zT cz
= {'=
z u1mx KJ, uu 'Kd, u, 'uJ, u , u, u ,, uu , , u2 my , u2 mz }
1qxcz 1qy (38)
(37)
1qz 2 mx F
Fzz = =KK zz dd zz (43)
(43)
1my 1mz 2 qx 2 qy 2 qz
dFz u== {,{uF Tu1mx,,F u , ,Fu , ,F u , ,Fu (39), u
, F , ,
dK
Thez 1=
zz '= qxJ {Tu1qy1K , u ,' Ju1to
, u1
my ,(38)
my , uu21my1mzmz ,2displacement
1 mz
, u u22qxqx , u22qyqy , u2 qz2 qz transformation
} 2Tqx 2 qy 2 qz
,
'=Jglobal
2 mxlocal
K 1mx
K c1qz 1my (39) where upx' , u , upz', θ px', θ py', θ pz' are the displacement
c ' J, F ,(38)
mz
mx
(40) K T T
T K py'
F = {zF , F
equation Fu of F , u
the , u
master
F ,F u ,
degreeu , uof }TT
freedom (39)
can be K
along =
= T
the K zz '' T
x'-axis, T (44) (44)
y'-axis and z'-axis, and the rotation
qx, F11qy qy, F11qz qz, F22mx mx, F22my , ,Fu22mzmz}}T
, , , z
u , u , u , u , u z
z 1mx 1my 1mz 2 qx 2 qy 2 qz

derived d = {as u11qx ,

follows:
11,qx u ,
11qymy, F1qz u , u
2}mx , u
2 qx 2 my
my
(40) , u
2 qy 22mz , around the x'-axis, y'-axis and z'-axis of the pth node,
dFzF F==ixix {''{F
zF , F
u1mx,,F
mx
1u11mymy,,Fu11mzmz, ,Fu22qxqx, ,Fu2 2qyqy, ,Fu2 qz2 qz, ,T F
1 1,mz qz
'
T
F , F F
1qx 1qy 1qz 2 mx 2 my 2 mz
F11mx
mx ' (39) F ' = K ' d ' (45)
Fzcos z
=({γcos u11mx
)F
1
0( γ,
mx
F
−u)sin ,1γ,u)F11qz−
my(0 ,uF22mx
,sin (qxγ,)uF22my u22qzmz,}T F1my ' (39)
qy ,, F
Fzz ' = K zz ' d zz '  (45) symbols correspond to the
respectively; the other
F
F u1qx qx  11qy mz1
,Fu1qy0 ,,1Fu1qz,1,Fu2 mx,,Fu2 my, ,Fu2 mz}}T 1my ' (40)  F
(40) 
qth, mth, and nth
 iy0' F iy '
1 ,
T  node, Fpx', Fpy', Fpz', Mpx', Mpy', Mpz'
  F 1qx0 , F 1qy 1 1qz
, F , F 20mx
, F 2 my
, F 2 mz
}
F 11qxmx ,,F , 1F  
zM
M= iz{' F 11qymy , F 1qz L
L11,, F2 mx2 qx , F qy , F22mz
2 2my qz0 F110qy '   are K the
K zz '' ==K force
K zz12 along  +K
24 '' + Kthe x'-axis,
24 ''
y'-axis(46) (46) and z'-axis, the
T = F 'F F F F F F  qy ' (40)
1mz
=  { =
mx  1my , , , , (34)
12， ，24× × 24
 zz 3
3， ， 24×× 24
 z cos 1= ( γ 2) qz}T  F2 qx ' (40)
24 24
 iz  0 1
bending 0 moment around the x'-axis, y'-axis and z'-axis
T  F = jx'cos
F F ( γF) ,0F −cos
,
jx' 1qx( γ )1qy 0 1qz− sin

1mz
, sin
F ( γ 2)(1 γ,0F) − sin, F
qx 2 qy

( γ1) 2 mycos
1   F 
(34) (41)
of the pth node,

respectively, and the other symbols
upz ' ,, θ
(41)
20mx , F2 my , F2(mz }
 F ,F1qy ,1F1qz , F 0 2 mx 0 2 mz γ )  02 qx−' sin ( γ )
T
d = {{u
zz '' = u px ' ,, u u py ' ,, u θ px θ py
'' ,, θ θ pz
'' ,, θ uqx ' ,, u
'' ,, u uqy ' ,, u θ qx
uqz ' ,, θ θ qy
'' ,, θ , θ ' ,, uumx ' ,, uumy ' ,, uumz ' ,, θ
θ
 F  1qx0 1 1   F  d
correspond to the  qth, mth, and nth node, respectively. qy '' , θ qz
 F jy ''  0  1 0 1 1   F22 qy '0 1 0 
px ' py '
 pz ' px py pz qx ' qy ' qz ' qx qz ' mx ' my ' mz '
 cos jy  ( γ ) 0 − sin ( γ ) 0   1  qy '
 0 0 1 The 0 stiffness matrix converted from local slave
6 X 12

=M ' ( γ  ) ( γ ) − L  F
d T ' M = jzjzcos 

0 1 
 0 − sin − L  
 F 2 my ' 
2   2 my ' 
 (41) 0 1 F '0= {Fpxpx '' ,, F
coordinates F1can , Fpzbe M px ' ,, M
'' ,,6M M py ' ,, M M pzas , Fqx ' ,, FFqy ' ,, F
Fqz ' ,, M
M qx ' ,, M
M qy ' ,, M M qz ' ,, FFmx ' ,, F
Fmy ' ,, F
Fmz ' ,, M
M mx
z = {F0 py '' , F0
 Xexpressed pz '' , Ffollows:
2
T =  '  cos γ  0 −sin γ
Td (42) F ' pz py ' (41)
z z
 0 41 can 0 (( γ )) 0 − sin (( γ ))
z py px '
12 qx ' qy ' qz '

qx ' qy ' qz ' mx ' my ' mz ' mx
1 be abbreviated 0 (41)
Fz = EquationKF
Fz11dmx z'  (43) 1
1
cosas:   F Fixix ''  0 0 1 0 
TdFz=' = Td z 1 (42) 0 1 K zz012 12 '' = =JJ K T
K cc '' JJ (49) (49)
0  1 F '  0 (42) 0 1 K
mx ' T
−1/ L (49)
(41)
K zT =TF=11Tmy K ''z 'T (44) 1 −1/ L11 cos ( γ )  0 Fiyiy − ' sin ( γ ) 0 1 0 
 (41)
cos ( γ )  0M iz−'matrix sin ( γ )of
my
where  F F11qy qy' 
T' is the  global 1 // L
1 to1 local transformation  1M iz '  (35)  0K 1' 0  66 XX 12
 'F =zK ''dzz d'=zdegree=  (43)
L 1 0    (35)
0  K cc11 '  12
Fz 
the =FzK
master
dF2' qx=' Td 
(45) of freedom. 1
1 0  1Fjx '  0
  Fjx ' 
K
K c '=
'= 
0 1 0K   (50)
(50) (50)
The
2 qx
z stiffness matrix (42) in global main coordinates can
c

 K c62X''12

K z ' =F  d FzK2 qy' =  Td
'，24×24 'z+Kfollows:
z
24× 24 '
(42) 1 1/ L
1 1/ L22   Fjyjy '' 
  F  0 1 0  6 X 12 c 2
beKderived
(46)
2 qy ' T as
z =T Kz ' T
z12 z 3，
(44)   
d F Td , uz  , u , u , u , θ ,θ −, θ1/, uL22 ,
− 1/ L  M
 , u jzjz,''θ ,θ ,θ , u , u where
d ' F =F{zu22= 'my=K , u'' z d z
,θ ,θ ,θ(43) (42) u M , u ,θ , θ J , θis }the (47)master to slave transformation matrix
T
 (43)
dFzzz =' =KTd z d zz
my
(43)
z px ' py ' pz ' px ' py ' pz ' qx ' qy ' qz ' qx ' qy ' qz ' mx ' my ' mz ' mx ' my ' mz ' nx ' ny ' nz ' nx ' ny ' nz '

(42) in local coordinates, Kc' is the stiffness matrix in local

F ' =F F{Fz '= ' ,=FJ TT,KFFz, M''d,zM' , M(45) (36), F , F , F , M , M , M , F , F , F , M , M , M , F , F , F , M , M , M } (48) T
z
Fzz'=
K
F z
px '
=K
py '
JT TdFKc z' ' T (44)
pz ' T px '
c py ' pz ' qx '
(36)qy ' qz ' qx ' qy ' qz ' mx ' my ' mz ' mx ' my '
(44)
mz ' nx ' ny '
slave
nz '
coordinates
nx ' ny ' nz '
and is made up of two parts: the in-
K z= = T z K z 'T (43)
(44)
K z12 F'z=z=J KKzcd' Jz z T (43)
(49) plane stiffness K c1 ' and the out-of-plane stiffness Kc2'.
3. K F
Wall z'=
Fzzz'=
'= K KModel '
z12 d 24 ' × 24 ' + K z 3，24×24 '
(37) (46) It should be noted that the stiffness of the shear spring
'=c=K zT ' d z '
，
F 'K 'zzd' T (37)
K
In Klocal 1T
z K zmaster z ' coordinates, (45)
(44) the equilibrium equation in each vertical line element should be determined by
K c '= F
Kzz '==TKKK
z T
z 'd ' T z ' (45)
(44)
(50)
can dKzbe = {J
' '= uTTpxKc' ,2zu''pyJ' , u as
expressed ,
pz(38)
' θ follows:
px ' , θ py ' , θ pz ' , u qx ' , u qy ' , u qz ' , θ qx ' , θ qy ' , θ qz ' , u mx ' , u my ' ,
considering u mz ' , θ mx ' , θthe
my ' , θ mz ' , u
deformationnx ' , u ny ' , u ,θ nx ' , θ ny ' , θ nz ' }T (47)
nz 'compatibility with the
K
K
F z '=' = J K K
Kzz12'，d24z×24 c ' J ' +(38)
K ' (46)
Kzzz '''= ' ' +K z 3，24×24 '
(45) axial spring. The modified compression field theory is
z c
F =K (46)
z = Kzz12'， d24z×24 ' (45)z 3，24×24 (45) adopted to derive the shear stiffness. The T initial out-
F ddz z' == ={F{{pxuu' ,11Fmx , uF1pzmy' , M,, u
py,' ,u upx11'mz , M, pyu' ,2M ,, u
u' , F22 qxqy , u Fqz,, ' , M qx ' , M qy ' , M qz ' , Fmx ' , Fmy ' , Fmz ' , M mx ' , M my ' , M mz ' , Fnx ' , Fny ' , Fnz ' , M nx ' , M ny ' , M nz '} (48)
' , Fqy2' ,qz
mz,,θu 2 qx qy , u
qx pz
dKzz ' =' ={K u px mx ,' u py ' 1, my θ px θ 2 qz, u , θ , θ , θ , u ,of-plane stiffness matrix is determined by Tthe elastic
(47)
u'pz+' ,K , ' , u qx ' , uqy(46) ' (39)qy ' (46)
(39) mx ' umy ' , umz ' , θ mx ' , θ my ' , θ mz ' , unx ' , uny ' , unz ' , θ nx ' , θ ny ' , θ nz ' }T
dKz z' =' ={K uupxz12 ',u
，
, upy ' , u,'pz+
24× 24
u' ,Kθ pxz,3''u ， θ ×py
,24 py ' ,,θ
'
24
'u pz ' , u qx
pz '
, ' , uqy(46)
u , uT qz ' , θ qx
' T qz '
'} qx ' , θ qy ' , θ qz ' , umx ' ,modulus
qz '
umy ' , umz ' , θand mx ' , θ my ' , θ mz ' , unx ' ,ratio
Poisson's uny ' , unzof' ,θconcrete.nx ' , θ ny ' , θ nz 'In } the (47)latter
where K zz12 d' =u' J11zand qx ,K
12
qx T， 24u×c1124qy , u11qz
Fqy'zJ' are qz , u2 mx ,(49)
z 3， 242×mx 24 u2 my , u2 mz }
the displacement 2 my 2 mz
vector and the loading, the out-of-plane stiffness is reduced
z T according
(48)
F
d F ' '
zz = {F= = { { F u , F , u, F , F , u , ,MF , θ ,
px 'px ,M ,
' F θ , M
' ' , pz, θ F , F, u
pz' 2' qyqx,qx
,
' F F , uqz'qy, F
, u' ,qzM' ,wall
' ,qzfor θ'qx, M' ,θ ' , 'M
, θqzqz' ,' ,Fumxmx' , 'F, my
umy ', F , M' ,mx
u' mz
' ,mz ', M
θ mx ' ,θ ', M' , θmz
, Fnxnx
mz' ' , u ', F u'ny, F' ,nzu' ,nzM' ,nxθ'nx, M
' ,ny ' ,θ , θnznz' }' }T TT (47)
' , 'M
forcedFFzzz''== vector
={{{FuF of
, F, pyu, 'F 'local
, Fpzu' ,,MF master,' ,F coordinates
, F, Fuqx,qx' ,FF' ,2qyuqz'qy, F,' ,qzu' ,qzM' ,qxθ'qx, M model, to changes in the stiffness of the axial spring. } (48)
pxpx ' ' py 'py pz ' pz pypy ' 2qy qx qyqy mymy nyny
z 1 mx
py 1' ,my
1 my ' 1
pz ' , θ
mz ,M θpy2py' ,qxM
2
' , θpzpz' 2' ,qy
qx
' ,θ ' , 'M
(40) , θqzqz' ,' ,Fumxmx' , 'F, my
umy ', F , M,mx
u' mz
' ,mz ' θ mx ', M' ,θ ', M' , θmz
, Fnx ' , F,nyu' , F,nzu' , M,nx
mz' ' , u
, M ny ' , M
nz ' θ'nx ' , θ ny ' , θnznz' ' }
(47)
 K c1 ' K z12.24×24
1' mx 1pxmz
pxpx qyqy mymy
 ' and K z3.24×24' are
' 'px nx ' ny '
respectively, T the stiffness (40)
K '= '=F F1JqxT,,KF F1qypz' J,,' , F F ,F F22pymx F
,, (50)2 my ,, F
Fslave mz }
T
matrix Kz 'cz=12 qz' ,, M
M11'qz (49) Fqx 'F mz' ,}
, F22coordinates (48)
Kz 'z=12{{'FFconverted 'pzJ' ,cfrom px ' , Mlocal Fqz ' , M qx ' , Mand qy ' , M the
T
F
F =pxpx1J'' ,,qxFFT pypyK'' ,, 1ccFFqyK 2 px
M
mx' , M pz
, M (49)2' ,my
, F , F
qy
, F , M , M , M
qz ' , Fmx ' , Fmy ' , Fmz ' , M mx ' , M my ' , M mz ' , Fnx ' , Fny ' , Fnz ' , M nx ' , M ny ' , M nz ' }T
, F , F , F , M , M , M , F , F , F , M , M , M } (48)
stiffness matrix of the horizontal py ' pz ' qx 'rigid qy ' beam, qz ' qx ' asqyshown' qz ' mx ' my ' mz ' mx ' my ' mz ' nx ' ny ' nz ' nx ' ny ' nz '

in K Fig.5. 
cos cos ( γ )
KJcT(1 γ'K) ' J0 − sin ( γ (49) 0 − sin ( γ )
) 

K
K z12'=''= = KJ0cT1 'K c ' J1  0 (50) (49)

K c '= 0 c K1c 2 ' 0 (50)
cz12

 K ' K c 2 ' 0 1 0 
T 0 1 0
TK c= ='= K c1 '
c1
 (50)  (41)
K c '=
 K c 2 ' (50)cos cos (( γγ )) 00 − − sinsin (( γγ ))  (41)
 K c2  ' 
00 11 00
 
 00 11 00  6 X 12
 6 X 12
d = Td
d zz '' = Td zz (42)
(42)

F =K
Fzz =K zz d
d zz (43)
(43)
T
K =T
K zz = TT K
K zz '' T
T (44)
(44)

F =K
Fzz '' = K zz '' dd zz '' (45)
(45)

K =K
K zz '' = K zz12 24× 24 '' + K z 3，24×24 '' (46)
24× 24 +K z 3， (46)Coordinates of Master DOF of Wall Element
Fig.5.
，
12， 24× 24

dd z '' = {u px ' , u py ' , u pz ' , θ px ' , θ py ' ,θ pz ' , uqx ' , uqy ' , uqz ' , θ qx ' ,θ qy ' , θ qz ' , umx ' , umy ' , umz ' , θ mx ' , θ my ' , θ mz ' , unx ' , uny ' , unz ' ,θ nx ' , θ ny ' , θ nz ' }TT (47)
(47) (47)
z = {u px ' , u py ' , u pz ' , θ px ' , θ py ' , θ pz ' , u qx ' , uqy ' , uqz ' , θ qx ' , θ qy ' , θ qz ' , umx ' , umy ' , umz ' , θ mx ' , θ my ' , θ mz ' , unx ' , uny ' , unz ' , θ nx ' , θ ny ' , θ nz ' }

F T (48)
(48) (48)
= {{F
Fzz '' = Fpx ' , Fpy ' , Fpz ' , M px ' , M py ' , M pz ' , Fqx ' , Fqy ' , Fqz ' , M qx ' , M qy ' , M qz ' , Fmx ' , Fmy ' , Fmz ' , M mx ' , M my ' , M mz ' , Fnx ' , Fny ' , Fnz ' , M nx ' , M ny ' , M nz ' }T
px ' , Fpy ' , Fpz ' , M px ' , M py ' , M pz ' , Fqx ' , Fqy ' , Fqz ' , M qx ' , M qy ' , M qz ' , Fmx ' , Fmy ' , Fmz ' , M mx ' , M my ' , M mz ' , Fnx ' , Fny ' , Fnz ' , M nx ' , M ny ' , M nz ' }

K
K zz12 ' =J TT K c ' J (49)
12 ' =J K c ' J (49)

 K c1 ' no.3 September

JAABE vol.15 
K '
2016

Huanjun Jiang 569
K
K cc '=
'=  c1 K ' (50)
(50)
 K cc 22 '
  n n n n

 ∑ k hm 0 ∑ k hm rH − ∑ k hm 0 ∑ khm (1 − r ) H 
 mn=1 m =1 m =1 m =1

 n
n
n
n
n
n
n 
∑ hm ∑ kvm n −∑
 n m =1
k 0
∑ k rH
kvmlm n
hm − ∑ k
0 hm n−∑ kvm
0

∑ k
∑hm (k l )
1 −
vm m
r H 
∑  khm ∑ khm rH m =m1=1 −∑ khm 0 m =1 ∑ khm=1 (1 − r ) H 
0 m =1 m =1
 m  m =1
 m=1 n m =1 n m =1 m =1 n
 n

kvmlm− k l 
n n n n n n
 
  ∑
n
k ∑ kvm
−∑
n
k r
∑ vm m m=1 m =1
k hml
−∑
2
H 2 k+vmlm k l
∑ 0vm m
2
−−∑ ∑
n
k
0 rH −∑
k hm ∑ m∑
n
k kvm
k
vm l l
m ∑ k hm
(1 −∑

r ) rH 2
∑ vm m
2
 (51)
K c1'=  
vm vm
m =1 =1 vm m m =1
mm==11 m =m1 =1 m =1m =1 m =1  m =1
(51)
m =1

2
n nn n n n n
 2 
n n n n n n n
∑ hm ∑ hm ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ hm ∑ 0vm m
( ) ∑ ∑ ( k(51)(1 − r )∑
)
2 22 2 2
k r H + k l − k rH k l k 1 − r rH − k l
m =1 ∑ hm  ∑ hm
2 2 2
  k r H + k l − k rH k l k 1 − r rH − k l
 vm m hm m
vm vm mk hm m −
vm hm  H vm m  (51)
K c1'=  
m =1 m =1 m =1 m =1 m =1
K c1'= 
m =1 m =1
n
m =1
m =1
m =1
n
m =1
 m =1
m =1 
  ∑ khm 0n −∑nkhm (1 − r ) H 
n
n 
 n  Sym. n mn =1
∑ k hm
n m =1 0
∑ k  −
 ∑ −khm (k1 −l r ) H
∑ 
∑ khm 0 ∑ khm rH −∑ khm 0n m =1 ∑ khm (1n − r ) H
vm vm m
   m =1 m =1 
 m =1 ∑ n ∑ vm m
Sym. kvm m =1 − m = 1 k l
m =1 m =1
 
  
n
 n n
∑  
∑
n n n =1
m n m =1
kk − k 2l
∑ kvm Sym. −∑ kvmlm −∑ kvm ∑ ∑ ( ) ∑
2
  0 lm 
2
 n vm vm n k   1 − r H vm m+ k l
vm m 
∑ khm (1mm−==1r1) H 2 +n ∑
2
  k lhm2
m =1vm m  
 
m =1 m =1 m =1 m =1
 m =1
n 2 
n n n n nm =1
 ∑ k r 2
H 2
+ ∑ vm m ∑
k l 2
− k rH ∑ k l ∑ k ( 1 − r ) rH 2
−
m =1
∑ vm m  (1 −(51)
k l n 
T h e a bmo=1 v∑e kdhm  e r i v ar t) i oHn i+s∑
 2 2 2
c okvm
n dlmu c t e d i n l o c a l
hm hm vm m hm

K c1'=  
m =1
3 m =1 3/ 2 m =1 m =1 m =1

KKc 2 ' =' = H∫ BT DBdA H BnLT/k2DBdydx

3
H 3
H 
H /2
of the whole stiffness
L / 2 H
m =1 

∫ ∫ − L / 2 ∫− H / 2 ∑ hm
∫ ∫ (52) −coordinates. r ) H Before the assembly
n m =1
BT DBdA = = 0B T(52)
DBdydx ∑ khm (1 −(52) 
c 2 12 A 12
 123 A 123 m−=1L / 2 − H /n2 matrix,
m =1 local coordinates  must be converted to global
 H H L/2 H /2
∑
n
coordinates.
−∑ kvmlm 


∫ ∫ ∫
H areB Tthe kwall
vmT
K c21'L=and Sym.
where DBdA width=and height of the m =1 B DBdydx The (52) 
concrete

 stress-strain relationship proposed
 1 12 12 
m =1
element, respectively, A B is the strain matrix,
− L / 2 − and
H / 2 D is
 1/ 2 1/ 2 2 2 
n n

∑ by
( Shiral
) ∑and Sato (1981) and the steel stress-strain

2
k 1 − r H + k l
vm m 
the elastic
 1/ L1/ 2 matrix. hm
m =1 −1/ L m =1 1/ 2
 1
According to the geometric deformation relationship relationship  incorporating the  Bauschinger effect
H 1 (Kutay et al., 2006) are adopted  to determine the
 3 1/ Lsynthesis H decomposition,
3
J can be  −1/ L
K c 2 ' =
and the force and L/2 H /2

12 ∫A 12 ∫−1L / 2 ∫− H / 2
1/ 2
B T
DBdA = 1/ 2 B T
DBdydx
1/ 2 (52) stiffness of  the 1/ 2
vertical spring.  The well-accepted
derived   as 
  1/ L 1/ L −1/ L  −1/ L 
1 1 1/ 2 1/ 2  
 1  
 
1/ 2 1 1/ L − 1/ 1/ 2
L  
  1/ L 1 1/ 2 1/ −21/ L 
J =   1 1  
 1 1/ L − 1/ L  
  1 1/ 2 1 1/ 2  

 1 1/ L −1/ L


 1 1   (53)
J =   1 1  
 1 1  
 1 1 
 1 
J =  1 1 1


J =  1  (53)

 1 1 1   (53)
 1  
 1
1 1 
  1 1   (53)  (53)
 
 1 1 1 
 k
 1 
 − kG  1 1 
 G  1
 kG − kG 1  
K z 3 '=   (54)  1

 − k k  1 1 
  −kG
G G
 1  1 
kG  1
  
  1 1
 1 
The equilibrium
kG − kG  of the horizontal rigid
equation modified compression field theory
1
 is used to determine
  kG k  − kG  the stiffness of the horizontal spring.
beam can be expressed
− k as follows:

K z3 ' =  G G 
kkGG − kG (54) 
 − kG
 
K z 3 '=  kG  − kG  (54) 4. Case Study
 G
− k − kG kkG   The static loading test on one rectangular RC core
 kG
G
− kG
 
K z 3 '=  −kG kG  (54) (54) wall carried out by Xu (2013) was adopted here to
 − kG kG  verify the numerical model that was developed in this
  study. The dimensions and steel reinforcement details
 − kG kG 
are shown in Fig.6.
where kG is the axial stiffness of the rigid beam.

570 JAABE vol.15 no.3 September 2016 Huanjun Jiang


(a) Cross-section steel reinforcement
(a) Cross-section steel reinforcement
(b) Dimensions (unit: mm)
(b) Dimensions (unit: mm)
Fig. 6. Dimensions and steel reinforcement details of the tested RC core wall.
Fig.6. Dimensions and Steel Reinforcement Details of the
Tested RC Core Wall
The specimen is modeled by eight wall panels
including four x-axis wall panels and four z-axis wall
panels. Each wall panel is divided into eight wall
elements along the vertical direction. The height of the
lowest two wall elements is 235 mm, and the height of
the other elements is 470 mm, as shown in Fig.7.
Two types of coupling beam stiffness with a different
definition of rotation DOF at the beam-wall joint
were used to simulate the responses of the specimen.
The comparison of the predicted lateral force-top
displacement curve that was obtained by two types of
coupling beam stiffness with test curves is shown in
Fig.8.
JAABE vol.15 no.3 September 2016 Huanjun Jiang
Fig. 7. Wall element partition of specimen
Fig.7. Wall Element Partition of Specimen
Fig. 8. Comparison of skeleton curves with different deformation compatibility patterns
Fig.8. Comparison of Skeleton Curves with Different
Deformation Compatibility Patterns
From Fig.8., it can be found that the predicted
curve obtained by using the vertical deformation
compatibility is much closer to the test curve.
5. Conclusions
A modified macro numerical model for coupled
RC shear/core walls is proposed in this study. In this
model, a three-dimensional multi-vertical-line- element
model with distributed shear spring and out-of-plane
freedom is adopted to simulate the wall unit, and a one-
dimensional line element with rotation DOF defined
on the basis of vertical deformation compatibility is
adopted to simulate the coupling beam. Compared
with the wall models proposed in the literature, the
analytic model proposed in this study is more accurate
for considering the shear deformation of the wall
element, and the out-of-plane stiffness of the shear
wall is also considered. Compared with the analytic
models proposed by previous researchers for coupling
beams, the proposed model is more accurate when
considering the deformation compatibility between the
beam and the wall model and is more in line with the
actual situation. The accuracy of this model is verified
by the case study. It is found that the predicted result
571
from the model with vertical deformation compatibility
is more accurate than that from the model with
horizontal deformation compatibility. The macro model
developed in this study has advantages of reduced
computation effort and high precision. It is appropriate
for engineering application.

Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful for support from the
Ministry of Science and Technology of China through
Grant No. SLDRCE14-B-2 and the National Natural
Science Foundation of China through Grant No.
51478354.

References
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Study on a seismic slit shear wall with cyclic experiment and
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International Journal, 16 (4), pp.371-390.
2) Kutay, O., Leonardo, M., and John, W. (2006) Analytical modeling
of reinforced concrete walls for predicting flexural and coupled-
shear-flexural responses. Los Angeles: PEER.
3) Kwan, A. K. H. (1992) Rotational DOF in the frame method
analysis of coupled shear/core wall structures. Computers and
Structures, 44 (5): 989-1005.
4) Linde, P., and Bachmann, H. (1994) Dynamic modeling and
design of earthquake-resistance walls. Earthquake Engineering
and Structural Dynamics, 23 (12), pp.1331-1350.
5) Shiral, N., Sato T. (1981) Inelastic analysis of reinforced concrete
shear wall structures-material modeling of reinforced concrete.
Delft: IABSE Colloquium, pp.197-210.
6) Volcano, A., Bertero, V. V., and Colotti, V. (1988) Analytical
modeling of R/C structural walls. Proceedings of the 9th World
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7) Xu, Y. (2013) Experimental research on the performance
of concrete core wall under biaxially cyclic loadings. Phd.
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572 JAABE vol.15 no.3 September 2016 Huanjun Jiang