a.

 Explain the 5 different types of waste and identify from what particular department it usually
came from. cite some examples.

Liquid waste

The first type of waste is Liquid Waste. Liquid waste is prevalent in both homes and businesses.
Dirty water, renewable liquids, wash water, waste detergents, and even rainwater are all included
in this waste. There are two types of liquid waste: point source and non-point source. Point
source waste refers to all processed liquid waste. Natural liquid waste, on the other hand, is
known as non-point source waste.

Liquid waste can come from different departments of a hospitality establishments such as

 Hotel Pools
 Restaurants/ Kitchen
 Restrooms
 Laundry Room
 Housekeeping activities

Solid waste

Solid waste is characterized as the unnecessary and unwanted solid products resulting
from society's activities and discarded by society. It is produced as a by-product of
manufacturing processes or as a result of objects or materials being discarded after
use in the domestic or commercial sectors. There are different kinds of solid waste
such as:

* Plastic waste- This includes bags, containers, jars, bottles, and a variety of other items
that is made of a synthetic material made from a variety of organic polymers including
polyethylene, PVC, nylon, and other similar materials. Plastic is not biodegradable, but it
can be recycled in several forms. Plastic should not be thrown away like the rest of your
trash; instead, it should be separated and put in your recycling bin since this kind of
materials takes hundred of years to dissolve from our environment.

Where can it be found in the hospitality Industry:

- Toiletries form guest rooms

- Plastic waste (ingredients and products) coming from the kitchen or restaurants
- Plastic waste coming from the products used in houskeeping

Paper Waste- Packaging materials, newspapers, cardboards, and other items fall under
this category. These materials are simple to recycle and can also be recycled into paper.

Where can it be found in the hospitality Industry:

 - Brochures, pamphlets, magazines being offered at the lobby
- Published Materials (newspaper, brochures, magazines) being brough to guest
room
- Boxes coming from the inventory of kitchen/restaurants
- Boxes being used for logistics in the housekeeping
- Paper materials being used for inventory

Tins and Metals- This can be found in a variety of places around your household and
around industrial environment. The majority of metals can be recycled and this could
also be brought to a junkshop or scrapyard.

Where can it be found in the hospitality Industry:

- Tin cans used in the kitchen

- Metals used by the engineering department

Ceramics and glass- These objects are very easy to recycle. To properly dispose of
them, look for special glass recycling bins and bottle banks. This can be turned into art
projects or reconstructed.

Where can it be found in the hospitality Industry:

- Broken/ unused ceramics and glass used in the housekeeping department, in the
lobby, guest rooms, and restaurants.

Organic Waste

Organic waste is any biodegradable substance that comes from a plant or an animal.
Organic waste that degrades into carbon dioxide, methane, or simple organic molecules
is known as biodegradable waste. Green waste, food waste, food-soiled paper, non-
hazardous wood waste, green waste, and landscape and pruning waste are all examples
of organic waste.

Another common household waste and can also be found in establishments waste is
organic waste. Organic waste includes both food waste, garden waste, manure, and
rotting meat. Microorganisms convert organic waste into manure over time. This does
not, however, imply that you can dispose of them anywhere.

As organic waste is deposited in landfills, it undergoes anaerobic decomposition and

releases methane due to a lack of oxygen. Methane is 20 times more active as a
greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide when released into the atmosphere. Recycling
organics eliminates greenhouse gas emissions while also conserving natural resources.

Where can it be found in the hospitality industry:

- Post-consumer waste, naturally, is any rubbish left once the customer has
consumed the meal.
- Unused/ past expiry date ingredients used in the kitchen
- Sewage

Recyclable Rubbish

All waste that can be turned into products that can be utilized again is classified
as recyclable waste. Paper, metals, furniture, and food waste are all solid products that
can be recycled. Place these things in your own recycling bin rather than tossing them
away with normal trash, which ends up in landfills. Look at the package or the diagrams
on the lid of your yellow recycling bin if you're not sure if anything is recyclable. The
majority of items’ packaging will state whether or not they are recyclable.

Where can it be found in the hospitality industry:

- Packaging materials of supplies (kitchen and housekeeping)

Hazardous Waste

Hazardous waste is described as waste that has characteristics that make it hazardous
or capable of harming human health or the environment. Hazardous waste refers to any
trash that is flammable, acidic, corrosive, or reactive.

Hazardous waste comes in a variety of physical types, such as solids, liquids, and
gases. These products are hazardous to both you and the community and must be
properly disposed of.

Dangerous wastes can be generated in a variety of ways. Manufacturing techniques,

waste contaminants such as unused commercial goods (e.g., pesticides and cleaning
fluids), and recycled materials are all factors to consider.

Where can it be found in the hospitality industry:

- solvents used in paint and floor finishes

- the chemicals used in some cleaning products

 - batteries that contain heavy metals such as mercury

b. Cite at least 6 waste management practices implemented by most hotels in the Philippines.

The following waste management practices are implemented by hotels around Puerto Princesa City,
Palawan, Philippines:

Solid Waste Management Practices

1. “Implement a hotel-wide recovery and recycling program of fiber, cardboard, mixed paper,
newspapers, and office paper”
- This waste management practice aims to recycle the used papers coming from different
departments inside the hotel and utilize it again as paper and other products that will reduce
the miscellaneous expenses of the hotel.
2. “Designate a space to store all recyclables including plastic (MRF)”
- Because of this waste management practice, its easier for the housekeeping staff to separate
and segregate the gathered waste to different categories for easier collecting. A designated
space with segregated sections helps the recyclable materials to not be destroyed so the waste
management efforts would not go to waste.
3. “Use refillable containers for sugar, salt and pepper, and any other condiments used.”
- In Puerto Prinsesa, more and more hotels are turning to refillable condiment
containers/packets. Hotels are making an attempt to avoid those that have been individually
wrapped. A significant amount of solid waste is eliminated as a result of this.

Water Conservation Practices

1. “Install water-saving devices in appropriate places (flow regulators, water flow sensors, self-
closing taps, low-flush toilets, etc.)”
- This may cost the establishment a little bit chunk of money to invest in these kinds of
equipment, but it will save the hotel in expenses in the long run. Suppose the guests also learn
that the equipment installed in the rooms that they are patronizing. In that case, it will become
a key advantage to your hotel because more guests are becoming more aware of the
environmental conditions and choose hotels that help conserve the environment.
2. “Sort laundry according to the degree of soiling, so that only the dirtiest items are washed
intensively”
- This practice helps the hotel conserve water resources and limit the amount of unnecessary
water consumption.

Energy Utilization

1. Use automatic cardkeys to open lights and other utilities so that when they leave, rooms do not
use additional energy”.
 - Hotels in Puerto Prinsesa have spent money installing card key operated lights and other
services because they know it is one of the most efficient ways to cut their electric bill. This
activity decreases the amount of carbon dioxide released by electric appliances in guest rooms.

2. “Remind guests to turn off the television when no one is watching a program or show”
- Some hotels in Puerto Prinsesa also have signs encouraging guests to switch off electric
appliances before leaving the room. Furthermore, all housekeeping staff are aware that it is
against hotel policy to watch television when doing room make-up or cleaning the check-out
room.

c. What do you think will happen in 2025 when it comes to water usage and quality here in the
Philippines?

If the water usage and quality improvement is not acted upon immediately by the
concerned parties, it will worsen by the year 2025. This is because Philippines is greatly affected
by global warming that enables a more intense effect of the El Nino Phenomenon resulting to the
increased temperature around the country. This can phenomenon can dry up the water resources
around the country. There can be a scarcity in water usage. Water quality in the Philippines has
deteriorated over time, especially in densely populated areas and areas with industrial and
agricultural activity. As a result of these developments, it is becoming increasingly difficult for
urban populations to obtain adequate clean and safe water for daily use. Right now, there are
already places wherein there’s inadequate or inaccessible water resources so what more could
happen in the next 4 years.

When water is inadequate, people are often forced to rely on potentially unsafe drinking water
sources. They may also be lacking in basic hygiene, such as the ability to wash themselves and
their clothing and the ability to avoid infection from foodborne and waterborne diseases. Owing to
a lack of water, low or negative water pressure in pipes may attract pollutants, putting water
quality at risk until the supply is restored. Furthermore, people are forced to store more water due
to a restricted supply. If not appropriately treated, mosquitoes will breed more quickly, increasing
the number of mosquito-borne diseases like dengue fever.

d. How big does it affect the reduction of carbon footprint?

The average US citizen has a carbon footprint of around 36,000 pounds a year – one of
the highest figures in the world. Through the reduction carbon footprint, these numbers could
be reduced but Even the best consumption reduction programs cannot completely eliminate carbon
emissions. By the year 2100, reducing the flow and emission of greenhouse gases (including
carbon emissions and carbon footprint) that cause global warming could avoid up to 3 million
premature deaths. Without a concerted effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the world
will not only face elevated levels of destruction, but will also be forced to deal with an entirely
new set of problems, entering the realm of climate disasters and constant threat to public
safety.
Air Quality

Organizations warns that air quality will deteriorate as temperatures rise and emissions
increase in volume and density. With the deterioration of air quality comes a reduction in the
accessibility of open spaces, as well as disruption to clean land and water, and we will face
unprecedented challenges in maintaining our personal and professional routines. Air quality will
improve as greenhouse gas emissions are reduced, resulting in an overall improvement in the
health of our entire world – from our bodies of water to our own internal bodily systems.

Clearer Skies and Cleaner Air

While COVID-19 may have brought many of our cities to a standstill – it also gave us a glimpse
of just how clean our air could be in a pollution-free world.
With restricted business activity and fewer cars on the road, air pollution dropped significantly
in areas all around the country. Researchers at Columbia University found that at the peak of
the lockdown, carbon monoxide levels in New York City were 50% below average – and traffic
was flowing 35% faster than normal.
“We’ve never seen anything like the drop we saw starting last Friday [March 13]. We often see dips
during weekends or over holidays, but this is completely different.” – Roisin Commane, Assistant
Professor, Columbia University
Studies have found that as many as 100,000 Americans die every year from conditions linked to
air pollution – caused by factors such as vehicle exhausts, power stations, factories, and
even methane emissions from local farmland.
Reducing our carbon emissions helps to reverse the impacts of global warming – but it also
improves the lives of people in cities all over the world.

A Healthier and More Reliable Water Supply

Global warming has far-reaching consequences that go far beyond the quality of our climate.
We're learning more and more about how our greenhouse gas emissions impact the availability
– and purity – of our water as more studies come out. Toxic algae blooms are becoming more
frequent and severe as a result of climate change, making wastewater treatment more difficult
and posing a major risk to waterways and human health. Greenhouse gas emissions also
increase air temperatures, which can affect the oxygen content in rainwater and lead to
reduced rainfall.

Since our fragile ecosystems are all interconnected, our activities in one region often have a
direct effect on many others. We can also improve the quality of our water by taking action to
reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, such as converting to renewable energies or using
public transportation instead of individual vehicles.

Slowed Climate Change

Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the overall slowed climate change and environmentally
friendly practices that will be adopted are the most impactful aspects of greenhouse gas emission
reduction. Droughts, sea level rise, extreme weather events like forest fires, and all the
catastrophic consequences of these events on mankind and our growth in any way are all caused
by climate change. With this in mind, reducing GHG emissions is the most important step toward
creating a cleaner, greener, stronger, and healthier world.

- when you don’t recycle, you waste the energy that is used making and transporting new
items. Recycling and reusing allows less energy to go into the process of creating new items.
This means fewer fossil fuels are being used. In addition, Carbon Footprint points out that
when you recycle, your garbage takes up less room in landfills. Thus, by not recycling, you
increase your greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change.
-

e. Discuss the impacts of the hospitality industry in terms of socio-cultural, economic, and
environmental aspects.

How to ensure good impact of hospitality and tourism industry in socio-cultural, economic, and
environmental aspects
1) Make optimal use of environmental resources that constitute a key element in
tourism development, maintaining essential ecological processes and helping to
conserve natural heritage and biodiversity.

2) Respect the socio-cultural authenticity of host communities, conserve their

built and living cultural heritage and traditional values, and contribute to inter-
cultural understanding and tolerance.

3) Ensure viable, long-term economic operations, providing socio-economic

benefits to all stakeholders that are fairly distributed including stable employment
and income-earning opportunities and social services to host communities, and
contributing to poverty alleviation.

It seems that the environmental impacts are negative, the economic effects
positive, and the social impacts a combination of both. However, it is also
important to recognize that there are clear links between the three aspects of
tourism – the environmental, economic, and social dimensions – and these are
belowThree dimensions of sustainable tourism are:

 Environmental
 Economic
 Social

Environmental Dimension
Many people associate sustainability with the environment, especially the natural,
physical environment, and its preservation. The world, however, encompasses
much more than the natural landscape.

Environmental Impacts

Positive Impact:
The overall beautification of the surroundings has been given special attention in order to draw
more tourism; frequent tree planting and landscaping are undertaken to improve aesthetics.
Massive investments are being made in areas such as seating areas, shade, proper sanitation,
drinking water, and so on. To draw more visitors, more focus is placed on the preservation of
landmarks and heritage buildings.
Negative Impact:
Any creation necessitates some kind of interference with nature. Nature suffers as a result of
overdevelopment. There is a chance that the natural flora and fauna will be harmed. Local
residents have been forced to relocate due to a lack of coastal growth. With more people in the
region, more natural resources will be needed, resulting in natural resource depletion. Waste
disposal issues arise, and if they are not addressed properly, the situation can deteriorate.
Pollution in the area increases as a result of increased foot traffic, increased transportation,
increased noise, and inappropriate Tourism puts a huge strain on local land use, causing soil
degradation, pollution, habitat destruction, and increased pressure on endangered species. These
results have the potential to deplete the natural resources that tourism relies on. Congestion can
deteriorate tourism-related infrastructure, facilities, and local flora and fauna, as well as exceed
the ability of support services, such as transportation infrastructure, water, and waste
management, to cope with demand (e.g. plastic, food, solid waste, water). Overcrowding can
cause damage to resources such as natural and historical sites that are vulnerable to visitors.
Increased air, light, and noise pollution, as well as greenhouse gas emissions, are all possible
consequences of transporting visitors and supplies to/from/around destinations.

Economic Dimension
- Tourism and hospitality industry impacts the economic aspects because it’s a major industry
that affects the economy of a certain country and a foreign currency earner which helps
improve the said economy. For most countries, the hospitality industry contributed a significant
proportion of GDP of a country.
- Tourists contribute to a community's sales, incomes, employment, tax revenue, and
income. Tourism has an impact on almost every field of the economy due to its indirect
effects. The specific emphasis of a tourism impact study is on changes in revenue, profits,
and jobs in an area resulting from tourism activity.
- Tourism offers the economic stimulus needed to diversify jobs and income opportunities
while also developing community capital. Both residents and visitors will benefit from
improvements in facilities and services. , The tourism and hospitality industry has
contributed to economic development because of industrialization, education, advanced
technologies, a more significant number of skilled professionals, the opening up of
international markets, and better advertisement and strategic marketing to a global range
-
- The factors mentioned above all work together to improve the region's economic reserves,
resulting in increased wages and more disposable income. Tourism can also support
regional and local economies by bringing capital into urban and rural areas, stimulating
new business ventures and expanding markets, and promoting a more positive picture of
the destination.
Negative Impacts of Hospitality Industry to the Economic aspect
There are many economic benefits of tourism as well as costs. Economic costs
of the tourism are following as:

 Many jobs are low paid and seasonal- Seasonality may also trigger job
pressures in other industries during peak times.
 Opportunity costs.
 Congestion- Many people are immigrating to a place when it
become a tourist destination making the population of the
destination congested.
 The need to invest in expensive infrastructure which may only be
required for part of the year- not all tourism infrastructure are being
utilized for the better part of the year
 Over-dependence on tourism makes the host economy
vulnerable- estinations with high levels of seasonality are especially
vulnerable and exposed to economic stress during off-peak times,
while unpredictable events or shocks (e.g. weather, disease
outbreaks, or terrorist events) can also disproportionately impact
tourism-dependent destinations.

Social Dimension
In discussions about sustainable tourism, the social dimension of tourism has
received less consideration than the environmental impacts of tourism. This is
due to the fact that tourism's socio-cultural effects are typically gradual and
unspectacular. They're still mostly intangible and unseen.

SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACT

Positive Impact:
To improve tourism, a lot of money is put into preserving the local heritage, improving
infrastructure, and providing better local facilities, which leads to better education, better leisure
facilities, more social activities, and a better lifestyle for the locals. They engage with visitors
and mix with people from various backgrounds, contributing to the region's cosmopolitan
community. People do not feel the need to move to other cities to earn a living because of the
demand for better services, which has resulted in a variety of job opportunities within the
cityFurthermore, tourism creates job opportunities, boosts the regional economy, and generates
revenue for local governments. Tourists also use public services, which generates funding for
public services such as health, police, and fire, as well as increasing demand for public
transportation. Other public facilities, such as parks and benches, are also well maintained by the
community for tourists, contributing to the overall aesthetics of the host community. Tourism
promotes intercultural interaction on a more personal level. Tourists frequently interact with and
learn from locals.

Negative Impact:
Because of the heavy traffic in the area, the infrastructure might not be able to cope with the
increased demand, resulting in overcrowding and poor sanitation, which could lead to diseases
among both tourists and locals. The presence of outsiders in the area has the potential to disrupt
the local community and cause discontent among the residents. The demonstration effect may
cause locals to imitate tourist lifestyles, resulting in the extinction of native customs and
traditions. Some people may engage in illegal activities in order to make quick money from
visitors, leading to an increase in crime and anti-social behavior, as well as a loss of moral and
religious values. . Irritation as a result of tourist behavior. Tourists also disregard local traditions
and moral standards due to ignorance or carelessness.

Other consequences of increased visitor flows include a lack of authenticity and cultural
identity/heritage, such as an increase in visitor-oriented hospitality, cultural, and retail services,
which compete with and dispplace resident-oriented services and facilities. Furthermore, the
process of adjusting and making adjustments to meet the needs, attitudes, and values of visitors
can result in changes to events, activities, or cultural sites, as well as the loss or weakening of
cultural practices and values.

f.  How may eco-design or eco-hotel help other people, the environment, and the hotel itself?

Other People

 One of the advantages of a green establishment is Insulating well and ventilating

appropriately with natural elements. Another alternative is green roofs, which are roofs
that are covered in plants and trees. These environmentally friendly roofs aid in storm
water management, air quality improvement, temperature reduction, and building
insulation. All three of these options not only benefit your company, but also the area and
community in which your hotel is located. This makes the guests coming into the
establishment refreshing and closer to nature.
 Using energy-efficient and water-saving appliances, fixtures and technologies. When
guests knew that the establishment they are patronizing is using has equipment and
facilities, they will be more loyal to your establishment.

Environment

 An eco-hotel has made significant environmental improvements to its structure in order to

reduce its impact on the natural environment. Examples of these are using sun and site to
the building's advantage for natural heating, cooling, and daylighting. In addition to these
are the use renewable energy through solar powered equipment which lessens the carbon
footprint being generated by the establishment. Another example is Incorporating
 durable, salvaged, recycled, and sustainably harvested materials which saves
miscellaneous expenses for the hotel.

Hotel

 One of the aims of a green hotel is to create an establishment with building quality, durable
structures that will eventually profit the hotel in the long-run because they don’t have to spend
much on renovations while helping the environment.
 Trying to be more environmentally friendly by conserving resources, water, and materials will
help to minimize some of this waste while still saving money for your business. Green hotels
have seen improved profits as well as lower costs and liabilities. You can improve your
company's image, brand, and market value, as well as reap several other intangible benefits, by
choosing to be a leader in sustainability.
 Recycling and composting solid waste materials will save companies a lot of money. Hotels
generate a significant amount of paper, aluminum, and plastics, all of which can be recycled at a
reduced cost. Staff and guests would be more likely to recycle if recycling bins are placed next to
trashcans in your hotel. Food accounts for a significant portion of the solid waste produced in
hotels. Spoiled food and discarded food scraps can be composted and used in the hotel's
gardens to improve the soil.