Haramaya Univrsity

HU IOT Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
HARAMAYA UNIVRSITY
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Stream: Electrical power Focus area
Semester project report on:
GSM based low voltage transmission line fault detection
By: Name ID NO
1. ADAME ATOMSSA…………………………………………0114/05
2. BELAYNEH ALEMNEH……………………………………0311/05
3. DEJENE DESTA……………………………………………..0474/05
4. GETACHEW FANTA………………………………………..0712/05
Advisor’s Name Balaji R.G

Date of submission: 22-JUNE-2016
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List of contents
List of figures…………………………………………………………………………
List of tables…………………………………………………….……………………
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………
Abbreviation and Acronyms…………………………………………………………
Chapter One…………………………………………………………………
Introduction…………………………………………….…………………………….
1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………...
1.2 Problem Statement…………………………………………………………...
1.3 Objective……………………………………………………………………..
1.4 Motivation…………………………………………………………………….
1.5 Significance of the project…………………………………………………….
1.6 Scope of the project…………………………………………………………..
Chapter Two………………………………………………………………….
Theoretical Background and review of literature……………………………………
2.1 Overview of Fault Location Techniques…………………………………….
2.2 Overview of Impedance Based Fault Detection and Location………………
2.3 Thesis Overview …………………………………………………………….
2.4 Theoretical Review of Fault Types………………………………………….
2.4.1 Single line –to-ground fault………………………………………….
2.4.2 Single line –to-line fault……………………………………………..
2.4.3 Double line-to-ground fault………………………………………….
2.4.4 Three phase-to-ground fault…………………………………………
Chapter Three…………………………………………………………………
Methodology…………………………………………………………………………..
Chapter four……………………………………………………………………
Design and Simulation…………………………………………………………………
4.1 System design and Design Requirements…………………………………...
4.2 Specification of used components………………………………………….
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4.3 Circuit diagram connection of the system component………………………
4.4 proteus simulation and result for single phase line…………………………
Chapter Five…………………………………………………………………..
Conclusion and Recommendation……………………………………………………
5.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………….……
5.2 Recommendation………………………………………………………..…
References……………………………………………………………………………
Appendix………………………………………………………...……………………
Appendix: Arduino Code for current and voltage measurement……………………..
List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………
Figure 1.1: simple power system fault…………………………………………………
Figure 2.1: single line-to –ground fault at phase b………………………………………
Figure 2.2: single line-to-line fault at phase band phase c………………………………
Figure 2.3: Double line-to-ground fault at phase band phase c to ground………………
Figure 2.4: three phase-to-ground fault………………………………………………….
Figure 3.1: Interfacing of CT with Arduino……………………………………………..
Figure3.2: Block Diagram of GSM base low voltage Transmission line fault Detection and
Location………………………………………………………………..
Figure 3.3: flow chart of the system……………………………………………………..
Figure 4.1: SCT-013-000 CT……………………………………………………………
Figure 4.2: CT sensor circuit schematic……………………………………………….
Figure 4.3: circuit diagram of PT sensor………………………………………………
Figure 4.4: circuit connection of the component of the system in proteus…………….
Figure 4.5: Simulation result of the fault at 114m……………………………………..
List of Tables………………………………………………………………….……….
Table 1.1: summary of the values of voltage and current of shunt fault type……………
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Acknowledgement
First and foremost we would like to give special thanks and glory to the omnipotent,
omnipresent, and the omniscient Almighty God who is the wonderful source of our strength.
He gave us the grace, wisdom, good health and guided us in all the ways of our life,
We would like to acknowledge and extend our deepest gratitude to our Advisor, MR,
Balaji R.G His valuable and academically essential guidance, hints, motivation, ideas,
support and constructive comments were so much beneficial. His experienced and well-
rounded mentorship was indeed paramount .Throughout our project work, we have received
so much help from him and completing this project work would have been all the most
difficult were it not for his support…Also encouraging and advising us throughout the
duration of the project.
Finally, we would like to thank all our friends (too many to list here but you know who
you are!) whom we are respect and love dearly. Thank you for the constant encouragement
during this semester.
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Abstract
The main aim of this project is to develop SMS based transmission line fault location that
can increase the reliability of electric power to customers by minimizing the maintenance
time of the power outage due to the transmission line faults using an accurate fault location
method for low voltage overhead transmission lines depending on the available information
at the locator location. Transmission line fault is the most common fault; they may be
triggered by the lighting strokes fail of trees across the lines, and other mechanical means.
This fault must be addressed as soon as they occurred to assure continuity of electric power
supply. Thus, it is necessary to detect the faults as early as possible.
This project presents a fault detection and location technique for low voltage overhead
transmission line using one end impedance based fault detection and location on GSM based.
The GSM (Global system mobile communication) based transmission line fault detection is
designed to detect the low voltage transmission line for the EEP workers to easily recognize
the current condition of the transmission line through SMS texting.
The proposed system helps to detect the low voltage transmission line voltage
continuously and hence to guard the fault of transmission line due to constraints such as
unsymmetrical and symmetrical types of faults mainly short circuit faults. If any of this does
occur, then the EEP workers can easily detect the fault and maintenance will be done within a
short period of time. Therefore, the proposed system will provide the solution for the problem
complain of the society (customers) due to outage of power within a short period of time.
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Abbreviation and acronyms

A= area of the conductor
AAC= all aluminun conductor
AB= phase A to phase B fault
ABC=phase A to B to C fault
ABG=phase A to B to ground fault
AC =phase A to C fault
ACG= phase A to C to ground fault
BC= phase B to C to ground
BCG= phase B to C to ground
BC =phase B to C fault
BCG =phase B to C to G fault
BG =phase B to ground fault
CG= phase C to ground fault
D= distance
GSM =Global system mobile communication
L =inductance
LG=line to ground fault
LL= Line to Line fault
LLG=Double line to ground fault
LLLG =Three line to ground fault
M=metre
=millimetre square
SMS= short message service
Rac=alternating current resistance
Rdc=direct current resistance
R=resistance
X=reactance
ρ=resistivity
Ω=ohm
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Chapter One
Introduction
When the overhead line insulation of a system breaks down or a conducting object comes
in touch on live point, a short circuit or fault occurs. Faults can arise from a several varieties
of different factors like, Lightning, wire blowing together in the wind, Animals or plants in
contact with the wires. In practice low insulation strength is not regarded as a fault until it is
detectable, either very high current or lowest impedance between conductors, or between
conductors and earth.
There are two type of faults in a power system; symmetrical fault and UN symmetrical
fault. In a symmetrical fault the system is remaining balanced. While in symmetrical fault,
the system becomes unbalanced. Generally short circuit faults are categorized in to five
different types of faults:
1. LG faults-AG, BG, CG; the most common occurred fault.
2. LL faults- AG, AC, BC
3. LLLG faults-ABG, ACG, BCG
4. LLL faults-ABC
5. LLLG faults-ABCG
1 .Symmetric (Balanced) faults: it’s a fault involving all the three phases. In the balanced
fault, the system remains balanced. It’s very rare to occur and easy to analysis. Out of these
five the LLL and LLLG faults are symmetrical faults.
2. Asymmetrical (Unsymmetrical) fault: It is a fault involving one or two phases. The
majority of the faults are unsymmetrical, system is no longer balanced and it is very common
but difficult to analysis. The most occurring type of unsymmetrical fault is single line to
ground fault (SLG). This type of fault occurs when one conductor falls to ground or contacts
the neutral wire. It might be the result of falling trees due to high pressure of wind. The
second most occurring type of unsymmetrical faults is the line to line (LL) fault which is a
result of two conductors being short circuited. For example if a tree branch fall on the top of
the two of the power lines, LL fault will be occurred. Third type of unsymmetrical fault is the
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double line to ground fault which can be a result of a tree falling on two of the power line or
other causes. Fourth and least occurring type of fault is the balanced (symmetrical) three
phase fault, which can occur by a contact between the three power lines in many different
forms.
Fault Location
Fault location and distance estimation is very important issue in power system
engineering in order to clear fault quickly and restore power supply as soon as possible
with minimum interruption. This is necessary for reliable operation of power equipment
and satisfaction of customer. Many fault location techniques have been proposed in open
literature. Among these techniques, the impedance method fault detection to estimate
one-ended fault location method using GSM modem is proposed for this paper as shown
below. The approach is very attractive as doesn’t require communication both from
sending and receiving end to obtain the results.
Sending End Receiving End

L
Transformer Load
D
Fault
Figure 1.1 simple power systems with fault
Fault occurrence can be easily detected with abrupt increase in current of the line to high
current during fault. The voltage and current value changes abruptly during the fault and
phase imbalance also occurs. The method requires continuous inspection of the line voltage
and current values in each phase. The phase with abrupt increase in current denotes that the
phase is faulty. This paper proposes GSM based transmission line fault detection using line
impedance method fault detecting and locating method.
The fundamental component of voltage and current of each phase is continuously fed to
the current sensor and voltage sensor which gives the impedance value in each phase. When
fault occurs in the system, current gets abrupt increase due to short circuit path of
current. This change of value is detected and the faulty phases are identified with the help of
Arduino microcontroller. As the change in value is large and occurs only in those phases in
which fault occurs. For this purpose, 220V, 50Hz single phase low voltage transmission line
is simulated using Proteus. Short circuit faults with different locations are simulated.
Impedance based method works on the values of currents and voltages during the fault to
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estimate an apparent impedance (or reactance) that is directly associated to a distance to the
fault. The impedance drops from range of thousands to hundreds and current increases from
range of hundreds to thousands during fault condition depending on the fault resistance
and distance to fault. Performance of fault location methods for power distribution
systems has been compared. The analysed methods use only measurements of voltage and
current at the distribution transformer. The selected methods have been implemented, tested
and compared in a simulated network. The paper reports the results for several scenarios
defined by significant values of the fault location and impedance.
Finally, this work consists of six chapters, Chapter- one introduction, Chapter two
Theoretical Background and Review of Literature, Chapter-Three Methodology, and
chapter -Four Design and Simulation, Chapter-five Conclusion and Recommendation.
1.2 Problem Statement

A frequent power interruption in Ethiopia is the main problem. This is due transmission
line as well as distribution line faults. In overhead distribution line, there are different types
of fault occurrence due to manmade and environmental reasons. The location of these faults
has to be quickly identified and effective maintenance must undertake, unless the customer
like (residential, industries, governmental and non-governmental organizations) will suffer
power discontinuity which leads to customer dissatisfaction and unnecessary expenditure
of money to buy fuel and other energy options. This is why mostly Customers have
many complains for EEP workers through medias and service phones about the electric
power interruption. On the other side, the utility company will have to spend extra money
and manpower in order to find the location of the faulted area. So, more or less the
utility company will suffer customer compliance, unnecessary expenditure of time and money
in order to find the location of the fault. On the customer’s side, customers invest their
priceless time to announce the fault occurred in their location for the EEP workers. Hence, in
our country (Ethiopia), there is difficulty of detecting the faults in simplest way and shortest
time due to lack of advanced technology.
To overcome this problem, advanced technologies have to be applied in
transmission line and Distribution line faults detection. Thus, the proposed method of this
project will provide some solution. For the problem of the fault location detection which
shows how to implement fault location by using GSM based fault detection on impedance
method.
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1.3 Objective
The main objective of this project is to develop GSM based low voltage transmission line
faults detection. The overall objectives can be summarized in the following points;
 To study and analyse types of low voltage transmission line faults.
 To identify frequently occurred types of low voltage transmission line faults.
 To develop SMS texting system using GSM modem that shows the location.
 To implement the modelled system with prototype or hardware if possible (To design,
build and test a prototype fault location system in the laboratory).
 To draw the necessary recommendations and conclusions
1.4 Motivation
When a fault occurs in transmission line, unless it is severe it is not easy to identify. But
gradually this minor fault can lead to damage different infrastructures and can turn havoc to
human life. It may also initiate fire. Due to transmission line fault power interruption occurs
frequently. Consequently, home activities that use electric system, small enterprises and
even large industries(companies) will stop until the customers announce the fault for EEP
workers and maintenance takes place .Hence at Present day in Ethiopia, we do not have a
system in hand that would let us know in real time once a fault occurs. Matter of concern is
that since we do not have a real time system, this leads to damage the underlying equipment’s
connected and turns out to be a threat to human around. In order to avoid such incidents to
the maximum extent, maintenance or checking of the transmission lines are generally
carried out on a frequent basis. This leads to increased manpower requirement to search
whether there is a transmission line faults or not.
That is why we encourage to solve the problem using GSM (Global system mobile
with texting SMS) based low voltage transmission line fault detection. This system of
transmission line fault detection simplifies the difficulty of identifying whether the fault
is happening or not for a specific location. Hence, from the information we have,
customers were tired to inform them (for EEP workers) that the fault was happening in
their location and there is a time delay to solve the problem. To overcome these
problems, we are proposing a GSM based low voltage transmission line fault detection
system.
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Whenever the present threshold is crossed, the GSM communication system instantly
initiates a message to be sent to the area lineman and the control station stating the fault
happening on the low voltage transmission line. This helps to minimize the time delay
to maintenance and to minimize customers complain. Thus, we are motivated to develop a
GSM based low voltage transmission line fault detection system.
1.5. Significance of the project

This project is used to achieve goal of socio economic development through proper
management of Electricity. Since without electric power it is difficult to accelerate any
satisfied Work, it is mandatory to look at possible approaches which will help to minimize
electric power outage in the distribution networks. As the searching time of the faulty
transmission line location decreased, the maintenance time increase significantly. Therefore,
the reliability of the electric power increases which lead for the socio-economic development
of the country.
1.6. Scope of the project

This project is restricted only to indicate the location of the low voltage transmission
lines of the short circuit faults through SMS texting. Therefore, this project cannot address all
types of faults of the transmission line.
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Chapter Two
2. Theoretical Background and Review of Literature
2.1 Overview of Fault Location Techniques
The modern electric power system is a large and complex network that consists of
thousands of transmission and distribution lines. With a growing demand of electricity, this
number is increasing. Transmission and distribution lines experience faults that are caused by
severe weather, animals and equipment malfunction, etc. Most of the faults are temporary
and can be removed by devices like automatic reclose. Temporary faults do not affect
power supply permanently and generally require no human operations. Others are permanent
faults when maintenance crews are sent to the fault location to repair the damage and restore
the power supply. Since customers in today’s society are more sensitive to power outages,
the modern power system is required to be safer and more reliable. Therefore, an
estimation of fault location with reasonable accuracy can greatly help the engineers
identify the fault equipment and speed up the recovery of power supply. Nowadays, many
protective relays installed on the transmission and distribution lines are able to automatically
estimate the fault location of the protected line by processing certain signals. Based on the
signal used, fault location techniques are classified into three different categories [1]:
1. Techniques based on fundamental-frequency of voltages and currents

2. Techniques based on high-frequency travelling waves generated by faults
3. Artificial intelligence approaches
Fault location techniques using fundamental-frequency components, also known as
impedance based fault location methods; extract the fundamental-frequency components of
the voltage and current signals to calculate the impedance of the faulted line. The calculated
impedance is considered to be a measure of the distance to fault. An IEEE guide [2] listed
some notable definitions for fault location estimation in modern electric power system. Fault
location error is defined as the percentage error in fault location estimate based on the total
line length. Homogeneous line is a transmission line where impedance is distributed
uniformly on the whole length. These two definitions will be used many times in the
application of impedance-based fault location techniques. Impedance-based method is widely
used in modern power system because of easy implementation. It can be further classified
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into one or two-end depending on how many terminal voltages and currents are required [3].
One-end impedance-based method uses the voltage and current captured at one terminal of
the line. It is a straightforward method and requires simple communication channels.
Positive-sequence-reactance method calculated the apparent impedance seen by one terminal
based on the voltage and current measurements [2].
The fault distance calculated from the algorithm was compared with the actual fault distance
with reasonable accuracy. Two-end fault location method processes data from both terminals
of the line.
Therefore, it requires more investments on effective communication channels. Compared
with one-end method, two-end method provides fault location estimation more accurately. A
fault location approach for multi-terminal transmission lines was proposed by Tziouvaras et.
al.[10]. This method utilizes the magnitude of negative-sequence current and negative-
sequence source impedance from all the remote terminals. Pre-fault load flow, zero-sequence
mutual coupling, fault resistance, system non homogeneity and current in feeds from other
lines will not affect the accuracy of fault location estimation.
2.2 Overview of impedance based fault detection and location.

This technique can be classified into two categories.
1. Single-ended method and makes use of fundamental frequency Pharos data measured
at one terminal of a transmission line.
2. Multi terminal method and it utilizes data from more than one end of a transmission
line.
Impedance-based fault location methods use the voltages and currents at one or both ends
of a transmission line to determine where a fault has occurred or not. The impedance of the
transmission line per unit length is usually required in these calculations. Single-ended,
impedance based fault location methodology is attractive because it is simple, fast, and does
not require communications.
There are two single-ended fault location approaches:
• Simple Reactance
• Takagi-based
The simple reactance method works reasonably well for homogeneous systems when the
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fault does not involve major fault resistance and load current. Large errors are introduced to
the fault location estimate by remote end current feed, load impedance, power transmission
angle, and differing angles of line and power system source impedances. One of the major
problems with basic one-term impedance based fault location methods is that only use
measurements from one end of the transmission. This problem has been mitigated in several
different ways. One of the best-known of these ways is the Takagi method. This change the
calculation to include the difference between the current measured before the fault and the
current measured after the fault. This eliminates the fault impedance from the analysis, thus
removing this significant source of error. Two-ended impedance based fault locating methods
can improve the accuracy of single ended methods. It required knowledge of pre-fault load
flow information for phase form the fault location. The use of both sides of the transmission
line in calculation removes most of the problems associated with one-terminal impedance-
based fault location methods [4]. However, that short-duration fault are difficult to accurately
detect with any impedance based fault location methods since less data is available about the
voltages and currents and the data that is available is not necessarily in steady-state.
2.3 Thesis Overview

The purpose of this thesis is texting SMS to the EEP workers with the correct information
taken from the GSM modem interfaced with the Arduino to detect low voltage transmission
line short circuit faults using one end impedance-based fault location methods. This method
is very important in transmission line fault detection because of its simplicity and no need of
communication. The system takes the measured value of voltage and current and calculates
the impedance of the transmission line, then calculate the location of the transmission line
fault. The Arduino software initiates the GSM modem to text SMS to the EEP worker’s
phone number with the estimated transmission line fault location. As a result, maintenance of
the faulted transmission line can be performed in the shortest possible time which can
increase the reliability of electric power to the costumers.
2.4 Theoretical review of fault types

Short circuits occur in three-phase power systems as follows, in order of frequency
of occurrence: single line-to-ground, line-to-line, double line-to ground, and balanced three-
phase faults. The path of the fault current may have either zero impedance, which is
called a bolted short circuit, or nonzero impedance. Other types of faults include one-
conductor-open and two conductors-open, which can occur when conductors break or
when one or two phases of a circuit breaker inadvertently open. Although the three- 3
phase short circuit occurs the least. In this thesis we use a technique to identify fault types by
measuring voltages and currents of the two terminals and then we can identify what type of
fault occur from the resulting terminal voltages and currents. There are two types of faults in
power system; symmetrical fault and asymmetrical fault. In symmetrical fault, the system is
remaining balanced. While in asymmetrical fault, the systems become unbalanced.
These fault types are categorized into five different types of faults:
1. LG faults –AG, BG, CG; the most frequently occurred types of fault
2. LL faults –AB, AC, BC
3. LLG faults –ABG, ACG, BCG
4. LLL faults –ABC
5. LLLG faults –ABCG
2.4.1 Single line –to-ground fault

If one phase is in contact with the neutral or ground conductor, a one phase to ground
fault occurs.
In this type of fault, any one line makes connection with the ground
Figure 2.1: Single line –to- line fault at phase b and phase c
At sending end
Ia = 0, Ic = -Ib; Va, Vb, Vc remain at pre-fault value
At receiving end
Vb = Vc = Ia = Ib = Ic = 0; VXa remain at pre-fault value
2.4.3 Double line –to – ground fault

In this type of fault, two phases established the connection with the ground as shown
below. 3
Figure 2.2: Double line –to- ground fault at phase b and phase c to ground
At sending end at receiving end
Ia = 0 Va, Vb, Vc remain at pre-fault value Vb =Vc = Ia = Ib = Ic = 0 Va remain at pre-
fault value
2.4.4 Three phase –to- ground fault

If three phases are in contact with the neutral or ground conductor, a three phase to
ground fault occurs.
In this type of fault, three phases make connection with the ground as shown below. This
is severe fault.
Figure 2.3: Three phase to ground fault

Summary of terminal values of different fault types
Pfv-pre-fault value; > greater than
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Table 2.1: summary of the value of voltage and current of shunt fault type
Types Sending end values Receiving end values
of fault Voltages Currents voltages Currents
Va Vb Vc Ia Ib Ic Va Vb Vc Ia Ib Ic
Single pfv pfv pfv 0 >pfv 0 pfv 0 pfv 0 0 0
line –
to-
ground
Line pfv pfv pfv 0 >pfv -Ib pfv 0 0 0 0 0
–to-
line
Double pfv pfv pfv 0 >pfv >pfv pfv 0 0 0 0 0
line-
to-
ground
Three pfv pfv pfv >pfv >pfv >pfv 0 0 0 0 0 0
phase
to-
ground
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Chapter three
Methodology
In this project, we use GMS based impedance method low voltage transmission line fault
detection and location To locate the location of the transmission line fault, the voltage and
current values are measured using voltage sensor and current sensor by interfacing with
arduino software.Using the voltage sensor, the main voltage is measured at each instant and
fed to the arduino analog input. In order to that, it is first transformed down to a safe voltage,
and then divided farther before being applied to one of the analog of the arduino. The voltage
sensor output is nominally 9v for 220v input at the full load. Thus the voltage is farther
reduced by the potential divider formed by R1 AND R2 to get the desired input of the
arduino. And to ignore the negative component of the input to the arduino, we use an offset
capacitor. Hence the input range of the arduino is from 0v to 5v [9].
In the same way, the current sensor is used to measure the main current at each instant.
But to fed the measured to the arduino analog input , it must changed to voltage and reduced
to the desired input to the arduino. This voltage is measured by the analog input of the arduino
microcontroller [7].This can be achieved with the following circuit which consist of two main
parts:
1. The CT sensor and burden resistor
2. The biasing voltage divider (R1&R2)
Figure 3.1: Interfacing of CT with Arduino

The overall methodology of the project can be summarized as follows:
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General block diagram of the system
Supply Distribution
Transformer
Arduino Voltage Sensor

Current Sensor
Board and
Microcontro
ller
GSM
Antennae
GSM
Modem
SMS to GSM
Phone
Figure 3.2: Block diagram of GSM base low voltage transmission line fault detection and
location.
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Flow chart of the system methodology
Measure V and I
Continuously
Compare I Measured
with I normal
Is I >I normal Multiply

Transformation ratios
(Tr)
Normal operation
OR Power OFF
Calculate Z=V/I*Tr
Calculate
D=Z/Zper m
Execution SMS Texting to

the User Phone Number
Figure 3.3: flow chart of the system
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CHAPTER FOUR
Design and simulation
4.1 System Design and design Requirement
Low voltage transmission lines are modelled by means of lumped transmission line
parameters which are short line model. These parameters are:
 Resistance
 Capacitance
 Inductance
 Conductance
The combination of resistance and inductance forms an impedance of the transmission line
and they are connected in series. Then admittance of the transmission line is formed by the
combination of capacitance and conductance connected in parallel. In short line model, we
ignore the effect of admittance on transmission line.
For our design, we are concentrated on the resistance and inductance parameters of
transmission line. The resistance plays a significant role on modelling short transmission line.
Because of theR loss. The value of resistance of the transmission line depends on the
following factor s (especially for stranded conductors).
a) Spiralling
b) Temperature
c) Frequency (“ Skin effect”)
a) Spiralling
For stranded conductors, alternate layers of strands are spiraled in opposite directions to hold
the strands together. This spiralling makes the strands 1% or 2% longer than the actual
conductors length as results, the dc resistance of stranded conductor is increased by
1% or 2% [5].
b) Temperature
As the temperature increase, the effect of resistance will also increase. This is due to the
positive coefficient of the resistance of the conductors [5].
c) Skin effect
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But for our design ignored all of the above factors. Hence we use a stranded conductor type.
For our design we use AAC conductor with its property obtained from table 4.2 as follows.
Hence as the EEP worker told as, for low voltage transmission line AAC conductor is
preferable.
The resistivity of AAC at is 2.83*Ωm.
The impedance of the transmission line model for our design is calculated as follows.
Z = R + j X; where R is the resistance of the transmission line
X is the inductance of transmission line
Hence we ignore the skin effect due to the conductor is stranded, we can approximate
Rac =Rdc.
Rac= Rdc=; Where
ρ is resistivity of the conductor in Ωm
A is the cross-sectional area of the conductor in
L is the length of the conductor in m
The length of the conductor for our design is 500m. Thus, the resistance will be
Rac= Rdc= = 5.66* = 0.283Ω
The conductance of the transmission line is entirely depend on GMR and GMD in which
GRM stands for the geometric mean radius and GMD stands for geometric mean distance
between bundle conductors.
For our design we take the following assumptions.
1. GMD is approximately equal to the distance between conductors .Because if the
distance between conductors is large compared to the distance between sub conductors
of each conductor, then GMDD as shown below.
2. GMR is mostly found from manufacturer’s data sheet
3. . . But for our design we use the following formula to find GMR:
GMR=2.1767r; where r is the radius of the conductor for equidistance three phase
conductor as shown below [5]
1
6 2
7
5 3
4
===2r
=4r
==
3
GMR=
=r
=2.1767r
We find the radius of the conductor, r, from the data we obtained from EEP office
data as follows:
A =50 for 7 stranded conductor of AAC conductor. The single unit of the strand
conductor is found by dividing the whole area of the strand by the number of the
strand units as follows:
Unit area= strand area/number of units=50/7=7.1428=2
The radius will be, r=1.078mm
The GMR=2.1767r=2.1767*1.078mm=3.282mm.
The reactance of the transmission line, XL, can be calculated as:XL=2πfL;
Where f is the frequency in HZ .
L is the inductance of the transmission line in H/m
L=2*; GMD=50cm=0.5m.
GMR=3.282mm=3.282*
L phase=1.oo522*H/m.
XL=2π*50*1.00522*=3.158*
Therefore, the impedance=Z=R+jXL= (5.66+j3.158)*.
4.2 Specifications of used component

The main components that are used in this thesis are current transformer, potential
transformer; GSM modem and Arduino boared
1) Current transformer as current sensor
Figure 4.1: SCT-013-000 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Current transformers (CTS) are sensors used to measure alternating current. The split core
3
type is particularly suitable for monitoring use as it can be clipped straight on to either of the
live or neutral wires coming out of a transformer without having to do any high voltage
electrical work.
Specifications
 Input current : 0100A AC
 Output mode: 0-50mA
 Non-linear: 3%
 Turn ratio: 100A:0.05A
 Resistance Grade :Grade B
 Work temperature:-25 70
 Dielectric strength(between shell and output):100v AC/1min 5mA
 Leading wire in length :1m
 Open size: 13mm*13mm
 Turns ratio: 2000:1
A current output CT needs to be used in conjunction with a burden resistor. a burden
resistor completes (closes) the CT secondary circuit .the burden value is chosen such that it
provides a voltage proportional to the secondary current.
Figure 4.2: CT Sensor Circuit Schematic
Voltage sensing circuit

This measurement can be made safely (requiring no high voltage work) by using an AC
to AC transformer. The transformer provides the isolation between the high and low AC
voltage. The output signal from the transformer is a near sinusoidal wave form .for a 12v
(RMS) transformer the positive signal peak should occur at +16.97v and the negative signal
peak should occur at -16.97v. The voltage output of the transformer is proportional to the AC
input voltage. The signal conditioning electronics needs to convert the output of the 3
transformer to a waveform that has a positive peak that's less than 5V and a negative peak that
is less than 0V and so we need to scale down the waveform and add an offset so that there is
no negative component. The waveform can be scaled down using a voltage divider connected
across the transformer terminals and the offset (bias) can be added using a voltage source
created by another voltage divider connected across the arduino's supply.
Figure 4.3: Circuit diagram of PT sensor

Resistors R2 and R1 form the voltage divider that scales down the power adapter
AC voltage and resistors R3 and R4 provide the voltage bias. Capacitor C1 provides a low
impedance path to ground for the AC signal. For an AC-AC transformer with an AC 15.9V
RMS output a resistor combination of 10k for R1 and 100k for R2 would give a suitable
output:
Peak-v-output=R1/(R1+R2)*peak-voltage-input=10k(10k+100k)*16.97v=1.54v
The voltage bias provided by R3 and R4 should be half of the Arduino supply voltage and so
R3 and R4 need to be equal. Higher resistance lowers energy consumption. If the Arduino is
running at 5V the resultant waveform of the circuit has a positive peak of 2.5+ 1.54= 4.04 and
negative peak of 0.96V satisfying the Arduino analog input voltage requirements and leaving
plenty of room so that there is no risk of over or under voltage. 3
R1=10K R3=10K
R2=100K R4=10K
4.3. Circuit diagram connection of the system component

UL3 UL2 UL1
URCLINE URCLINE URCLINE
+88.8 +88.8
AC Amps AC Amps
TR1 R1
5K
V1
VSINE
+88.8
AC Volts
RXD LS2
TXD
TRAN-2P2S
RTS
SPEAKER
CTS
DUINO1 LCD1
LM016L
R7(1)
microcontrolandos.blogspot.com
R5
100K
TR3 AREF
VDD
VSS
VEE
13
RW
RS
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
PB5/SCK
E
12
PB4/MISO
RESET 11
~PB3/MOSI/OC2A
R6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
10
~ PB2/SS/OC1B
10K R7 ~ PB1/OC1A
9
10K 8
PB0/ICP1/CLKO
ATMEGA328P-PU
1121
DIGITAL (~PWM)
7
ANALOG IN
PD7/AIN1
6
A0 ~ PD6/AIN0
PC0/ADC0 5
A1 ~ PD5/T1
TRAN-2P2S PC1/ADC1 4
A2 PD4/T0/XCK
R8 A3
PC2/ADC2
~ PD3/INT1
3
C1 10K A4
PC3/ADC3
PD2/INT0
2
10uF PC4/ADC4/SDA 1
A5 TX PD1/TXD
PC5/ADC5/SCL 0
RX PD0/RXD
R3(1)
ARDUINO UNO R3
TR2
P1
1
DCD
R2 R3 6
DSR
I1 33K 10K 2
RXD
ISINE 7
RTS
3
TXD
8
CTS
4
DTR
R4 9
RI
TRAN-2P2S C2 10K
10uF
ERROR
COMPIM
Figure 4.4: circuit connection of the component of the system in Proteus
This system uses the value of voltage and current from the voltage sensor and current
sensor as an input for the Arduino .So that, according to the value of the input the Arduino
will analyse the data and it will show the state of the line weather it is faulty or not and at
which location the fault occurred by initiating the GSM modem to send SMS texting. The
Arduino has two inputs, one of them from voltage sensor and the other is from current
sensor. The voltage transformer is connected at the secondary side of the distribution
transformer and measure the voltage at every instant and the current
sensor is connected in the primary side of the distribution transformer and will measure
the current value at every instant.
4.4 Proteus simulation and result for single phase line

3
UL3 UL2 UL1
nan nan
AC Amps AC Amps
TR1 R1
5K
V1
VSINE
nan
AC Volts
RXD LS2
TXD
TRAN-2P2S
RTS
SPEAKER
CTS
DUINO1 LCD1
LM016L
R7(1)
R5
100K
TR3 AREF
VDD
VSS
VEE
13
RW
RS
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
PB5/SCK
E
12
PB4/MISO
RESET 11
~PB3/MOSI/OC2A
R6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
10
~ PB2/SS/OC1B
10K R7 ~ PB1/OC1A
9
10K 8
PB0/ICP1/CLKO
ATMEGA328P-PU
1121
DIGITAL (~PWM)
7
ANALOG IN
PD7/AIN1
6
A0 ~ PD6/AIN0
PC0/ADC0 5
A1 ~ PD5/T1
A2 PD4/T0/XCK
R8 A3
PC2/ADC2
~ PD3/INT1
3
C1 10K A4
PC3/ADC3
PD2/INT0
2
10uF PC4/ADC4/SDA 1
A5 TX PD1/TXD
PC5/ADC5/SCL 0
RX PD0/RXD
R3(1)
ARDUINO UNO R3
TR2
P1
1
DCD
R2 R3 6
DSR
I1 33K 10K 2
RXD
ISINE 7
RTS
3
TXD
8
CTS
4
DTR
R4 9
RI
TRAN-2P2S C2 10K
10uF
ERROR
COMPIM
Figure 4.5: simulation result of the fault at 114 m
3
UL3 UL2 UL1
nan nan
AC Amps AC Amps
TR1 R1
5K
V1
VSINE
nan
AC Volts
RXD LS2
TXD
TRAN-2P2S
RTS
SPEAKER
CTS
DUINO1 LCD1
LM016L
R7(1)
R5
100K
TR3 AREF
VDD
VSS
VEE
13
RW
RS
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
PB5/SCK
E
12
PB4/MISO
RESET 11
~PB3/MOSI/OC2A
R6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
10
~ PB2/SS/OC1B
10K R7 ~ PB1/OC1A
9
10K 8
PB0/ICP1/CLKO
ATMEGA328P-PU
1121
DIGITAL (~PWM)
7
ANALOG IN
PD7/AIN1
6
A0 ~ PD6/AIN0
PC0/ADC0 5
A1 ~ PD5/T1
A2 PD4/T0/XCK
R8 A3
PC2/ADC2
~ PD3/INT1
3
C1 10K A4
PC3/ADC3
PD2/INT0
2
10uF PC4/ADC4/SDA 1
A5 TX PD1/TXD
PC5/ADC5/SCL 0
RX PD0/RXD
R3(1)
ARDUINO UNO R3
TR2
P1
1
DCD
R2 R3 6
DSR
I1 33K 10K 2
RXD
ISINE 7
RTS
3
TXD
8
CTS
4
DTR
R4 9
RI
TRAN-2P2S C2 10K
10uF
ERROR
COMPIM
Figure 4.6: simulation result of the fault line at 91m
UL3 UL2 UL1

nan nan
AC Amps AC Amps
TR1 R1
5K
V1
VSINE
nan
AC Volts
RXD LS2
TXD
TRAN-2P2S
RTS
SPEAKER
CTS
DUINO1 LCD1
LM016L
R7(1)
R5
100K
TR3 AREF
VDD
VSS
VEE
13
RW
RS
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
PB5/SCK
E
12
PB4/MISO
RESET 11
~PB3/MOSI/OC2A
R6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
10
~ PB2/SS/OC1B
10K R7 ~ PB1/OC1A
9
10K 8
PB0/ICP1/CLKO
ATMEGA328P-PU
1121
DIGITAL (~PWM)
7
ANALOG IN
PD7/AIN1
6
A0 ~ PD6/AIN0
PC0/ADC0 5
A1 ~ PD5/T1
A2 PD4/T0/XCK
R8 A3
PC2/ADC2
~ PD3/INT1
3
C1 10K A4
PC3/ADC3
PD2/INT0
2
10uF PC4/ADC4/SDA 1
A5 TX PD1/TXD
PC5/ADC5/SCL 0
RX PD0/RXD
R3(1)
ARDUINO UNO R3
TR2
P1
1
DCD
R2 R3 6
DSR
I1 33K 10K 2
RXD
7
3
ISINE RTS
3
TXD
8
CTS
4
DTR
R4 9
RI
TRAN-2P2S C2 10K
10uF
ERROR
COMPIM
Figure 4.7: simulation result of the fault at 68m

Chapter Five
Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
Fault on the transmission line needs to be restored as quickly as possible. The sooner it is
restored, the less the risk of power outage, damage of equipment’s component, loss of
revenue, customer complaints and repair crew expenses. Rapid restoration of service can
be achieved if precise fault location method is implemented.
In this project we presented GSM based low voltage overhead transmission line
fault location. This system helps to save customer’s time for announcing the fault for
the EEP worker. Not only for customer’s time, but also it helps the EEP or the utility
department to identify the transmission line fault location easily and save their time for the
EEP workers. So that, the utilities need their repairing teams along the distribution branches to
3
the estimated fault location as soon as the SMS is texting to them. As a result, the reliability of
electric power increases due to minimum time of maintenance of the faulted line.
5.2. Recommendation
We want to recommend that the Ethiopian electric power, EEP, has to insure that the total
numbers of customers connected to one transformer are within the required one and
specified distance. In the expansion of new residential, commercial & industrial areas instead
of giving power to these from the existed network it is better to construct other new network
with its new planted transformer. Since the customers are daily raised their complaints to
the office of the distribution system due to power outages, it must rehabilitate any failure
network as fast as possible before the customer comes to the office. Therefore, GSM based
fault detection has to be implemented in transmission line fault location.
It must also to recommend that the distribution system must taker of in using the materials
with their specified standards to realize the efficiencies of the customer’s appliances.
References
[1] M.M. Saha, J. Izykowski, and E. Rosolowski. Fault Location on Power Networks. 2010.
[2] IEEE Guide for Determining Fault Location on AC Transmission and Distribution Lines.
IEEE STD C37.114- 2004, 2005: p. 0_1-36.
[3]https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B6sjuij5Y9ieNnhpZHExTTZMeXc
[4] T. Takagi, Y.Yamakoshi, M. Yamaura, R. Kondow, and T. Matsushima. Development of
a New Type Fault Locator Using the One-Terminal Voltage and Current Data. Power
Apparatus and
Systems, IEEE Transactions on, 1982.PAS-101(8): p. 2892-2898.
[5] J. DUNCAN GLOVER FAILURE ELECTRICAL, LLC
[6] A.A. Girgis, D.G. Hart, and W.L. Peterson.A new fault location technique for two- and
three terminal lines Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, 1992. 7(1): p. 98-107.
[7] http://openenergymonitor.org/emon/buildingblocks/ct-sensors-interface
[8]http://tauruspowertronics.tradeget.com/F22958/line_fault_locators.html 3
[9]http://openenergymonitor.org/emon/buildingblocks/ct-and-ac-power-adaptor-installation-
andcalibration-theory
[10] D.A.Tziouvaras, J.B. Roberts, and G. Benmouyal. New multi-ended fault location design
for two- or three-terminal lines.in Developments in Power System Protection, 2001, Seventh
International Conference on (IEE).2001.
[11] Karl Zimmerman, David Costello “Impedance based fault location experience”,
Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Pullman, WA USA.
[12] Ji Chaoqi,"IMPEDANCE-BASEDFAULT LOCATION METHODS FOR
TRANSMISSION LINE CONNECTING WIND FARM PLANTS" (2012).All Theses.Paper
1543.
[13] IEEE Guide for Determining Fault Location on AC Transmission and Distribution Lines.
IEEE Std C37.114-2004, 2005: p. 0_1-36.
[14]http://wiki.openenergymonitor.org/index.php?title=EmonTx_V3#Burden_Resistor_Calcu
lations
// EmonLibrary examples openenergymonitor.org, Licence GNU GPL V3

#include "EmonLib.h" // Include Emon Library
EnergyMonitor emon1; // Create an instance
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
// Include the GSM library
#include <GSM.h>
#define PINNUMBER ""
// initialize the library instance
GSM gsmAccess;
GSM_SMS sms;
int distance;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(16,2);
Serial.begin(9600);
emon1.voltage(2, 270.25, 1.7); // Voltage: input pin, calibration, phase_shift
emon1.current(1, 61.05); // Current: input pin, calibration. 3
}
Void loop()
{
emon1.calcVI (20, 2000); // Calculate all. No.of half wavelengths (crossings), time-out
//emon1.serialprint(); // Print out all variables (realpower, apparent power, Vrms,
Irms, power factor)
// float realPower = emon1.realPower; //extract Real Power into variable
// float apparentPower = emon1.apparentPower; //extract Apparent Power into variable
// float powerFActor = emon1.powerFactor; //extract Power Factor into Variable
float supplyVoltage = emon1.Vrms; //extract Vrms into Variable
float Irms = emon1.Irms; //extract Irms into Variable
Distance= (supply Voltage)/(Irms*0.03876);
If (Irms>=2){
// Serial.println ("sending to 0918568811");
Serial.println ("FAULT AT ");
lcd.println ("FAULT AT ");
lcd.print (distance);lcd.println("m");
Serial. Print (distance);Serial.println ("m");
Delay (10000000);
//Serial. Print (" meter away from the transformer");
sms.flush();
}
Approved By:
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Chairman
3

Haramaya Univrsity

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HU IOT Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

GSM based low voltage transmission line fault detection

Advisor’s Name Balaji R.G

4.4 proteus simulation and result for single phase line…………………………

Abbreviation and acronyms

Sending End Receiving End

1.2 Problem Statement

1.5. Significance of the project

1.6. Scope of the project

1. Techniques based on fundamental-frequency of voltages and currents

2.2 Overview of impedance based fault detection and location.

2.3 Thesis Overview

2.4 Theoretical review of fault types

2.4.1 Single line –to-ground fault

2.4.3 Double line –to – ground fault

2.4.4 Three phase –to- ground fault

Figure 2.3: Three phase to ground fault

Figure 3.1: Interfacing of CT with Arduino

Arduino Voltage Sensor

Flow chart of the system methodology

Is I >I normal Multiply

Execution SMS Texting to

Figure 3.3: flow chart of the system

4.2 Specifications of used component

Figure 4.1: SCT-013-000 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Figure 4.2: CT Sensor Circuit Schematic

Voltage sensing circuit

Figure 4.3: Circuit diagram of PT sensor

4.3. Circuit diagram connection of the system component

Figure 4.4: circuit connection of the component of the system in Proteus

4.4 Proteus simulation and result for single phase line

Figure 4.5: simulation result of the fault at 114 m

Figure 4.6: simulation result of the fault line at 91m

UL3 UL2 UL1

Figure 4.7: simulation result of the fault at 68m

// EmonLibrary examples openenergymonitor.org, Licence GNU GPL V3

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