SECTION A

a) India was facing problems in 1940 as there were not an internal conflict
between Hindus and Muslims but mainly an International one. The
difference between them were so great and sharp that a union under one
Central Government was risky . They belonged to separate and district
nations having different religions, philosophies, social customs and
literature which gave them the chance of having separate states.
b) Two people are playing chess. They are confused. The source is
representing the negotiations at Simla in 1945. In old times, things were
discussed and plans were played over a game of chess. The negotiations
don’t appear to be co operating with each other. Jinnah is appearing to be
looking kind of bored and Gandhi appears to be floating above the ground
suggesting that he is in another place rather than sitting with Jinnah. The
observer Lord Wavell, the viceroy from Britain is watching. His face
suggests that he is impatient and he is looking at his watch. They are
perhaps thinking about their next move. Using a game of chess in the
source suggests the negotiations were complex and took time which clearly
the British didn’t want to want to waste.
c) The Cripps Mission plan 1942 was not a success because the Muslims and
Hindus did not agree to its proposal as after the war an Indian Union would
be set up with Dominion status, a constituent Assembly would frame a new
constitution, and elections for the Constituent Assemble would be held
immediately at the end.

The Muslim League rejected the plan immediately, as it contained no

reference to the establishment of Pakistan. Jinnah was pleased to see
however, that the right to opt out of the future Union it included. This
showed that the British realized the need to protect to minority interests.
Congress also rejected the Crips proposal as it now demanded immediate
control of India’s affairs. Gandhi called the proposals, a post-dated cheque
on the failing bank . Congress knew that the British were desperate and
intended to exploit this.
d) The labor party won a massive and unexpected victory in the 1945
elections. The party was in favor of the partition it was apposed to
Imperialism and eager to promote Independence for India following the
elections. The signs for an independent state of some kind looked very
positive. However, there was a problem since the new government was Pro
Congress and Gandhi didn’t agree to any partition plan, the partition was
most unlikely and instead the favored route as the federal India rather than
2 separate states.

However, there were other reasons that the partition took place in 1947.
Following the smile conference in 1945. Lord Wavell announced new
elections. The results demonstrated that the congress had control of the
non-Muslim votes but the league was equally gained control of the Muslim
Vote. It was clear that the League was an equal player to the Congress and
demand the partition could no longer be ignored by the Congress or the
British government . However, in March 1946, members of the British Cab
nit Mission arrived to India as a Federation. The mission met with some 470
Indians. The British government decided to form and Internym Government
headed by the Nehru of the Congress . Members of the ML honed it too.
However, the ML grew more concerned that British would leave India
without organizing a settlement and didn’t want the congress to be left in
charge of organizing a new country. The ML tried to stop the British. Rioting
on a massive scale took place. And thousands died. The British grew
worried that the civil war would start and gradually a change of mind grew
over partition. In 1947, came the announcement by Attlee that the British
would leave the sub-continent by 1948. The subsequent violence in Punjab
in March1947 convinced Nehru that partition should take place quickly.
This was formalized in the 3rd June plan of 1947 in which Mount batten, the
new viceroy brought about the Partition in August 1947.
 SECTION B

Q2A: The Salt March was a nonviolent protest in India led by Gandhi
and this march was the first act in civil obedience that was led by India
and it was against the British rule in India. The Salt march extended to
the early 1931 and this and gave a widespread support to Gandhi.
Q2b: This legislation of 1935 was crucial for a variety of reasons. It
controlled India since it was the final important piece of British
legislation approved before the country's independence. One of the
most important reasons was the fact that some regional autonomy was
provided. This was the first time this had been permitted, and it was
regarded as a significant step forward. Unless governors chose to
interfere in circumstances of public order or veto a law they detest,
ministers in the provinces might have complete power over all
ministries. This was a disadvantage since it meant that the governors
had the actual authority. Additional reason was that it gave Indians
additional voting rights. The legislation also suggested a federal system
of government for India, allowing princes to engage in the country's
political activities. The fourth and most crucial reason was that, despite
the fact that it suited no one, the legislation constituted a significant
step toward independence. It served as the foundation for the talks
that led to the British leaving India. Parliament systems had been
established with the goal of enhancing Indian representation. Despite
the fact that the 1935 Act was several years ahead of its time, the
Congress party chose to take office only if it could ensure that the
Congress would have a majority in the parliament and also that the
governorship would not intervene with leader's duties and
responsibilities. The proposition was accepted. All community groups
were required to come under the jurisdiction of the Congress High
Command if the Congress sought their assistance. The Muslim League,
on the other hand, declined to do so. As the concept of an autonomous
nation became increasingly solidified, independence became closer.
Q2c: From November 12, 1930, to January 19, 1931, the inaugural
Round Table Conference was held. Gandhi, on leadership of the Indian
National Congress, had started the Civil Disobedience Movement ahead
to the Conference. As a result, because many of the Congress' leaders
were imprisoned, the inaugural conference was attended by delegates
from all other Indian parties as well as a number of foreign countries.
The first Round Table Conference had few results: India became a
republic, security and finance protections were agreed upon, and other
ministries were to be transferred. However, nothing was done to put
these ideas into action, and peaceful protest in India persisted. The
British recognized the necessity for the Constitution of India to be
recognized for being a part of deciding the future of constitutional of
Indian government. Viceroy Irwin met with Gandhi in an attempt to
achieve an agreement. Upon prepare for the Congress' involvement in
the second Round Table Conference, they agreed to the following on
March 5, 1931: The Civil Disobedience Movement would've been
ended, Congress would attend the second Round Table Conference,
and so on. All regulations aimed at stifling the Congress would be
repealed, all prosecutions for nonviolent infractions would be dropped,
and all those serving jail sentences for their involvement in the Civil
Disobedience Movement would be released. Gandhi as well as the
Indian National Congress attended the second Round Table Conference,
which took place in London from September 7 to December 1, 1931.
The Labor administration had been ousted by the Conservatives two
weeks before the Conference began. Gandhi made such a statement for
all Indians at the convention. Other members, on the other hand, did
not share this viewpoint. In reality, one of the reasons why the second
Round Table Conference produced no substantive findings about India's
constitutional destiny was the split among the several participant
organizations. Meanwhile, public upheaval had erupted across India,
and Gandhi, along with other Congress leaders, was jailed upon his
return. Sind was established as a distinct province, and the interstate
highway system was established. The Indian National Congress and
Gandhi did not attend the third Round Table Conference. There were
also a number of other Indian leaders who were not there. Little was
accomplished, as was the case with the preceding two sessions. In
March 1933, the ideas were presented in a White Paper and considered
in Parliament. To examine the suggestions, a Joint Select Committee
was constituted. And draught a new law for India In February 1935, the
Commission prepared a draught Bill, who were enacted as the Indian
act of 1935 in July 1935.
Q4A: He was the last viceroy of India in the 1947 and the first Governor
General of India. He made many preparation and arrangements to
somehow stop the civil war in India after his meeting with the leaders
brought the date of partition to 15 August 1947
Q4c: When the era of the British Raj officially ended with India given its
independence on August 17, 1947, the problem of maintaining India’s
unity, such as it was on that date, became increasingly problematic. The
issue of reconciling the conflicting religious and cultural interests of
India’s very large Hindu and Muslim populations had been largely
controlled by virtue of Britain’s success in playing the two “nations” off
against each other while establishing fairly well-functioning civil service
and judicial systems that helped India to transition to independence far
more smoothly than what had occurred in colonies being granted
independence by France, Portugal, the Netherlands and Belgium. The
years 1947-1948 were traumatic for Pakistan's new leaders, particularly
Muhammad Jinnah, who was named Governor-General of the newly
formed country but died soon after (on September 11, 1948). The task
of managing migration was too formidable, and Pakistan would take
years and years to stabilize itself, a process that ended in the previous
civil war in 1971, which saw the country split apart and the
establishment of the new state of Bangladesh. Both India and Pakistan
were impoverished countries, with the latter facing a significant exodus
of Muslim refugees from Hindu-majority India to Muslim-majority
Pakistan. Trying to build a post - independence political entity out of
the ashes of a decolonization process—the issue of settling and caring
for such a large number of people while creating the fundamental
underpinnings of modern statehood—was Jinnah's most challenging
dilemma. Yes, the most immediate problem for Pakistan's Governor-
General Muhammad Jinnah was the refugee problem that followed
Britain's exit from the Indian subcontinent and the foundation of
Pakistan. Jinnah had cautioned about the hazards of assembling a
truncated Muslim-majority republic from the shattered pieces of the
empire. His fears were confirmed. During a disorderly and brutal
process, millions of urban poor migrants poured into Pakistan, while
vast numbers of Hindus fled to India. Many Hindus were slaughtered
along the route.

Q4b: