GUJRAT INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES

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Communication & Presentation Skills

Assignment No 6

Instructor Name: Sir Saeed Ahmed Akhtar Course Code: ENG-325

Student Name: Daniyal Arif Roll No: 20-Arid-1677
Program: BS-CS 2nd Semester (Section-A) Dated: 24-05-2021
 Assignment 6
Q. Write a note with proper heading on reading graphs and tables.
Reading Graphs:
Bar graphs present a set of bars. Each bar stands for a specific quantity, amount or measurement.
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In this example, students read Fernando’s weekend activities at the bottom of the graph and
discuss the amounts using the grammar of comparisons that was covered in this lesson.
Matching Graphics and objectives:
In developing the best graphics, you should first decide what data you want
to highlight and which graphics are most appropriate to your objectives; tables? Bar charts? Pie
charts? Line charts? Surface chart? Flowchart? Organization charts?
1. Bar Charts:
A bar chart or bar graph is a chart or graph that presents categorical data with rectangular bars
with heights or lengths proportional to the values that they represent. The bars can be plotted
vertically or horizontally. A vertical bar chart is sometimes called a column chart. Figures 1
through 4 show Horizontal, vertical (also called column charts), segmented and grouped bar
charts

Fig.1
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Fig.2

Many techniques for constructing tables also hold true for bar charts. Here are a few additional
tips:
 Keep the length and width of each bar and segment proportional.
 Include a total figure in the middle of a bar or at its end if the figure helps the reader
and does not clutter the chart.
 Start dollar or percentage amounts at zero.
 Place the first bar at some distance (usually half the amount of space between bars)
from the y axis.
 Avoid showing too much information, thus preventing clutter and confusion.

2. Line Charts:
A line graph is a visual representation of a single piece of information tracked over time. You
can see line graphs with multiple lines, but each line tracks one idea and is moving through time
from earlier time (on the left) to more current time (on the right).
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To prepare a line chart, remember these tips:

 Begin with a grid divided into squares.
 Arrange the time component (usually years) horizontally across the bottom; arrange
values for the other variable vertically.
 Draw small dots at the intersections to indicate each value at a given year.
 Connect the dots and add color if desired.
 To prepare a segmented (surface) chart, plot the first value (say, DVD and Blu-ray disc
income) across the bottom; add the next item (say, motion picture income) to the first
figures for every increment; for the third item (say, theme park income) add its value to
the total of the first two items. The top line indicates the total of the three values.
3. Pie Charts:
A Pie Chart is a type of graph that displays data in a circular graph. The pieces of the graph
are proportional to the fraction of the whole in each category. In other words, each slice of the
pie is relative to the size of that category in the group as a whole. The entire “pie” represents 100
percent of a whole; while the pie “slices” represent portions of the whole.
The following chart shows water usage (image courtesy of the EPA). You can see that toilet
water usage is greater than shower water usage because the piece of the “pie” is greater:
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How to Make a Pie Chart

 Make the biggest wedge appear first. Computer spreadsheet programs correctly assign the
biggest wedge first (beginning at the 12 o'clock position) and arrange the others in order
of decreasing size as long as you list the data rep resenting each wodge on the
spreadsheet in descending order.
 Include, if possible, the actual percentage or absolute value for each wodge.
 Use four to eight segments for test results, if necessary, group small portions into a
wodge called other.
 Draw radii from the center.
 Distinguish wedges with color, shading, or crow hitching,
 Keep all Labels horizontal.
4. Flowcharts:

A flow chart, also known as a flowchart, is a type of diagram, made of boxes and arrows. It can
be used to show:

 An algorithm, a step-by-step list of directions that need to be followed to solve a problem

 A process, a series of stages in time where the last stage is the product, result or goal.
 The planned stages of a project.
The flow chart uses boxes, arrows and other elements:

 Boxes show the process operations, the various steps and actions.
 Arrows show the order of the steps, and/or different options.
 Other elements representing materials involved, decisions, people, time or process
measurements.
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5. Organization Charts:
Many large organizations are so complex that they need charts to show
the chain of command, from the boss down to the line managers and employees,
Organization charts like the one in Figure 10.16 provide such information as who reports to
whom, how many subordinates work for each manager (the span of control), and what
channels of official communication exist. These charts may illustrate a company's structure-
for example, by function, customer, or product. They may also be organized by the work
being performed in each job or by the hierarchy of decision making.
Reading Table:
Tables present facts or figures displayed in columns and rows. Information in the title and
headings (labels) tell what the columns and rows represent. The table in this example describes
the 30 fastest-growing occupations from 2010-2020. 
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