8m CLEAR SPAN SOLID SLAB BRIDGE DESIGN

1.0 Design Criterea

1 1 Assumptions
1.1
- Main reinforcements are placed parellel to center line of roadway.
- The bottom of the slab is assumed level.
- Center to center of support is assumed perpendicular to supports, not neccesarily
parallel to centerline of roadway.
- The additional amount of concrete thickness for crossfall is not considered for
the flexural design, but the weight is included as dead load.

12
1.2 Specification
- Governing specification: ERA Bridge Design Manual 2002
- : in conjunction with AASHTO LRFD 1998

1.3 Design Method

- Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), as presented in the ERA Bridge Design Manual and
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) takes
into account both the statistical mean resistance and the statistical mean loads. The fundamental LRFD
equation includes a load modifier (η), load factors (γ), force effects (Q), a resistance factor (φ), a nominal
resistance (Rn), and a factored resistance (Rr = φRn). LRFD provides a more uniform level of safety
throughout the entire bridge, in which the measure of safety is a function of the variability of the loads
and the resistance.
1.4 Material Property
Type of concrete: Grade C-25 ERA Art.9.3.1
fc'= 25.00 Mpa
3
gc = 24.00 KN/m
Type of steel :
For bar with size less than or equal to φ20, For bar with size greater than φ20,
Grade-300 Grade-420 ERA Art.9.4.1
fyk = 300.00 MPa fyk = 420.00 MPa
fs = 137.97 Mpa fs = 165.57 Mpa

Es = 199945.33 Mpa
Ec = 21525 28 Mpa
21525.28
modular ratio n=Es/Ec= 9
Modulus of rupture =fr =0.63sqrt(fc') = 3.15 MPa
z= 30 MPa ERA Art.9.4.5

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 8m CLEAR SPAN SOLID SLAB BRIDGE DESIGN

1.5 Live Load

HL-93 Live Loading Shall consists of: ERA Art. 3.8.2
DESIGN TRUCK
P/4 P P P P
(4.3m) (4.3- 9.0m) (1.80m)

P = wheel load = 72.50 KN

LONGITUDINAL ARRANGEMENT TRANSVERSE ARRANGEMENT
DESIGN TANDEM
P P P P
1.20m 1.80m

P = wheel load = 55.00 KN

LONGITUDINAL ARRANGEMENT TRANSVERSE ARRANGEMENT
DESIGN LANE
9.3 KNm 3.0 m

8.40

1.6 Limit State and Load Factors ERA Table.3.2 & 3.3

From Experience Strength I, for Superstructure or one of Strenght-I, Strenght-III, Strenght-V limit state
governs. So, load effects are analysed only for these limit states. Service-I loads are analysed for
control of crack and Fatigue loas are analysed for stress range on straight reinforcement bars.

1.7 Resistance Factors

φmoment = 0.90 φSliding = 0.80 ERA Table.9.7
φshear
h = 0 90
0.90
β= 0.85 AASHTO Art.5.7.2.2

2.0 Geometric Requirements

2.1 Vertical Alignement
- the vertical alignment geometry is straight sloped.

2.2 Horizontal Alignement

- The horizontal alignment geometry is tangent
- Skew angle= 0.00 Degree
2.3 Cross section Requirement
Clear roadway width= 7.30 m
Side walk width= 0.80 m
No of lane = 2
Total width of superstructure = 8.90 m
Longitudinal clear oppening= 8.00
8 00 m

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 8m CLEAR SPAN SOLID SLAB BRIDGE DESIGN

3.0 Geotechnical Recommendation

3.1 Foundation Material Type and Scour Depth
-the foundation material at both abutments is found to be Very Stiff Grayish Brown Silty Sand with Cobles and Gravels
-'with a scour depth of 2.50 m
3.2 Allowable bearing Capacity and Settlement
-'The allowable bearing capacity at both abutments is found to be 450.00 KN/m2
4.0 Preliminary Superstructure Dimensions

TYPICAL CROSS SECTION

Clear span Lc= 8.00 m Railing depth = 0.30 m
No. of bays = 1 Railing width = 0.25 m
No. of piers= 0 Post depth = 0.25 m
Cross fall = 2.0 % Post width = 0.25 m
Width
id h off support = 00.40
40 m Post height
h i h = 00.80
80 m
Average post spacing = 2.00 m
Center to center of abutment perpendicular to Support S = 8.40 m
Total length of superstructure = 8.80 m

5.0 Superstructure Design

5.1 Load Effect
5.1.1 Dead Load Effect

Assume Dslab= 0.46 m to 0.50 m ERA Art. 5.10

take Dslab= 0.46 m
Dead load:
2
W_slab= 13.36 KN/m
2
Post & railing load = 0.29 KN/m
2
Equivalent dead load Weight of wearing surface ws= 1.32 KN/m
2
Total DL= 14.97 KN/m
Dead load moments at different points
Mx= W*X/2*(S-X) Vx= W/2*(S-X)

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 8m CLEAR SPAN SOLID SLAB BRIDGE DESIGN

x [m] VA [KN/m] Mo[KNm/m]

0 00
0.00 62.85
62 85 0 00
0.00
0.42 59.71 25.08
0.84 56.57 47.52
1.26 53.43 67.32
1.68 50.28 84.48
2.10 47.14 99.00
2.52 44.00 110.88
2.94 40.86 120.12
3 36
3.36 37 71
37.71 126 72
126.72
3.78 34.57 130.68
4.20 31.43 132.00
5.1 .2 Live Load Effect

Distribution of live load laterally: ERA Art 12-8 Eq. 12.40)

The equivalent width of longitudinal strips per lane for both shear and moment with one lane, I.e., two lines of wheel
as: lloaded
d d may bbe ddetermined
i d
E1 = 250+0.42sqrt(L1W1) L1 = 8400. mm
= 3881.5 mm/lane load W1 = 8900. mm

The equivalent width of longitudinal strips per lane for both shear and moment with more than one lane loaded may
determined as:
E2 = 2100+0.12sqrt(L1W1)<=W/NL L1 = 8400. mm
= 3137 6 mm/lane
3137.6 /l load
l d W1 = 8900.
8900 mm
W = 8900. mm
NL = 2
E = 3.14 m

Impact factor I =1+IM/100 Where IM = 33. %

= 1.33
a) HL
HL-9393
wheel load W= 72.500 KN
Live load/m = LL/m = W/E = 23.11 KN/m
Total (LL/m+I )* 2P = 61.46 KN/m
( For two line of wheel or lane loading)
b) Design Tandem

wheel load W= 55.000 KN

Live load/m = LL/m = W/E = 17 53 KN/m
17.53
Total LL/m+I = 2P = 46.63 KN/m
( For two line of wheel or lane loading)
c) Lane load

load = 9.30 KN/m

load per meter width= 2.96 KN/m

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 8m CLEAR SPAN SOLID SLAB BRIDGE DESIGN

a) HL-93 Design Track Longitudinal Loading

P P P/4

Influence line for

A= y/L
shear at distance 'x'
B C

x/L
V(x) = P*(a + b + c)

x y=L−x
L
Coefficients
a = (L-X)/L
Influence line for
P P P/4 moment at distance 'x' b = (L-x-4.3)/L
Loading 1
c= (L-X-8.6)/4L
A
xy/L B C
Mx = P*X* (a + b + c)
Loading 2

B
A xy/L C
Mx =P*[(2x-4.3)*a + x*b ]

x y=L−x

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 8m CLEAR SPAN SOLID SLAB BRIDGE DESIGN

L= 8.40 m L= 8.40 m
W= 2.96 KN/m P= 61.46 KN/m
V(KN/m) M(KNm/m) Track Mo [KNm]
x (Lane Load) (Lane Load) a b c VA [KN] Loding 1 Loding 2 Max
0.00 12.45 0.00 1.00 0.49 0.00 91.47 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.42 11.20 4.97 0.95 0.44 0.00 85.32 35.83 35.83 35.83
0.84 9.96 9.41 0.90 0.39 0.00 79.17 66.50 66.50 66.50
1.26 8.71 13.33 0.85 0.34 0.00 73.03 92.01 92.01 92.01
1.68 7.47 16.73 0.80 0.29 0.00 66.88 112.36 112.36 112.36
2.10 6.22 19.61 0.75 0.24 0.00 60.73 127.54 127.54 127.54
2 52
2.52 4 98
4.98 21 96
21.96 0 70
0.70 0 19
0.19 0 00
0.00 54 59
54.59 137 56
137.56 137 56
137.56 137 56
137.56
2.94 3.73 23.79 0.65 0.14 0.00 48.44 142.41 142.41 142.41
3.36 2.49 25.10 0.60 0.09 0.00 42.29 142.11 142.11 142.11
3.78 1.24 25.88 0.55 0.04 0.00 36.15 136.64 136.64 136.64
4.20 0.00 26.14 0.50 0.00 0.00 30.73 129.08 129.08 129.08

a) HL-93 Design Tandem Longitudinal Loading L= 8.40 m

P P
P= 46.63 KN/m
1.20
x a b VA [KN] Mo [KNm]
A= yy/L Influence line for 0.00 1.00 0.86 86.60 0.00
B
h att distance
shear di t 'x'
' ' 0 42
0.42 00.95
95 00.81
81 81.93
81 93 34.41
34 41
x/L 0.84 0.90 0.76 77.27 64.91
Vx = P (a + b) 1.26 0.85 0.71 72.61 91.49
x y=L−x 1.68 0.80 0.66 67.94 114.15
L 2.10 0.75 0.61 63.28 132.89
Coefficients
2 52
2.52 0 70
0.70 0 56
0.56 58 62
58.62 147 72
147.72
P P a=(L-x)/L
1.20 Influence line for 2.94 0.65 0.51 53.96 158.63
moment at distance 'x' b=(L-x-1.20)/L
3.36 0.60 0.46 49.29 165.62
A xy/L B 3.78 0.55 0.41 44.63 168.70
Mx = P*X (A + B) 4.20 0.50 0.36 39.97 167.86
x y=L−x

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 8m CLEAR SPAN SOLID SLAB BRIDGE DESIGN

Summary of maximum live load shear and moments at different points

VA [KN] Mo [KNm] VA [KN] Mo [KNm]

x Truck Truck Tandem Tandem VA Mo
[m] + + + + [KN/m] [KNm/m]
Lane Lane Lane Lane
0.00 103.91 0.00 99.04 0.00 103.91 0.00
0.42 96.52 40.80 93.14 39.38 96.52 40.80
0.84 89.13 75.92 87.23 74.32 89.13 75.92
1.26 81.74 105.35 81.32 104.82 81.74 105.35
1.68 74.35 129.09 75.41 130.88 75.41 130.88
2.10 66.96 147.15 69.51 152.50 69.51 152.50
2.52 59.57 159.52 63.60 169.68 63.60 169.68
2.94 52.17 166.20 57.69 182.42 57.69 182.42
3.36 44.78 167.20 51.78 190.72 51.78 190.72
3.78 37.39 162.52 45.88 194.58 45.88 194.58
4.20 30.73 155.22 39.97 194.01 39.97 194.01

DESIGN TANDEM + LANE LOADING HAS GOVERNED !!

5.1 .3 Total Load Effect

Summary of total dead and live load moments
At Strength I Laod At Service Load At Fatigue Laod
Ms =MDL+MLL Vf =0.75VLL
Vu =1.25VDL+1.75VLL
V 1 25VDL+1 75VLL and
d and
d andd
Mu=1.25MDL+1.75MLL VS =VDL+VLL Mf=0.75MLL
Ms
x Vu [KN/m] Mu[KNm/m] Vs [KN/m] [KNm/m] Vu [KN/m] Mu[KNm/m]
0.00 260.42 0.00 166.77 0.00 77.94 0.00
0.42 243.56 102.75 156.24 65.88 72.39 30.60
0.84 226.69 192.25 145.70 123.43 66.85 56.94
1.26 209.83 268.50 135.17 172.66 61.31 79.01
1.68 194.83 334.63 125.70 215.36 56.56 98.16
2.10 180.56 390.62 116.65 251.50 52.13 114.37
2.52 166.30 435.53 107.60 280.56 47.70 127.26
2.94 152.03 469.38 98.55 302.54 43.27 136.82
3.36 137.76 492.16 89.50 317.44 38.84 143.04
3.78 123.49 503.87 80.45 325.26 34.41 145.94
4.20 109.23 504.50 71.39 326.00 29.98 145.50

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 8m CLEAR SPAN SOLID SLAB BRIDGE DESIGN

5.2 Design of Interior Slab

5.2.1
521 D
Design
i for
f Flexure
Fl
a) Main reinforcement parallel to traffic
and the maximum factored live load plus dead load moment is;
Mu = 504.50 KNm/m
The cracking moment given by Eq.12.39 as follows:
3 4
Ig =bh /12 = 8.1E+09 mm b= 1000 mm
fr=0.63*√f'c 3.15 MPa h= 460 mm
Mcr =frIg/yt = 111.09 KNm/m yt= 230 mm
1.2*Mcr = 133.31 KNm/m ERA Art.9.4.5
1.33 times Factored Strength Load= 670.99 KNm/m
Mu = 504.50 KN/m

Mu Ø = 0.90
Rn := ⎛ fc1 ⎞ ⎛⎜ 2Rn ⎞
⎟ b eff = 1000 mm
ρ := 0.85⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ 1 − 1 −
fy ⎜ ⋅ c1 ⎟
2
φmom⋅ b ⋅ d eff 0.85f
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ fy = 420 MPa
fc' = 25 MPa

A s := ρ ⋅ d eff D = 460 mm
R n = 3.13 N/mm2 ρ= 0.00811 φ bar =24 mm
A s = 3430.12 mm2/m ρmin= 0.03*(f'c/fy) 0.00 cover = 25 mm
Requiredspacing= 131.89 mm OK ! d prov = 423 mm
Use diameter 24 mm bars c/c 130 mm as= 452 mm2
As provided = 3479.92 mm2 ERA Art.9.4.5

Maximum reinforcement Art.5.7.3.3.1

a/d=< 0.42 a=<0.42βd then a= 0.36 d Art.5.7.2.2
2
Mu=0.85Φf'c*a*b*(d-a/2)= 0.2244 f'cbd β= 0.85 for f'c<=28 Mpa

drqd=√(Mu/(0.2244f'cb)= 300 mm << dprd= 423 mm OK !!

b) Distribution steel for main reinforcment parallel to traffic b effff = 1000 mm

To take into account for load distribution normal to traffic use distribution steel, S= 8.40 mm
φ bar = 16 mm
Percentage =1750/sqrt(s) = 19.09 % < 50% as= 201 mm2
2
As dist = 664.46 mm /m
Provide Φ 16 bar c/c 300 mm at Bottom slab in the Transverse directio

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 8m CLEAR SPAN SOLID SLAB BRIDGE DESIGN

5.2 .2 Check for Fatigue Stress ERA Sec. 9.6.2

Fatigue stress limits will be checked for the fatgue load conditions
conditions. The permissible stress range is given
by Eq. 9.19.
f f = 145 - 0.33 fmin + 55 (r/h)
2
k = [pn+0.5(ts/d) ] / (pn+(ts/d)= 0.313 r / h = 0.30
kd = 132.587 m M f_max= 0.00 KN/m
j=1-K/3= 0.896 M f_min= 146 MPa
The minimum stress, fmin, is : p=As/bd= 0.00823
f i = MFL/(As*j*d)
fmin /(A *j*d) =MMDL+MLL(min) 0 00 N/mm2
0.00 N/ 2 b eff = 1000 mm
The maximim stress, fmax, is caused by the total load ( MDL+LL+IM ) d prov = 423 mm
fmax = Mf_max /(As*j*d) = 110.71 N/mm2 hf= 178 mm
The actual stress range, delta ff, is: n= 7.69
Delta ff = fmax - fmin = 110.71 N/mm2 As= 3480 mm2
The fatigue stress limit, ff, is
ff = 145 - 0.33* fmin + 55 (r/h) = 161.50 N/mm2 >> OK !!

5.2.3 Control of Cracking by Distribution of Reinforcement ERA Sec. 9.4.5

To control flexural cracking of the concrete shall be investigated at service load conditions, tension maximu
reinforcement shall be well distributed within flexural zones. Components shall be so proportioned that the
tensile stress in the steel reinforcement at service limit state, fs, does not exceed
fs = Z / (dc*A)1/3 < = 0.6*fy
A = Effective tension area/ No. of bars=bw*(2y')/N = 9620 mm2 y' = d' = 37 mm
dc = distance measured fromf extreme tension
fiber to center of the closest bar = 37 mm b eff = 1000 mm
Z = crack width parameter, assumed = 30 KN/mm M s = 326 KN/m
There fore, for crack control the maximum allowable stress is No. of bars= 7.69
1/3
fsa = Z / (dc*A) = 252.00 N/mm2
The maximim stress, fmax, at service load is
fmax = Ms /(As*j*d) = 247.31 N/mm2 << fsa = 252.000 N/mm2
OK!

5.2 .4 Check Depth for Shear

Vmax = 260.42 KN/m
Allowable shear stress is given by : vc = 0.083*β*sqrt(fc')<0.2*f'c 0r 5.5 ERA Art.9.4.1 & ERA Art.7.3.1
= 0.83 Mpa β= 2 Art. 5.8.3.4

Therefore the reqd. depth for shear is given by;

dreqd =Vmax/vc*b = 313.76 mm
Dreqd =dreqd + φ/2+ cover = 350.76 mm OK!

5.2 .4 Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement

As (temp and shrink.) is not less than 1/8 square inch per feet.
As (temp and shrink.)= 264.58 mm2/m
Using diam. 12 bar
spacing = 427 mm diam. of bar = 12 mm
Use diam. 12.00 c/c 400 mm (top. Reinf -both direction. )

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 8m CLEAR SPAN SOLID SLAB BRIDGE DESIGN

5.3 Design of Edge beam

The amount of additional reinforcement required at the edge beam is given by,

According to Art. 7.4 Slabs/Edge Support Edge beam Strip width= 2019 mm
live load moment = 151.41 KNm
Total moment Mu = 482.89 KNm
Mu = 482.89 KN/m
Ø = 0.90
Mu
Rn := ⎛ fc1 ⎞ ⎛⎜ 2Rn ⎞
⎟ A s := ρ ⋅ d eff ff = 1000 mm
b eff
ρ := 0.85⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ 1 − 1 −
φmom⋅ b ⋅ d eff
2
fy ⎜ ⋅ c1 ⎟
0.85f fy = 420 MPa
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ fc' = 25 MPa
D = 460 mm
Rn= 3.66 N/mm2 ρ= 0.00962 φ bar = 24 mm
As= 3686.02 mm2/m ρmin= 0.03*(f'c/fy) =0.00179 cover = 25 mm
d prov = 383 mm
Requiredspacing= 122.73
122 73 mm as= 452 mm2
Use diameter 24 mm bars c/c 120 mm
As provided = 3769.91 mm2
Standard Hook Detail
Extension length required at bar cutoff e

Extension length reqd beyond the point at which it is d

no longer required is given by ; ERA Art. 9.4.3
ext reqd = max( 15*dia of bar,d
bar deff,1/20
1/20 of clear span length ) a
= 423.00 mm e = 4*db = 4*24mm = 96mm
d = 10*db =240mm
a = 1/2*circumf.+4*db = 473mm

Bar cutoff
Length of standard hook = 473 mm Bar s [m] s [m]
cover to hooked bar at end = 0.05 m Number 66 36
Total superstructure length = 8 80 m
8.80 Length 8 34
8.34 8 34
8.34

Moment & Shear force Diagram

600.00 y = -31.33x2 + 251.2x + 1.597

500.00

400.00
Series2
Mu [KNm],Vu [KN]

300.00

Poly. (Series2)
200.00

100.00

0.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50
x [m]

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