Foundation and Anchor Design Guide for Metal Building Systems Alexander Newman, PE., F.ASCE\ Publication Data is on file with the Library of Congress Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. AU rights reserved. Printed in the ‘United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form ot by any means, or stored ina data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 1234567890 DOC/DOC 18765432 ISBN 978-0-07-176635-7 MHID 0-07-176635-9 Sponsoring Editor Acquisitions Coordinator Proofreader Larry 8. Hager Bridget L. Thoreson Surencira Nath Shivam, Cenveo Publisher Services Editing Supervisor Piojedt Manager ‘Stephen M. Smith Robini Deb Art Director, Cover Cenveo Publisher Services Jeff Weeks Production Supervisor Richard C. Ruzycka Copy Editor Composition Rachel Hockett Cenveo Publisher Services Printed and bound by RR Donnelley. 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If such services fe required, the asatance of an appropriste profesional should be soughtAbout the Author Alexander Newman, RE., ASCE, is a forensic and structural consultant in Needham, Massachusetts. During more than 30 years of professional practice, he has been involved with the structural design, renovation, and failure investigation of numerous structures around the country. His areas of expertise indude design and failure analysis of pre-engineered metal buildings, metal roofs, and other structures. He is one of the country’s foremost experts on metal buildingsystems. Hehas served asan expert consultant for litigation involving metal building systems and other structures, ‘Mr. Newman's diverse engineeringand managerial experience includes positions as principal structural engineer with a large architectural and engineering firm, manager of a steel fabrication shop, and engineer with light-gage metal and precast-concrete manufac- turers. Most recently, he has been a managing engineer with Exponent Failure Analysis Associates, the country’s premier construction failure and accident investigation firm, Mr. Newman’s many publications include a number of award-winning articles that appeared in leading engineering magazines. His definitive reference book Structural Renovation of Buildings: Methods, Details, and Design Examples was published by McGraw-Hill in 2001. He is the author of another authoritative book from McGraw-Hill, Metal Building Systems: Design and Specifications, now in its Second Edition and translated into Chinese. ‘Mr. Newman has led numerous educational semi- nars around the country for design professionals, building officials, owners, and contractors. He has, conducted training programs for the employees of the US. State Department, NASA, the US. Air Force, the Iraq Reconstruction Team, and many educational and professional groups. He has taught a number of courses at Northeastern University.Contents Preface ....cccceeeessereeee Introduction to Metal Building Systems ........060eeee0 1.1 Two Main Classes of Metal Building Systems ..... : 1.2 Frame-and-Purlin Buildings: Primary and Secondary Framing 1.2.1 Primary Frames: Usage and Terminology 2. Single-Span Rigid Frames 1.23 Multiple Span Rigid Frames 1.24 Tapered Beam 1.2.5 Trusses 1.2.6 Other Primary Framing Systems 1.2.7 Endwall and Sidewall Framing .... 1.3 Frame-and-Purlin Buildings: Lateral-Force Resisting Systems 1.4 Quonset Hut-Type Buildings «=... References. eeeeeeeeeeeees oo Foundation Design Basics 21 Soil Types and Properties 21.1 Introduction 212 Some Relevant Soil Properties 21.3 Soil Classification ..... 214 Characteristics of Coarse-Grained Soils 2.1.5 Characteristics of Fine-Grained Soils 2.4.6 The Atterberg Limits ...... 2.1.7 Soil Mixtures att. 2.1.8 Structural Fill 21.9 Rock 22. Problem Soils : wale 2.2.1 Expansive Soils: The Main Issues ......+. 2.2.2. Measuring Expansive Potential of Soil .. 2.2.3 Organics .. : : 224 Collapsing Soils and Karst 23. Soil Investigation .. | 23.1. Types of Investigation 2.3.2 Preliminary Exploration... 2.3.3 Detailed Exploration: Soil Borings and Other Methods 2.34 Laboratory Testing 24 Settlement and Heave Issues 2.4.1 What Causes Settlement? 242. Settlement in Sands and GravelsContents 25 26 References 24.3. Settlement in Silts and Clays 24.4 Differential Settlement 24.5 Some Criteria for Tolerable Differential Settlement 7 Determination of Allowable Bearing Value 25.1 Why Not Simply Use the Code Tables? 252. Special Provisions for Seismic Areas... 25.3 What Constitutes a Foundation Failure? 7 254 Summary ....... Staliow ve. Deep Foundations Foundations for Metal Building Systems: The Main Issues ....... aa 32 33 34 35 References ........... ‘The Differences between Foundations for Conventional Buildings and Metal Building Systems 3.1 Light Weight Means Large Net Uplift 3.1.2. Large Lateral Reactions : 3.13 Factors of Safety and One-Third Stress Increase. seeveeees 3.14 In Some Circumstances, Uncertainty of | Reactions Estimating Column Reactions... 3.2.1 Methods of Estimating Reactions 3.2.2. How Accurate Are the Estimates? Effects of Column Fixity on Foundations 33.1 Is There aCost Advantage? : 33.2. Feasibility of Fixed-Base Columns in MBS 33.3 Communication Breakdown General Procedure for Foundation Design 3.4.1 Assign Responsibilities 342 Collect Design Information... 3.4.3 Research Relevant Code Provisions and Determine Reactions. 344 Determine Controlling Load Combinations 3.4.5 Choose Shallow or Deep Foundations 3.446 Establish Minimum Foundation Depth 34.7 Design the Foundation. Reliability, Versatility, and Cost 35.1 Definitions. 35.2. Some Examples Column Pedestals (Piers) eleseals 3.6.1 The Area Inviting Controversy. 3.6.2. Two Methods of Supporting Steel Columns in Shallow Foundations .. 3.63. Establishing Sizes of Column Pedestals (Piers) 364 Minimum Reinforcement of PiersContents 4. Design of Isolated Column Footings 59 4.1 The Basics of Footing Design and Construction cece 59 4.1.1 Basic Design Requirements ron - 9 4.1.2 Construction Requirements 60 413 SeismicTies ...... aad 60 414 Reinforced-Concrete Footings... ....s..-- 60. 4.15. Plain-Conerete and Other Footings ce 60 4.1.6 Nominal vs. Factored Loading Gt 42 The Design Process... a 62 4.21 General Design Procedure e 4.2.2 Using ASD Load Combinations 62 4.23. Using Load Combinations for Strength Design bee 8 4.24 What is Included in the Dead Load? 63 4.2.5 Designing for Moment 6 4.2.6 Designing for Shear 6 42.7 Minimum Footing Reinforcement 68 4.28 Distribution of Reinforcement in Rectangular Footings 68 4.2.9 Designing for Uplift 6 42.10 Reinforcement at Top of Footings References ...eescees botdeete estar 70 7 titttssteeseesereeee 79 hee 79 5 Foundation Walls and Wall Footings .. 5.1 The Basics of Design and Construction... 5.1.1 Foundation Options for Support of Exterior Walls... feledenledantaden| 5.1.2 Design and Construction Requirements for Foundation Walls eel ee 80 5.1.3 Construction of Wall Footings 83 5.1.4 Design of Wall Footings 84 References ae 87 6 Tie Rods, Hairpins, and Slab Ties 89 61 TieRods ...... 89 64.1 The Main Issues 0... 89 6.1.2 Some Basic Tie-Rod Systems 90 6.1.3. AReliable Tie-Rod Design 92 614 Development of Tie Rods by Standard Hooks 95 6.1.5 Design of Tie Rods Considering Elastic Elongation ........ 6.1.6 Post-Tensioned Tie Rods 617 TieRodGtid ....... = 6118 Which Tie-Rod Design Is Best? 62 Hairpins and Slab Ties 62.1 Haigpins: The Essence of the System 6.2.2 Hairpins in Slabs on Grade =