INDONESIAN

PALAEOGRAPHY
A HISTORY OF WRITING IN INDONESIA
FROM THE BEGINNINGS TO C. A.D. 1500

BY

J. G. DE CASPARIS

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LEIDEN/KOLN
E. J. BRILL
1975
 CONTENTS

Preface vn
Abbreviations vm

Introduction i

I. Indonesian scripts before the middle ofthe eight century . . . . 12

A. Early Pallava script 14
1. Kutai inscriptions 14
2. The inscriptions of Purnavarman of Taruma 18
3. A few inscriptions from Kedah 19
B. Later Pallava script 20
1. Inscription of Tuk Mas 23
2. The early inscriptions of Srlwijaya 24
3. The Sanskrit inscription of Canggal 27

I I . Early Kawi script (c. 750-925) 28

A. Archaic phase 29
1. Stele of Plumpungan 29
2. The inscription of Dinoyo 29
3. Inscriptions between 760 and 856 31
B. Standard form of Early Kawi 33
1. Inscriptions of Kayuwangi and Balitung (856-910). . . 33
2. Inscriptions from 910 to 925 34
Appendix: Early Nagari 35

I I I . Later Kawi script (c. 925-1250) 38

1. Inscriptions of East J a v a (c. 910-947) 38
2. Inscriptions of Airlangga (1019-1042) 39
3. Inscriptions of the Kadiri period (c. 1100-1220) . . . . 40
r 4. Kadiri Quadrate script 42
5. Script of Bali, Sunda and South Sumatra . . . . . . 42
VI CONTENTS

IV. Javanese and regional scripts of the Majapahit period (c. 1250-
I45O) 47
1. East Javanese Copper Plates (c. 1250-1350) 48
2. East Javanese Inscriptions from c. 1350 to 1450 . . . 50
3. Oldest extant Manuscripts 53
4. The inscriptions of Western J a v a 54
5. The script of Central Sumatra 56
6. Northern Sumatra 58
7. Bali, Madura and Sumbawa 59
Appendix: Later Nagari 60

V. Indonesian scripts from the middle of the fifteenth century—

Foreign scripts 63
1. Inscriptions of the second half of the fifteenth century 63
2. Inscriptions from Central Java 64
3. Tamil script 68
4. Arabic script 70

Conclusion 72

Appendix 74
Bibliography 80
Index 83
List of plates 87
Plates I-IX at the end of the book